SO_4~(2-)TiO_2固体超酸催化合成异丙基萘的研究

用SO2 - 4 TiO2 固体超酸为催化剂合成了二异丙基萘 ,生产过程简单、无污染、无腐蚀。SO2 - 4 TiO2 固体超酸催化剂较为适宜的制备条件是 :浸酸浓度为 0 5 0mol/L、焙烧温度为 5 0 0℃。在催化剂用量为 10 %、反应温度为 160℃、反应时间为 2 5h的条件下连续两次使用SO2 - 4 TiO2 超酸催化萘对丙烯的烷基化反应 ,产品中一异丙基萘、二异丙基萘、三异丙基萘的总含量大于 98%。     

SO2-4-TiO2固体超酸催化合成异丙基萘的研究

用SO2-4-TiO2固体超酸为催化剂合成了二异丙基萘,生产过程简单、无污染、无腐蚀.SO2-4-TiO2固体超酸催化剂较为适宜的制备条件是:浸酸浓度为0.50mol/L、焙烧温度为500℃.在催化剂用量为10%、反应温度为160℃、反应时间为2.5 h的条件下连续两次使用SO2-4-TiO2超酸催化萘对丙烯的烷基化反应,产品中一异丙基萘、二异丙基萘、三异丙基萘的总含量大于98%.     

SO42-TiO2/Al2O3固体超强酸催化合成呋喃酚中间体

通过直接浸渍焙烧法等过程,制备了SO4^2--TiO2／Al2O3新型固体超强酸催化剂,用Hammett指示剂法测定了其酸强度;以邻苯二酚和异丁醛为原料合成了呋喃酚中间体2-异丙基-1,3-苯并二氧五环;考察了催化剂的活化温度、TiO2的担载量、催化剂用量、原料配比和带水剂等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,在425℃～575℃温度范围内焙烧的SO4^2--TiO2／Al2O3样品可以形成固体超强酸体系,且在邻苯二酚与异丁醛的缩合反应中具有较高的催化活性、化学稳定性好、无环境污染。在最佳反应条件下,产品收率可达91.5％。     

SO_4~(2-)-TiO_2固体超强酸催化合成环缩酮

制备了SO42 --TiO2 固体超强酸催化剂 ,用Hammett指示剂法测定了其酸强度 ,研究了二元醇类和羰基化合物的环缩合反应 ,并探讨了SO42 --TiO2 固体超强酸活化温度和催化活性之间的关系。选择活化温度 4 5 0～ 5 5 0℃的催化剂、n(羰基化合物 )∶n(二元醇 ) =1 0∶1 1、反应 1 5h的条件时 ,环缩酮收率为 5 0 %～ 99% ,其质量分数为 96 %～ 99%     

SO4^2— —TiO2／Al2O3超强酸催化合成新型香料

通过浸渍法制备了SO4^2- －TiO2/Al2O3固体超强酸催化剂，用Hammett指示剂法测定了其酸强度；以乙酰乙酸乙酯和1，3－丙二醇、1，3－二醇为原料，合成了新型香料2－甲基－2－乙酸乙酯基－1，3－二氧六环和2，4－二甲基－2－乙酸乙酯基－1，3－二氧六环，考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、TiO2的负载量、反应温度、反应物配比、催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响以及催化剂的重要使用性。结果表明，在425－575℃温度范围内，SO4^2- －TiO2/Al2O3体系可以形成超强酸；在新型香料的合成中具有催化活性高、催化速度快、化学稳定性好，重复使用性佳、无环境污染；在最佳条件下，两种香料的收率分别可达83．5％和83．6％，质量分数为99．1％。     

Fe2(SO4)3/膨润土固体酸催化剂催化萘异丙基化反应

通过对膨润土酸化处理得到活性白土,以活性白土为载体浸渍硫酸铁,可得到Fe2（SO4）3／膨润土固体酸催化剂：以Fe2（SO4）3/膨润土为催化剂,通过正交试验对萘的异丙基化反应工艺条件进行了考察,得到适宜的反应条件为：n（萘）／n（异丙醇）：1．8,n（萘）／n（十氢萘）=7．5,反应温度为260℃,反应时间为6h,催化剂用量为萘质量的12.5％,并各因素影响萘异丙基化反应结果进行了系统分析。此外,还对催化剂的酸强度、酸度和酸的类型进行了表征。     

