天然气及其伴生凝析油的脱汞技术

天然气作为一种清洁能源和霞要的化工基础原料,其应用在我国越来越广泛,除了每年120亿m^3的话气东输项目,我嘲还从澳犬利亚等圜家进口每年3000万t的LNG（液化天然气）以满足国内日益增长的消费需求。世界各地的气田采出的天然气都不同程度的含铂元索汞,汞的存在会严熏损坏天然气处理装置的低温铝制换热器,造成巨额的设备更换和停工损失,含汞的天然气产品也带来人员健康和环境问题。同时,天然气田伴生的凝析油由于其低廉的价格也被引进闲内,2006年闲内已经有乙烯厂家率先使用凝析油替代国内常见的石脑油作为裂解原料来火幅度降低原料成本,但凝析油也同样存在含汞的问题。因此,阔内外的天然气和伴生凝析油处理装置和研究机构在不断的追寻高效益低成本的脱汞科技,一系列先进的汞脱除技术已经被开发出来并在实际生产中得以应用。     

Thermal process integration in the AVDU A12/2 crude distillation unit during winter operation

A pinch analysis of the AVDU A12/2 crude distillation unit processing 2 million tons of crude oil per year is made. A pinch retrofit of the recuperative heat-exchange system of the unit is performed. It is shown that the implementation of the proposed project will reduce the arbitrary energy consumption by 60%, which corresponds to a reduction in specific fuel consumption from 36 to 13 kg per ton of refined oil.     

含硫和高硫原油的加工技术

介绍了俄罗斯原油、委内瑞拉原油的一般性质及目前国内首套加工俄罗斯原油的5.5 Mt/a常减压装置的主要工艺路线和新技术特点,并针对俄罗斯原油的性质和该常减压装置的设计特点、运行中存在的问题和采取的对策及建议进行了分析讨论,如装置对加工俄罗斯原油的适应性问题、以及轻烃回收问题等,同时也对3.5 Mt/a常减压装置掺炼委内瑞拉高硫原油以及第二次加工装置的运行情况加以分析,为国内大量加工俄罗斯原油及委内瑞拉原油装置的设计提供了良好的借鉴经验。     

基于模拟蒸馏技术的油品质量在线分析系统

介绍了一种自主研发的基于气相色谱模拟蒸馏技术的新型油品质量在线分析系统.重点讨论在线分析系统的构成、在线色谱模拟蒸馏分析仪的结构和数据处理系统的设计.利用该在线分析系统,可共享在线色谱模拟蒸馏分析仪的硬件平台,实现油品馏程、闪点等多种质量参数的在线检测.该系统已经成功应用于炼油厂常减压装置.     

加工俄罗斯原油常减压装置的工艺技术特点与运行

介绍了俄罗斯原油的一般性质及目前国内首套加工俄罗斯原油的5.50 Mt/a常减压装置的主要工艺路线和新技术特点,并针对俄罗斯原油性质和本常减压装置的设计特点,重点对运行中存在的问题和采取的对策及建议进行了分析讨论,如装置对加工原油的适应性问题、加工俄罗斯原油的三塔顶瓦斯气回收问题等,为国内大量加工俄罗斯原油及相应常减压装置的设计提供了良好的借鉴经验.     

杜邦工艺中用3→1#反应方式生产高熔融指数牌号的聚乙烯产品

根据抚顺乙烯聚乙烯装置的自身工艺特点,通过改变工艺操作条件,用3→1#反应方式生产出高熔融指数牌号的产品,而且该产品的使用性能,能够很好的满足用户要求,为今后开发新产品奠定了础.     

原油蒸馏过程的模拟与分析

采用ASPENPLUS软件的PetroFRAC模块对原油蒸馏过程进行模拟,模拟得到的总物料平衡、操作条件和产品质量等结果与工厂生产装置数据较为一致。通过灵敏度分析发现初馏塔和常压塔塔顶馏出量、常压塔塔底蒸汽量和侧线汽提蒸汽量这几个显著影响拔出率的因素,为原油蒸馏操作优化方案的制定奠定基础。     

Retrofitting of the Heat Exchanger Network with Steam Generation in a Crude Oil Distillation Unit

Steam generation through hot streams has an important impact on the utility consumption of a crude oil distillation unit. Retrofitting of the heat exchanger network with steam generation in a crude oil distillation unit is studied with regard to efficient energy usage. The grand composite curve is employed to provide insights into the steam generation problem, and a mixed‐integer linear programming model, presented previously for heat integration through hot discharges/feeds and steam generation, is used to obtain the optimal parameters for steam generation. Three heuristic rules are then proposed to determine suitable hot streams for steam generation. Finally, the heat exchanger network is modified based on pinch technology. After the retrofit, the hot and cold utility decrease.     

