Overview of Innovative Technologies in Liquid-Liquid Extraction Regarding Flexibility

As a result of increasing market volatility and product diversification the technology requirements will change in the future. Flexibility needs to be increased, enabling a large operating window while maintaining intensive mass and energy transfer and resource-efficiency. A promising approach is using innovative small-scale technologies. To assess flexibility, the technologies must be characterized in a wide range of operating parameters and physical properties. Therefore, research work on innovative technologies for liquid-liquid extraction is presented.     

Fully Automated Weighing of Liquid Substances with a Laboratory Robot

Taking the mass of a sample is a routine operation in laboratories which is frequently repeated during data collection. In chemical industries, this operation is often done manually. A procedure for fully automatic weighing of liquid substances with a laboratory robot is presented. To demonstrate its functionality and a possible application, the laboratory robot was used to create test samples for calibration of a gas chromatograph. The achieved accuracy is greater than that of careful manual weighing. The presented method facilitates the handling of most liquids commonly used in laboratories.     

花色苷提取及纯化研究进展

花色苷属于黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于各种植物的器官中,它不仅是自然界重要的水溶性色素,还同时具有良好的抗氧化、抗癌、预防疾病等多种生物活性,因而被广泛应用于食品、制药、化妆品等行业。天然植物花色苷的提取和纯化是花色苷应用的前提。该文综述了花色苷提取与纯化的最新研究进展,分析比较了不同提取和纯化方法对产品提取率及纯度的影响,为进一步开展植物花色苷研究,实现花色苷的高效提取与高值化利用提供参考。     

镓的分离提取技术研究

镓(Ga)具有优异的物理与化学性质,是当代半导体、光电子、新材料、化工军工等高技术领域的重要支撑材料。主要介绍了镓(Ga)及其化合物的用途和分离提取技术。     

Processibility of Athabasca Oil Sand Using a Laboratory Hyd ro t ransport Extraction System (LHES)

A novel laboratory scale apparatus has been developed and used to assess the extraction performance of oil sands under conditions analogous to current industrial processes. The apparatus can be used to investigate independently, the liberation of bitumen from the sand as well as air‐bitumen attachment and bitumen recovery. Experiments show that lower operating temperatures have a detrimental effect on bitumen recovery and controlled air addition is beneficial for recovery. The liberation of bitumen from sand grains has been found to proceed faster than air attachment and bitumen recovery, making the flotation the ratelimiting step in the extraction process. The potential benefit of staged air injection into hydrotransport pipelines as a possible process aid is discussed.     

Extraction of biologically active compounds from Sideritis ssp. L.

In this study extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids from cultivated hybrid Sideritis scardica × Sideritis syriaca, known for its rich content of phenolics and flavonoids with antioxidant activity, was investigated. Extractions have been done by ethanol and water-ethanol, respectively. High equilibrium values of the extracted species were obtained—17.55 mg/(g solid) total phenolics and 5.7 mg/(g solid) total flavonoids with ethanol as solvent. The influence of the solvent on the total yield and the content of biologically active compounds were studied. Maximum polyphenolics and flavonoids extraction was observed for water-ethanol solvent ratio 20/80. Increase of the content of ethanol in the solvents led to lower total yield of extracts but higher percentage of polyphenolics. The extraction kinetics showed that 90% of the phenolic compounds were extracted during the first 2.5 h. The experimental kinetics was described by a constant effective diffusion coefficient D_e = 1.5 × 10⁻¹² m²/s in the solid, accounting for the actual particle size distribution.     

树莓果渣总花色苷和总多酚微波萃取工艺

采用响应面法中Box-Behnken设计对树莓果渣中总花色苷和总多酚微波辅助萃取工艺进行优化，并结合液相色谱-质谱联用技术对树莓果渣中花色苷组分进行鉴定，通过SEM观察经微波萃取和常规溶剂萃取后样品的微观结构。结果表明，微波辅助萃取树莓果渣中总花色苷和总多酚的最佳工艺参数为：萃取温度61 ℃、液料比30:1 mL/g和萃取时间5 min，在此条件下，树莓果渣总花色苷和总多酚含量分别为4.20 mg C3G/g和16.05 mg GAE/g。经微波萃取后样品细胞结构遭到严重破坏，而经传统的溶剂萃取后样品细胞结构保存完好，且微波法所得的树莓果渣总花色苷和总多酚含量明显较高。经鉴定树莓果渣中含有6种花色苷组分，分别为飞燕草素-3-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷、牵牛花素-3-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3.5-二己糖苷、芍药素-3-(6-丙二酰)-葡萄糖苷和天竺葵素-3-(6-丙二酰)-葡萄糖苷。     

