磁性载体在Raney Ni催化加氢中的应用

通过引入利用磁性载体在反应过程中固定雷尼镍催化剂的方法,克服催化剂流失的问题;减少了搅拌剪切力对雷尼镍催化剂的影响,以延长催化剂的使用寿命,在邻硝基乙苯加氢体系中催化剂的使用寿命可以达到未加磁性载体的300％;同时,使催化剂在反应结束后易于与反应体系分离,对催化剂的回收可以达到加入量的98％～99％,方便催化剂的后处理。     

Liquid‐Phase Hydrogenation of m‐phenoxybenzaldehyde to m‐phenoxybenzylalcohol Using Raney Nickel Catalyst: Reaction Kinetics

Kinetics of the liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of m‐phenoxybenzaldehyde to m‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol have been investigated over the Raney nickel catalyst. Effects of hydrogen partial pressure (500‐2000 kPa), catalyst loading (1.6‐6.4 g.L^?1), m‐phenoxybenzaldehyde concentration (0.2‐0.8 mol.L^?1) and temperature (333‐363 K) on the progress of the reaction were studied. The speed of stirring > 15 rps has no effect on the initial rate of reaction. Effects of various catalysts and solvents on the hydrogenation of m‐phenoxybenzaldehyde have been investigated. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to the hydrogen partial pressure, catalyst loading and m‐phenoxybenzaldehyde concentration. Several Langmuir‐Hinshelwood type models were considered and the experimental data fitted to the model involving surface reaction, between dissociatively adsorbed hydrogen and molecularly adsorbed m‐phenoxybenzaldehyde.     

Mo改性Raney Ni催化加氢制备环己基多氟苯

以合金粉为原料,采用碱处理法,制备了Ni48.5Al48.5Mo3、Ni50Al50骤冷合金催化剂(RQ Ni-Mo、RQ Ni)和普通合金催化剂(Raney Ni-Mo、Raney Ni),通过ICP-AES、N2吸附脱附、XRD、H2-TPD和SEM对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征,将其应用于反-4-(2,3-二氟-4-甲基苯基)-4'-正丙基-1,1'-双环己基-3-烯(TF)催化加氢制备(反,反)-4-(2,3-二氟-4-甲基苯基)-4'-正丙基-1,1'-双环己烷(trans-TFT)的反应中并考察了其催化活性。结果表明:以Mo改性骤冷合金制备的RQ Ni-Mo催化剂具有较好的表观物性,比表面积为81.17 m2/g,孔容为0.12cm3/g,孔径为5.43nm、Ni晶粒尺寸为9.32 nm。在V(甲苯)=5 m L、m(RQ Ni-Mo)=0.05 g、m(TF)=0.20 g、反应温度40℃、反应压力1.5 MPa和反应时间2 h时,TF的转化率为100%,trans-TFT的选择性为69.72%。     

木糖Raney-Ni催化加氢本征反应动力学

用细粉末Ｒａｎｅｙ－Ｎｉ催化剂研究了木糖水溶液加氢的本征反应动力学。在考察的温度（３７３～３９３Ｋ）、压力（１～６ＭＰａ）和木糖浓度（０．０２～１．３ｍｏｌ／ｄｍ３）范围内,速率与木糖浓度成１级。氢压低于４～５ＭＰａ时,符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｈｉｎｓｈｅｗｏｏｄ形式的方程,用非线性优化法关联其参数,得到本征速率方程。反应机理推测为吸附氢原子与吸附木糖分子反应,表面反应生成的中间物被木糖解吸而成产物是控制步骤。３７３Ｋ以上在高压区出现的速率剧增现象可能与低能吸附位的激活有关     

采用骨架钴和骨架镍催化剂加氢还原制备糠醇的研究

从钼、铬、铜和铁中筛选金属铬和铁作为助催化剂加入骨架钴或骨架镍催化剂,铬和铁的量分别为催化剂质量的３％和１％。在１００～１２０℃、１０～１２ＭＰａ条件下,用上述骨架钴或骨架镍催化剂在乙醇溶剂中,氢化还原糠醛制备糠醇。用骨架镍催化剂,反应产物含有７８５％的糠醇和１９６％的四氢糠醇;用骨架钴催化剂,反应产物含有９８８％的糠醇和０８％的四氢糠醇,收率９４％。在无乙醇溶剂条件下,反应产物含有９０５％的糠醇、０３％的四氢糠醇和９２％的糠醛。在１８０℃条件下,反应产物含有９０８％的糠醇和８９％的四氢糠醇。     

Raney Ni催化剂的制备及应用研究

Raney-Ni催化剂是一种十分重要的骨架型催化剂,由于其具有的高活性及高选择性,被广泛应用于有机反应。本文简述了Raney Ni催化剂的制备方法,阐述了铝镍合金晶体结构、第三金属、残余铝、活化条件和催化剂粒度对活性的影响,并对Raney Ni催化剂在氢化反应、脱硫、脱卤反应、硝基加氢反应、氨解反应等方面的应用作了概括说明。     