SO2-4-TiO2固体超强酸催化合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素

通过沉淀、老化、过滤、洗涤、干燥、浸渍和焙烧等过程，从TiCl4和(NH4)2SO4制备了SO4^2-—TiO2固体超强酸催化剂；用Hammett指示刑法测定了酸强度；研究了间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯在SO4^2-—TiO2固体超强酸催化剂上生成7—羟基—4—甲基香豆素的反应；考察了催化剂焙烧温度、反应温度、原料配比和催化剂用量对反应的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性。结果表明，在425-575℃范围内，SO4^2-—TiO2样品可以形成超强酸体系，并且具有催化活性高、催化速率快、化学稳定性好、重复使用性佳和无环境污染；在最佳反应条件下，产品的收率可达94．5％，质量分数为97％-99％。     

磁性SO4^2—ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成丁酸丁酯的研究

利用磁性对固体超强酸组装，制备出磁性SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化剂，应用于丁酸丁酯的合成反应中。最佳反应条件为：正丁醇0.36mol,丁醇0.2mol，磁性催化剂1.0g，带水剂甲苯15mL，反应温度为回流温度，反应时间2.0h，酯化率可达96．4％。利用催化剂的磁性可将催化剂迅速分离，回收率达83．2％，并能重复使用。     

SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的研究

利用中心组合设计试验考察醇酸比、反应温度、催化剂用量和反应时间4个因素对SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的影响,运用响应面法对其工艺参数进行优化。研究结果表明,根据试验数据建立的二次回归数学模型具有高度显著性（P〈0．0001）,相关系数R^2=0．9854．说明预测值和试验值之间具有很好的拟合度,可用此模型来分析和预测SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的转化率。通过对二次回归数学模型解逆矩阵得到SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的最优化条件为：醇酸比3：1、反应温度84．98℃、催化剂用最3．02％和反应时间3h,在此条件下,乙酸转化率的预测值为96．45％。试验值为85．87％,二者相对偏差为0．60％。因此,利用响应面分析法进行SO4^2-ZrO2固体超强酸催化合成乙酸乙酯的工艺参数的优化是可行可靠的,可以较好地预测乙酸的转化率。     

固体超强酸ZrO2-TiO2/SO42-催化下甲苯的区域选择性硝化

制备了ZrO2/SO4^2-、TiO2／SO4^2-和一系列不同Zr／Ti原子数比的ZrO2^-TiO2／SO4^2-固体超强酸催化剂。通过气相色谱研究了诸如催化剂的Zr／Ti原子数比、催化剂的焙烧温度、硝化反应时间、硝化反应温度及催化剂的重复使用等因素对甲苯硝酸硝化区域选择性的影响。结果表明,在醋酐存在条件下,以硝酸（质量分数为65％）为硝化剂,反应温度控制在40℃,反应进行60min,经500℃焙烧3h后的ZrO2^-TiO2／SO4^2-（Zr／Ti原子数比为1：1）固体超强酸催化剂,对甲苯表现出了强的区域选择性,甲苯硝化产物邻对位比达0.90,较硝硫混酸的1.67显著降低,产物得率达到92．9％。该催化剂可循环使用5次,催化活性基本不变,是一种具有应用前景的绿色硝化反应催化剂。     

Crystallization of zeolite L from Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system

Zeolite L powder was prepared from the substrate mixture of Na₂O-K₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O system at temperatures of 373-443 K. In order to investigate the factors which influence the synthesis outcome, a reference system which yields zeolite L in a reproducible manner was chosen and subjected to controlled changes in synthesis parameters. The crystalline zeolite L samples obtained were characterized by elemental chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was established that phase purity, morphology, and the size of crystals of crystalline product were affected by molar ratios of the substrate, such as SiO₂/Al₂O₃, (K₂O+Na₂O)/SiO₂, Na₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O), and H₂O/(K₂O+Na₂O). Amorphous silica powder (Zeosil) was the preferred silica source, and the crystallization rate was promoted by introducing gel aging, seeding, and rapid heating rate.     

Photocatalytic activity of Cu2O/TiO2, Bi2O3/TiO2 and ZnMn2O4/TiO2 heterojunctions

Cu₂O/TiO₂, Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ and ZnMn₂O₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions were studied for potential applications in water decontamination technology and their capacity to induce an oxidation process under VIS light. UV–vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the junctions-based Cu₂O, Bi₂O₃ and ZnMn₂O₄ are able to absorb a large part of visible light (respectively, up to 650, 460 and 1000 nm). This fact was confirmed in the case of Cu₂O/TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ by photocatalytic experiments performed under visible light. A part of the charge recombination that can take place when both semiconductors are excited was observed when a photocatalytic experiment was performed under UV–vis illumination. Orange II, 4-hydroxybenzoic and benzamide were used as pollutants in the experiment. Photoactivity of the junctions was found to be strongly dependent on the substrate. The different phenomena that were observed in each case are discussed.     