注洗油改为注水对裂解气压缩机组的影响

乙烯装置裂解气压缩机组为减缓机组结焦,原设计在机组吸入管线和叶轮上注洗油。在2004年裂解气压缩机停车时,改为注冷凝水。文中对注洗油和注水的优劣进行了分析探讨,意在通过探索,更大程度的减缓机组结焦速率,提高机组运行周期。     

发挥南京地区炼油化工优势从炼厂干气回收乙烯和轻烃作乙烯原料的探讨

乙烯生产成本不仅取决于乙烯生产技术,而且取决于乙烯原料的优化。利用低成本原料是石化企业追求的目标。变压吸附浓缩-吸收净化-深冷分离的联合工艺技术较适合炼油企业从炼厂干气中回收C2+烃作乙烯原料。南京地区应发挥炼油化工一体化优势,从炼厂不饱和干气中回收富乙烯干气作乙烯装置原料,以降低乙烯产品生产成本,并提高南京地区原油利用率。     

Energy Saving in Crude Oil Atmospheric Distillation Columns by Modifying the Vapor Feed Inlet Tray

Optimization of a typical crude oil atmospheric distillation unit and reduction of energy conservation were carried out through modifying the implementation and change in the flash zone of the tower. A conventional procedure in such units involves the combination of liquid and vapor product of the prefractionation train surge drum upon introduction to the tower. However, it is theoretically illustrated and represented by simulation means that introducing the vapor feed into the upper stages of the distillation column separately can lead to an energy saving of 12.6 % in the condenser duty, an increased liquid‐to‐gas flow (L/G) at certain points of the column, and hence to a reduction in diameter and investment costs of new tower designs of approximately US$ 0.7 million a^–1. The proposal can be put into practice without the need of additional equipments or additional cost of difficult rerouting the streams. An industrial case study of a steady‐state crude oil distillation unit is given by simulation provision of AspenHysys™.     

The production of synthetic crude oil from oil sand by application of the lurgi-ruhrgas-process

Synthetic crude oil can be produced from oil sand by application of the Lurgi-Ruhrgas process which is characterized by the circulation of fine-grained heat carriers. The process is described and information given on its commercial application to date, which relates to the cracking of hydrocarbons to olefins and the carbonization of fine-grained coal. Reference is made to distillation tests on approx. 45 tons of raw oil sand. The yield of oil in commercial plants is expected to be approx. 95% by weight. Studies and computations show that beneficiated oil sand used as feedstock has advantages over raw oil sand. It is suggested that in a commercial plant beneficiation and LR distillation should be combined. Based on the present state of Technology LR units for an output of about 8,000 - 12,000 bbl/day of crude oil could be built. The approximate capital and operating costs of such a unit are indicated. In closing, reference is made to further possible applications of the LR process.     

APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZATION OF SEPARATOR PRESSURES IN MULTISTAGE PRODUCTION UNITS

In this article, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the separator pressures in a multistage crude oil and multistage gas condensate production unit with four and three separators respectively. This leads to the generation of more accurate results for the quality and quantity of oil remaining in the stock tank for both crude oil and gas condensate production units. Genetic-based optimized pressures for crude oil separators resulted in 1.8% and 2% enhancement in oil remaining in the stock tank for summer and winter respectively. API gravity of the stock tank oil was improved 2.4% in summer and 2.2% in winter. For the gas condensate production unit, optimized pressures can enhance by 8.6% and 8.1% the oil remaining in the stock tank for summer and winter respectively. The API gravity of stock tank liquid also increased by 2.6% for both summer and winter.     

Membrane applications and research in the edible oil industry: An assessment

Commercial sources of edible oils and fats include oil-seeds, fruit pulps, animals and fish. Oilseeds processing typically consists of the following steps: i) seed preparation; ii) solvent extraction of flakes and/or extruded collets; iii) desolventization of the meal;iv) recovery of solvent by distillation; and v) degumming, refining, bleaching, and deodorizing of the crude oil. The process consumes large amounts of energy—in the forms of electricity, natural gas and fuel oils—to heat and cool the oil between individual processing steps and to generate high vacuum. Steam requirements for producing edible oil from crude oil range from 2000 to 4000 Btu/lb depending on the type of oil processed. The processing of cottonseed, corn, peanut and soybean oils alone consumes approximately 64.7 trillion Btu/yr of energy in the United States (based on 15.1×10⁹ Ib crude oil processed). Electricity requirements for a typical refinery are between 120,000 kWh and 160,000kWh/yr (based on 1400 to 1800 kWh/22,000 Ib crude oil processed/hr). Current membrane separation research, as applied to miscella distillation; vapor recovery; condensate return; wastewater treatment; degumming, refining, and bleaching; hydrogenation catalyst recovery; oilseed proteins; and nitrogen production, is reviewed in this paper. The greatest potential for energy savings of 15 to 21 trillion Btu/yr exists in replacing or supplementing conventional degumming, refining, and bleaching processes. Decreased oil losses and decreased bleaching earth requirements are other potential advantages of membrane processing. Approximately 2 trillion Btu/yr could be saved using a hybrid membrane system to recover solvents in extraction of crude oils. Although marginal success has been reported to date, the development of hexane-resistant membranes may make this application viable.     