Sn改性Raney Ni催化分解N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的研究

为了研究Sn含量和还原温度对Sn-RaneyNi催化剂的物理化学结构和催化分解N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)活性的影响,利用沉淀法制备了一系列不同Sn含量的Sn-RaneyNi催化剂,采用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)和氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等方法对不同Sn含量和不同还原温度制得的Sn-RaneyNi催化剂的比表面积、物相组成和还原性能进行了表征。以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为模型化合物,对Sn-RaneyNi催化剂的催化分解活性进行了评价。XRD表征结果表明,n(Sn)/n(Ni)为0.1的催化剂分别在723K和823K下还原生成Ni3Sn4和Ni3Sn合金晶相;n(Sn)/n(Ni)为0.15的催化剂在723K下还原形成Ni3Sn2合金晶相。H2-TPR结果表明,Ni-Sn合金的形成削弱了Sn和Ni与氧的结合能,使得Sn和Ni的还原峰向低温移动。催化分解DMF实验结果表明,当n(Sn)/n(Ni)为0.1、还原温度为723K时,Sn修饰RaneyNi催化剂能够将高浓度DMF(5%(wt))完全分解(分解率达100%),氢气的选择性达到86.8%。     

Raney镍上松香催化加氢反应动力学研究

以松香为原料、Raney镍为催化剂和200#油为溶剂进行松香催化加氢反应研究。在消除松香加氢过程内外扩散影响的条件下,利用毛细管气相色谱法在线跟踪分析压力为5.0 MPa、温度为423~453 K下反应物浓度随时间的变化关系,对反应过程进行拟均相动力学研究,结果表明,松香催化加氢的反应速率与枞酸浓度呈0.5级反应,其动力学方程为r=5.68×105e-7.T5997c0A.5,表观活化能为63.18 kJ/mol。     

癸二睛加氢制癸二胺骨架镍催化剂的研究

本文介绍了癸二脯加氢制癸二胺用骨架镍催化剂的制备方法、活化条件,以及反应温度、压力、接触时间等因素对转化率的影响,揭示了骨架镍催化剂的反应特性和用于癸二脑加氮的最佳操作条件。     

Heterogeneous Raney Nickel and Cobalt Catalysts for Racemization and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Amines

Raney metals were studied as heterogeneous catalysts for racemization and dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of chiral amines, as an alternative to metals like palladium or ruthenium. Both Raney nickel and cobalt were able to selectively racemize various chiral amines with high selectivity. In the racemization of benzylic primary amines, the minor formation of side products, e.g., secondary amines, can be suppressed by varying the hydrogen pressure. In the racemization of aliphatic amines over Raney catalysts, the selectivity is very high, with the enantiomeric amine as the sole product. DKR of racemic aliphatic amines can be performed with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B and Raney nickel in one pot; for 2‐hexylamine, a yield of 95 % of the acetylated amide was achieved, with 97 % ee. Attention is devoted to the compatibility of the enzyme and the metal catalyst during the DKR. For benzylic primary amines, a two‐pot process is proposed in which the liquid is alternatingly shuttled between two vessels containing the solid racemization catalyst and the biocatalyst. After 4 such cycles, the amide of (R)‐1‐phenylethylamine was obtained with 94 % yield and more than 90 % ee.     

Liquid‐Phase Catalytic Hydrogenation of p‐Chlorobenzophenone to p‐Chlorobenzhydrol over a 5 % Pd/C Catalyst

The kinetics of the liquid‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of p‐chlorobenzophenone have been investigated over a 5 % Pd/C catalyst. The effects of hydrogen partial pressure (800–2200 kPa), catalyst loading (0.4–1.6 gm dm^–3), p‐chlorobenzophenone concentration (0.37–1.5 mol dm^–3), and temperature (303–313 K) were studied. A stirring speed > 20 rps has no effect on the initial rate of reaction. Effects of various catalysts (Pd/C, Pd/BaSO₄, Pd/CaCO₃, Pt/C, Raney nickel) and solvents (2‐propanol, methanol, dimethylformamide, toluene, xylene, hexane) on the hydrogenation of p‐chlorobenzophenone were also investigated. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to hydrogen partial pressure and catalyst loading, and zero order with respect to p‐chlorobenzophenone concentration. Several Langmuir‐Hinshelwood type models were considered and the experimental data fitted to a model involving reaction between adsorbed p‐chlorobenzophenone and hydrogen in the liquid phase.     

Three‐Phase Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation over Supported Glass Fiber Catalysts: Reaction Kinetics Study

The catalytic properties of Pd and Pt supported on woven glass fibers (GF) were investigated in the three‐phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB). Over all catalysts, a 100 % yield of aniline was attained. The catalytic activity for the best catalysts was two times higher than the activity of commercial Pt/C catalyst traditionally used for liquid–phase hydrogenation. The intrinsic reaction kinetics were studied and a reaction scheme is suggested. The direct formation of aniline from NB was observed over Pd/GF with traces of intermediates. Four intermediate products were detected during aniline formation over Pt/GF: nitrosobenzene, phenylhydroxylamine, azoxybenzene, and azobenzene. The Eley‐Rideal kinetic model fits the experimental data well. The parameters of the model were determined as a function of initial NB concentration and hydrogen pressure. Pt and Pd supported on GF in woven fabrics are suggested as suitable materials for reactors with a structured catalytic bed in multi‐phase reactor performance.     