碳酸钠—过氧化氢—水体系相图的绘制

进行了Na2CO3-H2O2-H2O体系溶解度的测定并绘制成相图,最后对其应用进行了讨论。     

Synthesis and characterization of Y2O3-ZrO2 and Y2O3-CeO2-ZrO2 precursor powders

Thixotropic gels of the precursor powders of the titled compounds have been prepared by the addition of oxalic acid to the mixed solutions of metal salts at room temperature (≈ 27 °C). The clear sols of yttrium-zirconyl oxalate (YZO) and yttrium-cerium-zirconyl oxalate (YCZO) gelled within a few hours and were oven-dried at 40 °C. The various stages of gelation behaviour of the sols are explained on the basis of DLVO theory. By repeptizing the dried gel powders with water, concentrated sols were prepared. The gelation time as a function of chloride ion concentration is discussed for both sols. The nature of the temperature dependence of the dried gel powders was studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to study the crystallization behaviour of the dried amorphous gel powders. It is found that these powders crystallize in tetragonal phase when calcined at 850 °C for 1 h. Estimation of surface area and infra-red characterization have also been carried out for the prepared powders.     

Stable Ti/RuO2-Sb2O5-SnO2 electrodes for O2 evolution

RuO₂-based electrodes are generally known to be unstable for O₂ evolution. In this paper, a stable type of RuO₂-based electrode, Ti/RuO₂-Sb₂O₅-SnO₂, is demonstrated for O₂ evolution. In the ternary oxide coating, RuO₂ serves as the catalyst, SnO₂ as the dispersing agent, and Sb₂O₅ as the dopant. The accelerated life test showed that the Ti/RuO₂-Sb₂O₅-SnO₂ electrode containing 12.2 molar percent of RuO₂ nominally in the coating had a service life of 307 h in 3 M H₂SO₄ solution under a current density of 0.5 A cm⁻² at 25 °C, which is more than 15 times longer than other types of RuO₂-based electrodes. Instrumental analysis indicated that RuO₂-Sb₂O₅-SnO₂ was a solid solution with a compact structure, which contributed to the stable nature of the electrode.     

Preparation and characterization of Cr2O3-TiO2-Al2O3-V2O5 green pigment

Green pigments with high near infrared reflectance based on a Cr₂O₃-TiO₂-Al₂O₃-V₂O₅ composition have been synthesized. Cr₂O₃ was used as the host component and mixtures of TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and V₂O₅ were used as the guest components. TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and V₂O₅ were mixed into 39 different compositions. The spectral reflectance and the distribution of pigment powder were determined using a spectrophotometer and a scanning electron microscope, respectively. It was found that a pigment powder sample S9 with a Cr₂O₃-TiO₂-Al₂O₃-V₂O₅ composition of 80, 4, 14 and 2 wt%, respectively, gives a maximum near infrared solar reflectance of 82.8% compared with 49.0% for pure Cr₂O₃. The dispersion of pigment powders in a ceramic glaze was also studied. The results show that the pigment powder sample S9 is suitable for use as a coating material for ceramic-based roofs.     

Crystal Structure of the LiNaZnP2O7 Compound in the Li2ZnP2O7-Na2ZnP2O7 Glass-Forming System

The crystal structure of the LiNaZnP₂O₇ compound is determined using X-ray powder diffraction (space group Cmcm, a = 12.431 Å, b = 7.589 Å, c = 6.283 Å). The structure has a mixed tetrahedral framework consisting of the diortho groups [P₂O₇] and the tetrahedra [ZnO₄] and [LiO₄], which are joined into chains. The [ZnO₄] and [LiO₄] tetrahedra are distributed in the chains in a random manner, because the zinc and lithium atoms statistically occupy one crystallographic position. The sodium cations are arranged in channels of the tetrahedral framework. The atomic coordinates and interatomic distances in the structure are reported. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2005 by Fizika i Khimiya Stekla, Shepelev, Lapshin, Petrova, Novikova.     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.     

Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2一ZrO2复合陶瓷膜的制备与表征

采用Sol—Gel法制备出掺杂SiO2，TiO2及ZrO2改性的γ-Al2O3膜，并通过SEM，EPMA，AFM等测试手段对膜结构和性能进行表征。探讨了制膜工艺条件对膜性能及结构的影响。制备的Al2O3复合膜膜厚为1—2μm，结构均匀无缺陷。