Influence of ultrasound on Avaram bark (Cassia auriculata) tannin extraction and tanning

Efficient processing methodologies such as ultrasounds which would achieve significant enhancements in processes thereby minimizing sectional stream wastes in one hand and bring about economic benefits on other are necessary. Hence, research studies on application of ultrasound in process industries such as leather, textiles and chemicals are gaining importance. In this regard, a case study has been presented in this paper for solid–liquid tanning extraction and tanning from a plant material. For this purpose, Avaram bark (Cassia auriculata) which contains ingredients such as polyphenolics, useful in stabilization of collagen, which is the main constituent of skins/hides. Avaram bark tannin come under the group of ‘condensed tannins’ useful in main tanning process of leather making. The influence of various process parameters such as ultrasonic power, time and agitation on extraction has been studied. The results show significant 1.6-fold improvement for total extract due to the use of ultrasound, 100 W as compared to magnetic stirring control process, suggesting better mass transfer enhancement in leaching of strongly bound tannins from avaram bark due to ultrasound. Efficacy of tannin extract (10% or 20% offer) has been analyzed through application in tanning process and found to be useful. There has been significant improvement in rate of tannin uptake for ultrasonic extract as compared to control extract by the bovine pelt, suggesting diffusion enhancement of tanning agent through the pelt matrix. Use of ultrasound in avaram extract tanning has also been studied and found to be useful. Therefore, the present study clearly indicates the use of ultrasound in Avaram bark tannin extraction and tanning as a viable option with added advantages even dispensing with external heating.     

童亭亮煤索氏萃取和超声萃取的GC/MS分析

采用CS<,2>对童亭亮煤进行索氏萃取和超声萃取,用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对相关萃取物进行分析,结果表明:童亭亮煤的索氏萃取物由正构烷烃和芳烃构成,而超声萃取物还检测到异构烷烃和各类杂原子化合物,并且随着超声萃取时间的增加,所检测到的物质种类更多结构也更复杂;而超声波的空化效应产生的冲击流能促进溶剂和煤样的...     

Optimization of Ethanol-Ultrasound-Assisted Destabilization of a Cream Recovered from Enzymatic Extraction of Soybean Oil

A novel method using ethanol and ultrasound to extract oil from cream obtained from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybean oil was developed. To evaluate the relationships between operating variables and free oil yield and to maximize the free oil yield, response surface methodology was introduced in this work. The developed regression model was fitted with R ² = 0.9591. Optimized variables were: ethanol concentration of 73 %, ethanol addition volume of 0.55 L/kg, ultrasound power of 427 W, ultrasound time of 47 s, and ultrasound temperature of 53 °C. The free oil yield from the cream under the above conditions was 92.6 ± 3.4 %. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on ethanol-treated cream, and the SEM images clearly showed that the ultrasound treatment affected dispersing and fracturing of the microstructure of ethanol-treated cream.     

玉米须中植物多酚的提取及其抗氧化性研究

研究了玉米须中植物多酚的提取工艺及抗氧化性。以玉米须为原料,采用有机溶剂法提取玉米须中植物多酚,单因素试验优化植物多酚提取工艺条件。结果表明:有机溶剂提取法的最佳条件为:在50℃下,60%甲醇溶液作为提取剂,料液比为1∶60,提取时间4 h;玉米须中植物多酚的浓度达到60 mg/m L对羟基自由基清除率为62.16%,超氧自由基清除率为65.67%。     

超临界CO2及超声波技术处理异种骨的初步探索

采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术对猪松质骨进行脱脂,然后用双氧水及超声波处理脱蛋白。通过扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析及热重分析来测定处理过的骨组织,表明超临界CO2流体技术及超声波能够有效去除骨组织中的主要抗原,同时可以保持猪松质骨天然的多孔结构,及骨组织中羟基磷灰石的晶体结构,而且骨组织中脱蛋白质的效果会随超声波处理时间的增长而大幅度增强。     

Influence of Substituents on Phenols Extraction and Dissociation

Based on the systematic analysis of experimental data for liquid-liquid extraction of the substituted phenols, the F _α and F _μ parameters have been suggested to describe the dependence of log P ₀ (P ₀ is the distribution coefficient) from the energy of universal intermolecular interactions in solutions and the structural characteristics of solutions in non-polar and polar solvents correspondingly. The deviations from the dependences of log P₀ = f(F _α) and log P₀ = f(F _μ) show the contribution of specific interactions (H-bonds) to the process of extraction. The method is aimed at determination of the ionization constant of phenol (K _a ) on the basis of phenol distribution between the water and non-water solvents, which do not mix up with water. It is shown that the рK _a values of the substituted phenols obtained by the measurements in water and non-water solvents depend on σ⁰-constant. The influence of the amount of the same substituents in the phenol molecules on the рK _a values was studied.     

