基于盲反卷积和参数化模型的超声参数估计

在超声检测中,往往需要获得传播时间(TOF)、回波个数、中心频率、幅值等全面的信息,来综合评判缺陷的位置、大小和类型。通过建立多回波的卷积模型和参数化模型,给出一种结合最小熵盲反卷积(MED)和期望值最大(EM)算法思想的超声回波参数估计方法。首先基于卷积模型,采用最小熵反卷积,实现了重叠多回波信号的有效分离;再基于参数化模型和所获取的回波个数,给出了基于期望值最大算法思想的参数估计算法;最终实现了重叠多回波超声信号TOF、回波个数、中心频率、幅值等参数的精确估计。仿真和实验验证了该方法的有效性和优点。     

A program for 3D simulation of signals for ultrasonic testing of specimens

Optimization of the parameters of schemes using multichannel ultrasonic flaw detectors for sonic testing of rails (sonic test schemes), as well as development of algorithms for processing test signals, are considered. The efficiency of the RAIL-3D computer code proposed for the 3D simulation of the propagation and formation of echo signals during ultrasonic testing is tested by comparing real signals and simulation results for a CB-2 calibration block. The comparison is performed for the complex conditions under which rails are tested. The code can also be used for simulating signals of ultrasonic nondestructive testing in other metal products.     

物料检测超声缓冲杆材料的研究

借助缓冲杆对熔融状态下的聚合物进行检测是一种有效的方法,但缓冲杆的材料不同会影响检测效果。本文就超声缓冲杆的材料进行研究,利用有限元的方法对超声波在铝杆和聚醚醚酮(PEEK)杆中的传播进行了仿真。试验结果表明,使用PEEK杆作缓冲杆可以使超声回波信号具有较高的幅值和信噪比。     

炮管内表面加工质量的动态测量

主要介绍应用超声波在传播过程中,在不同媒质界面各个反射波之间的时间差与超声波在媒质中的传播速度和媒质的尺寸关系,来刹量炮管的厚度;通过测量炮管的厚度变化来测量炮管内径的尺寸.检测系统通过扫描炮管的外表面,对工件尺寸和涂层厚度进行测量、监控;并能根据检测到的各点表面的测量数据,在计算机上进行三维成像.     

Estimating ultrasonic time-of-flight through echo signal envelope and modified Gauss Newton method

The accurate estimation of ultrasonic Time-Of-Flight (TOF) is essential in ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT). In this paper, a novel method for TOF estimation through envelope is proposed. Firstly, the wavelet denoising technique is applied to the noisy echo to improve the estimation accuracy. Then, the Hilbert transform (HT) is used in ultrasonic signal processing in order to extract the envelope of the echo and to reduce the computational burden. Finally, the echo parameters are estimated by using a Modified Gauss Newton (MGN) based nonlinear Least Squares (LS) estimation method. And, a fast algorithm is adopted to estimate the parameters of M-superimposed echoes. Numerical simulation and experimental results have been carried out to show the performances of the proposed method in estimating TOF of ultrasonic signal.     

Internal defect detection using laser-generated longitudinal waves in ablation regime

Laser ultrasonics could be an attractive solution for the nondestructive testing of structures in harsh environments. Longitudinal waves generated in the ablation regime are especially well suited to internal defect detection because they provide a higher signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to ultrasonic waves generated under a thermo-elastic regime, while their propagation direction normal to the surface enables the simplified interpretation processing of received signals when the defect echoes are analyzed. The internal defect detection using laser-generated longitudinal waves in the ablation regime was investigated numerically and experimentally, and a numerical model to simulate the generation and propagation of ultrasonic waves in the ablation regime was developed. This model was based on the simulation of ultrasonic generation and propagation caused by the net reaction force that was directly converted from the laser intensity absorbed onto the surface. This model was also extended as a model for internal defect detection. A steel specimen containing artificial internal defects was fabricated and inspected by using the through-transmission (T-scan) and pulse-echo (B-scan) modes. Clear amplitude reduction was observed in the transmitted waves at the defect positions in T-scan images, while B-scan images clearly showed the defect echoes arriving at different times depending on the depth location of internal defects. These results demonstrate that longitudinal waves excited in the ablation regime can be effectively used for internal defect detection.     

基于经验与变分混合分解的超声回波信号噪声消除方法

超声缺陷检测结果易受超声回波信号中复杂噪声的干扰,为了提高超声缺陷检测的准确度,提出一种基于混合分解的 超声回波信号噪声消除方法。 采用经验模态分解算法结合相关系数指标对超声回波信号进行预处理,得到消除低频噪声分量 的超声回波预处理信号。 基于变分模态分解将该预处理信号分解为一系列窄带本征模态函数,引入互信息指标估计变分模态 分解的最优模态数量,并根据窄带本征模态函数与预处理信号的相关系数提取有用的模态分量,实现对超声回波信号去噪结果 的重构。 通过仿真和实测超声回波信号验证了本文方法的去噪性能,并与现有方法进行了对比。 结果表明,本文方法可同时消 除超声回波信号中的高频和低频噪声,在不同信噪比条件下 EMD、VMD 和本文方法去噪结果的 SNR 均值分别为 10. 01、9. 48 和 16. 09 dB,验证了本文方法对于超声回波信号噪声消除的优越性。     