电位法测定加氢催化剂中的硼含量

利用氟硼酸根离子选择电极对加氢催化剂中硼含量进行了测定,详细考察了实验条件及镍、钨、铝等离子的干扰。测定结果令人满意,相对标准偏差＜０．１８％。     

雷尼镍催化氢化法制备吲哚-2-甲酸

以邻硝基甲苯和草酸二乙酯为起始原料,合成邻硝基苯丙酮酸乙酯的乙醇碱性溶液,再用雷尼镍催化剂,在60~70℃、1.5 MPa压力下,用催化氢化法合成了吲哚-2-甲酸,总收率为70%(以邻硝基甲苯计算),用熔点、NMR、GC-MS谱图表征了该化合物。雷尼镍催化氢化方法合成吲哚-2-甲酸成本较低、后处理简单、无环境污染。     

缚酸剂对Raney Ni催化氢解TPD制1,3-丙二醇的影响

甘油的间接氢解是新近发展的制备1,3-丙二醇的方法.研究发现甘油的间接氢解中间体TPD(2-对甲苯磺酰氧基-1,3-丙二醇)加氢过程产生的对甲苯磺酸腐蚀催化剂,导致催化剂无法重复利用.为了避免催化剂被腐蚀,选用几种缚酸剂,研究了缚酸剂对TPD加氢反应的影响,通过单因素实验考察了温度、压力和催化剂(Raney Ni)用量对反应的影响,并对反应机理作了讨论.结果表明:三乙胺作为缚酸剂时较优的反应条件为:温度100℃,压力4 MPa,催化剂用量2.0 g(TPD质量的57%),在此反应条件下,TPD转化率为89.1%,1,3-丙二醇的选择性为33.7%.催化剂重复实验结果表明加入缚酸剂能在一定程度上保护催化剂.     

非晶态雷尼镍催化剂低温催化生物油模型化合物加氢的研究

采用非晶态雷尼镍催化剂,在高压反应釜内对二丙酮醇、糠醛、苯酚和愈创木酚等生物油模型化合物进行低温催化加氢实验,研究了模型化合物催化加氢特性、反应机理以及催化剂性质。实验结果表明:温度是影响此类催化剂活性的最主要因素,温度过高容易导致催化剂晶化而降低催化活性;在反应温度180℃、压力3MPa、反应时间4 h以及催化剂量8%(wt)时,模型化合物的转化率和饱和醇的选择性分别达到100.00%和97.74%以上;在此反应条件催化真实生物油的体系中,饱和醇的收率达到44.00%,p H从4.08升至5.13;通过对模型反应机理的探讨,得出模型主要通过两种加氢方式进行:即不同化合物分别以其O上的孤对电子选择性地与催化剂上的两种活泼态H(弱吸附的Ni-H、游离的原子态氢)进行加氢反应,完成催化加氢过程。     

麦芽糖加氢制麦芽糖醇的实验研究

采用三元Raney Ni合金催化剂进行麦芽糖加氢,考察了温度、压力、pH值、剂糖比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:使用三元Raney Ni催化剂RTH-311进行麦芽糖加氢,当反应温度为120~130℃、压力为9~10MPa、pH值为8·0、剂糖质量比为5%、反应时间为120~150min时,转化率可达98·8%以上。     

Systems with Structured Packing: Fluid‐Dynamics and Liquid‐Solid Mass Transfer

Structured packings are often incorporated in industrial equipment as a way of enhancing the efficiency or as support of catalysts and microorganisms. They may operate in single‐, two‐ or three‐phase flow and natural convection can be present. The fluid‐dynamic and mass transfer behavior of spaced and stacked structured packings for these conditions is systematically analyzed.     

Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde over Pt‐Modified Molecular Sieve Catalysts

The catalytic properties of various Pt‐modified molecular sieves were tested in liquid‐phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and compared to Pt/MgO and commercial Pt/C catalysts. The type of support considerably influenced the catalytic properties. The superior selectivity performance of microporous catalysts was confirmed; the highest selectivity to allyl alcohol of about 40 % was obtained over the beta support whereas the mesoporous MCM‐41‐supported catalyst was unselective. The highest activity was obtained over the Pt/mordenite catalyst. In order to clarify the performance of catalysts, several characterization methods (XRD, XRF, FTIR, surface measurements) were employed.     

Structured Porous Millireactors for Liquid‐Liquid Chemical Reactions

Milli‐scale reactors with an integrated microstructure offer a promising scale‐up approach for conventional microreactors. This study applies 3D‐printed structured porous millireactors to industrially relevant liquid‐liquid reactions. The underlying transport mechanisms are identified by quantifying interfacial heat and mass transfer. The structured reactors perform limited in Taylor flow compared to a packed‐bed reactor due to limited interfacial mass transfer. However, in stratified flow, their productivity increases significantly at a fraction of the pressure drop of a packed bed.