Extraction of Human IgG4 Monoclonal Antibodies Using AOT- and HDEHP-Isooctane Reverse Micelles

The extraction of 0.05 and 1 mg mL^?1 human IgG4 using reverse micelles (RMs) formed with anionic surfactants AOT or HDEHP in isooctane was evaluated. For both surfactants the use of 1 mg mL^?1 IgG4 resulted in higher forward extraction (FE), and generally better backward extraction (BE) yields than 0.05 mg mL^?1 IgG4, achieving optimum FE and BE yields at FE pHs of 5 at 3.13 mM AOT and 6 at 1.56 mM HDEHP. IgG4 precipitation at the interface was observed at the lower pHs during FE which appeared to cause low overall extraction yields. Water content analysis revealed AOT-RMs were much bigger than HDEHP-RMs.     

Process and Laboratory Scale UV Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria Using an Innovative Coiled Tube Reactor

Avoidance and elimination of viral contamination in biotechnological and pharmaceutical processes is a crucial issue. The novel UVivatec coiled tube reactor was designed for UV irradiation of cloudy liquid media. It very effectively inactivates especially critical viruses and avoids high product losses. The method proposed is an ideal complement to existing and established processes.     

中空纤维膜萃取苯酚的传质及流动特性

以体积分数为30％的磷酸三丁酯＋煤油－水为实验体系，研究了中、高装填密度的中空纤维膜萃取处理苯酚衡溶液的传质效果和传质特性以及膜器壳程流动状况。实验结果表明，中空纤维膜萃取可以高效去除水中的苯酚，萃取率最高可达到99．9％。比较了总传质系数的实验值与多个传质系数关联式的预测值之间的偏差，发现从中、高装填密度膜器得到的传质关联式偏差较小，而从低装填密度膜器得到的传质关联式偏差较大。通过测量膜器壳程流动的停留时间分布曲线，证实了偏差是由于中、高装填密度的膜器壳程流动的复杂性造成的。     

气体搅拌下微分萃取过程的传质及流体力学性能的研究

在装有静态分布器的萃取塔中 ,对有气体搅拌下的水、煤油 (苯甲酸 )萃取系统的滞液率、气含率和传质系数进行了实验研究 ,从而得出气体搅拌下传质更充分的结论。分析了滞液率、气含率和传质系数的影响因素及分布规律。     

疏水性离子液体萃取芳香化合物及其再生

利用疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[Bmim][PF6]、1-丁基-3-乙基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[Beim][PF6]、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐[Bmim][Tf2N]对水溶液中的9种芳香化合物进行萃取,以苯胺为代表对萃取工艺进行了优化,考察了乙醚、正丁醇等低极性溶剂对离子液体的再生情况. 结果表明,在室温下,当相比O/A=0.2、时间为10 min时,[Bmim][PF6]对苯胺的萃取率达87.2%,分配系数为34.1,效果明显高于甲苯、正辛醇等传统有机溶剂. 芳香化合物的分子结构对萃取有较大影响,萃取率及分配系数随溶质疏水性增加而增加. 用乙醚作为反萃剂效果较好,苯胺和离子液体的回收率分别为93.1%和95.2%,溶质及离子液体均能实现资源化回收利用.     

Separation of Zinc Isotopes by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Using a Crown Ether

Abstract

The zinc isotope effect in a liquid-liquid extraction system using dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 was investigated. The enrichment factor for a unit difference of mass number was ?_u = 0.018 as a maximum, which is greater than that for magnesium isotopes. The enrichment factor to eliminate ⁶⁴Zn from ⁶⁶Zn, ⁶⁷Zn, ⁶⁸Zn, or ⁷⁰Zn is over 0.036. The isotope with an odd mass number, ⁶⁷Zn, behaved differently from those with even mass numbers. This odd/even isotope effect was ?_O/E = 0.056. From the values of ?_u and ?_O/E, it was found that the crown ether separated the zinc isotopes more effectively on the basis of an odd or an even mass number than of mass difference. The separation factors vary with the concentrations of salt and/or conjugated acid in the initial aqueous phases of extraction. The optimal concentration necessary to obtain the largest separation factor had components of 2.0 M ZnCl₂ and 1.0 M HCl. The large value of ?_u for the high atomic number zinc and the notable ?_O/E make it clear that the vibration frequencies of the intramolecular bonds should have an isotope shift which is recognized in the orbital energy of the atoms.