Application of ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry to molten glass by using broadband phase difference method

An ultrasonic velocity profile (UVP) measurement in high temperature molten glass was presented using buffer rod technique. A ceramic buffer rod was used to transmit ultrasound into molten glass. The rod had a taper shape and porous cladding to suppress trailing echo, which is the spurious echo in the buffer rod measurement. The broadband signal processing method was presented to improve noise tolerance in velocity estimation. This method is based on the phase difference method, which is originally proposed as a narrowband method. Measurable distance of the UVP measurement was investigated combining the buffer rod and the broadband signal processing method. Experiment was conducted at the temperature from 1000 °C to 1200 °C. As a preliminary test, motion tracking in molten glass was successfully demonstrated.     

超声导波相移追踪的回波辨识方法

超声导波的多模式和频散特性使得其回波分析与定位异常复杂,在导波传播的模型解析的基础上,提出了一种基于频率相位追踪的回波辨识方法。首先,选取指定模式的直接散射信号的频域相位作为参考相位,将被分析信号各个波包的频域相位用参考相位进行归一化处理,得到各个波包相对参考波包传播距离的归一化阶次;然后,结合回波信号的传播路径分析,达到对各个波包定位辨识的目的。数值仿真和实验也验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

超声回波信号检测橡胶薄层的特性

利用超声回波检测法对橡胶薄层特性进行研究,并对频谱分析测量薄层介质特性的理论进行推导,建立有橡胶薄层和无橡胶薄层的回波信号频谱比值的恢复函数H( f )。结果表明,恢复函数H( f )包含着橡胶薄层材料与基体的特性信息,对其进行解析不但可以获得超声波在橡胶薄层中的传播速度,还可以得出薄层的密度及其弹性模量,而且与时频复合域分析方法计算的结果相一致,利用该方法可在不损坏薄层材料的使用性能前提下对其特性进行检测。     

Ultrasonic defect detection of a petroleum pipeline in a viscoelastic medium

During detection of the defects in the inner wall of a petroleum pipeline via an ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation method, the defect echo and the inner-wall echo often overlap. It is difficult to identify the arriving time of the defect echo. When an ultrasonic wave propagates in a viscoelastic medium, the stress relaxation and creep deformation result in a signal characterized by frequency. The wave speed and attenuation rate are dependent on the frequency; thus, the ultrasonic signal has different shapes along the wave propagation path. Sometimes the wave shape is wry. The empirical mode decomposition technology used for separating the overlapping echo signals has been presented in this paper. With such technology, the original ultrasonic signal can be decomposed and then some intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residue can be obtained. Different IMFs contain different echo signals. Some useful IMFs are selected to reconstruct the ultrasonic signal. The peaks of the reconstructed ultrasonic signal envelope indicate the arriving time of the echo signals. The experimental results show that this method is effective for detection of the defects in the inner wall of a petroleum pipeline. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

超声探测弱信号提取方法

为了在超声检测中排除噪声干扰，从强噪声背景中提取弱回波信号，利用小波变换技术从超声探测信号中提取弱缺陷回波信号，建立了超声缺陷回波的数学模型，并进行了仿真实验，其特有的“变焦距”特性使得小波分析在时域和频域中具有良好的分析能力。结果表明，利用小波变换方法能够很好地抑制噪声，提高信噪比，提取强噪声背景中的弱回波信号，且该方法原理简单，易于实现，在工程上有较高的应用价值。     

Estimating ultrasonic time of flight using envelope and quasi maximum likelihood method for damage detection and assessment

Time of flight (TOF) is widely used to locate and size faults in ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE). In this paper, we propose a novel model-based method for ultrasonic echo parameter estimation. The ultrasonic signal is assumed to be composed of an unknown number of Gaussian echoes corrupted by white Gaussian noise. Firstly, the Hilbert transform is used to extract the envelope of the signal. It is shown that the parameter estimation of the signal is improved by using the envelope. To estimate the parameters of the envelope of the signal, quasi maximum likelihood method is used. The number of echoes is estimated using consistent Akaike information criterion. Two measures are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method: (a) probability of detection of backscattered echoes and (b) the error of estimated time of flights. The proposed method is then compared to the cross-correlation method and the maximum likelihood method which uses the original signal. Simulated and experimental signals are used to evaluate the performance of each method. Both experimental and simulated results show that the proposed method can improve the parameter estimation which ultimately enhances the damage detection and assessment.     

铝合金超声铸造中换能系统的有限元仿真分析

根据任意变截面杆纵向振动的波动方程,推导了用于超声波铸造的换能系统各部分的频率方程,并应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对结构进行了模态分析和谐响应分析,得到了系统的共振频率、位移节点、振速分布和输出振幅等重要参数,并应用多普勒测速仪进行了实验验证.与理论计算结果和试验测试结果比较,有限元仿真分析法获得了较高的精度.     