旋风分离器在柴油加氢精制装置中的应用

常减压、焦化、催化柴油等经加氢精制反应器反应后,原料中的硫被循环氢还原,反应产物经换热、分离器分离,液相产品进入汽提塔进行进一步分离,气相进入循环氢脱硫系统。进入循环氢脱硫塔的循环氢不可避免的存在少量的烃类和轻浮油,这些液滴使得循环氢脱硫塔内溶剂发泡,同时又造成胺液损失,严重的影响了脱硫效果。采用上海华畅环保设备发展有限公司的旋流器技术后,脱硫塔效果得到明显改善。     

常减压蒸馏装置电脱盐成套设备运行分析报告

介绍了以加工海洋油设计的、国内最大的常减压蒸馏装置电脱盐装置的实际运行情况,通过对成套电脱盐设备的运行情况进行分析,该电脱盐成套设备能够完全满足对脱盐原油含盐量不大于3 mg/L、含水量不大于0.2%和排水含油量不大于150 mg/kg等工艺要求。     

Off‐Gases Optimization in a Hydrogen Network Refinery

For optimization of a hydrogen network, a steam reformer is associated to the feedstock and linear programming (LP) is applied. The investigated network consists of one steam reformer and two feedstocks. By exerting LP and the mentioned association, total annual cost decreasing is achieved in a case study in which natural gas and off‐gas were considered as feedstocks. The optimization problems of the hydrogen network comprise the hydrogen network retrofit design and the feedstock selection with respect to their cost. Nonlinear programming (NLP) and mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models are developed for optimization based on a two‐case study: for the first one, an existent optimization method on hydrogen networks is investigated and for the second one, revision of a recent optimization method on hydrogen networks associated by an LP model in the steam reformer unit is applied. These two cases resulted in total annual cost reductions of 34 % and 45.9 %, respectively.     

考虑原油性质波动的炼厂氢气网络集成优化

针对原油性质的不确定性,提出了一种基于质量传递机理的随机规划建模框架,以实现炼厂氢气网络在经济效益和抗扰能力上的同步优化。该框架耦合了常减压蒸馏、加氢精制以及闪蒸分离等过程单元,从微观上解析原油性质波动对网络运行的影响;采用了代理模型技术增设脱硫模块,并利用了二阶段随机规划方法改造管网,从宏观上优化氢气网络以满足生产要求。为验证所提方法的有效性和适用性,对某一现有的炼厂氢网络进行了改造设计研究。结果表明,集成过程单元的多场景优化策略能够有效提升网络的经济性能,并且能使其灵活应对因原油性质波动引起的操作场景的改变。     

Current scenario and potential of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in Pakistan: An overview

Biodiesel utilization has been rapidly growing worldwide as the prime alternative to petrodiesel due to a global rise in diesel fuel demand along with hazardous emissions during its thermochemical conversion. Although, several debatable issues including feedstock availability and price, fuel and food competition, changes in land use and greenhouse gas emission have been raised by using edible as well as inedible feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. However, non-crop feedstocks could be a promising alternative. In this article, waste cooking oils have been recommended as a suitable option for biodiesel production bearing in mind the current national situation. The important factors such as the quantity of waste cooking oil produced, crude oil and vegetable oil import expenses, high-speed diesel imports, waste management issues and environmental hazards are considered. Moreover, process simulation and operating cost evaluation of an acid catalyzed biodiesel production unit are also conducted. The simulation results show that the production cost of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel is about 0.66USD·L^-1. We believe that the present overview would open new pathways and ideas for the development of biofuels from waste to energy approach in Pakistan.     

Effects of fouling on performance of retrofitted heat exchanger networks: A thermo-hydraulic based analysis

The energy recovery performance of crude pre-heat trains (PHTs) in oil refineries is typically impaired by deposition over time of fouling on the thermal surfaces. Such time varying effects are normally not considered in the design or retrofit of heat exchangers networks. In this paper, the importance of taking into account such effects is demonstrated, by means of a case study. An existing industrial PHT network is simulated using a dynamic, distributed mathematical model for shell-and-tube heat exchangers undergoing crude oil fouling. To systematically assess the impact of fouling at the network level, several key performance indicators are proposed and used to analyse three retrofit options aimed at maximising overall heat recovery. Simulation results show that network designs that maximise energy recovery at steady state are not the best when fouling occurs. It is concluded that a proper retrofit design must include consideration of time varying fouling effects.