Analysis and experimental studies of internal voids in multi-wedge cross wedge rolling stepped shaft

In this study, a rigid-plastic finite element method (FEM) simulation model for a multi-wedge cross wedge rolling (MCWR) was developed to analyze the generation mechanisms of internal defects. Two feature parts in MCWR, rod area and store area, were defined to analyze the internal defects mechanisms. The difference of stress states between the rod and store areas was pointed out and an insight into generation mechanism was concluded. Based on simulation, the influence of mold parameters was discussed and an optimized parameter group was achieved. The results indicate that the internal voids in the store and rod areas were extended from microcracks produced by shear stress cycle, and then develop to cracks due to the overlarge first principle tension stress caused by metal backflow. In a certain range, a smaller forming angle and a reasonable area reduction is good for avoid center voids in store area. Subsequently, the industrial test manifested the feasibility of study results.     

Measurement of Attenuation of Ultrasonic Propagating through the Thin Layer Media with Time Delay Spectrum

The ultrasonic attenuation coefficient is one of the most important acoustic parameters to character the performance of a thin layer media, but it can not be measured due to mutual superposition of multiple reflected waves at the same interface in ultrasonic testing. Ultrasonic pulse echo and lamb wave to evaluate the thin layer media can not obtain attenuation coefficient at present. In this paper, analytical method was used to study the acoustics characteristic of thin layer media with the ultrasonic echo testing. Meanwhile, the process of ultrasonic attenuation measurement was presented. Simulation and experimental investigation is focused on a thin layer of rubber. Attenuation coefficient was introduced and evaluation mathematics model was established by the two echoes cross-correlation with and without the thin layer media based on the time delay spectrum. It involved the parameters related to the acoustic properties of the thin layer media. Through calculating the sound velocity and acoustic impedance with the evaluation model, it can deduce the relation between the attenuation coefficient and the frequency. Through analyzing the simulation results, it indicated that the attenuation coefficients were invariable with the varying of the frequency. However, the attenuation coefficients increased with the frequency increasing by ultrasonic testing the thin layer of rubber. The reason was that the attenuation factor was not taken into account during the simulation. This method overcomes shortcomings that the traditional ultrasonic testing can not evaluate the thin layer media whose thickness is less than motivation wavelength. It is a new solution to study the attenuation characteristic and on-line nondestructive evaluation in the thin layer media.     

金属材料小缺陷超声反射信号建模及识别

为了能从含噪声金属材料超声检测信号中有效识别出微小缺陷回波,建立了金属材料超声反射信号模型并提出了基于相关系数的微小缺陷回波识别方法。对含微小缺陷金属材料超声脉冲反射信号的成分进行分析,建立了基于散射声场与高斯回波理论的优化超声回波模型。设计了超声缺陷回波位置识别方法。该方法对超声脉冲反射信号去噪后,取探头发射脉冲信号为参考信号;然后与去噪后的信号逐段求解相关系数;最后对该相关系数序列进行阈值化处理,获得缺陷回波在超声回波信号中的位置。将利用上述优化超声回波模型生成的超声反射信号及其频谱与实验获得的金属材料超声反射信号及其频谱进行了对比,结果表明:两者的时频域特征具有一致性。当将阈值设定为相关系数序列最大值的60%时,能够有效从超声背散射信号中识别出金属材料微小缺陷回波。     

Matching pursuit for decomposition and approximation of ultrasonic pulse-echo wavelet and its application in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation

The estimation of the time of arrival (TOA) and/or time of flight of the ultrasonic echoes is essential in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. In this paper, matching pursuit method has been used to analyze noisy ultrasonic pulse-echo wavelet and decompose the noisy pulse-echo wavelet into unit-norm vectors. The error ratio of the mean square is used to monitor the acceptability of the unit-norm vector obtained by the matching pursuit performance. A matched filter can be designed by using the time reversal of the approximation pulse-echo wavelet obtained by the reconstruction result with several large coefficient decomposed unit-norm vectors. After performing the matched filter, the part of the signal related to the electrical noise will be removed leaving only the correlated portion of the ultrasonic echoes. Then no initial phase have been contained in the processed ultrasonic echoes. Therefore, the TOA can be estimated directly from the peaks of the representation of the processed signal. Numerical simulations and experimental results make evidence the good performance of the proposed approach which has good effect of noise suppression and results in much improved accuracy in the estimation of echo arrival time.     

Lamb wave propagation on a unidirectional CFRP plate: comparison of FEM simulations,experiments, and analytical calculations

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are widely used in recreational products and industrial components. Ultrasound is a powerful tool to ensure the safety of CFRP structures, but the ultrasonic velocity on CFRP depends on the frequency and direction of propagation. Understanding ultrasonic propagation is the key to its proper application to CFRP structures. In the present work, experiments, 3D FEM simulations, and theoretical analyses were performed to investigate Lamb wave propagation on CFRP plates. The simulation and experimental results agreed well, proving that the FEM simulation results were reliable. On the basis of this reliability, further results were obtained for various fd values. The S0 mode’s group velocity was considerably affected by the propagation direction, but the A0 mode exhibited minimal dependence. In addition, unexpected waves were observed in the simulation and identified as the SH0 mode. A new approach for determining the theoretical group velocity was also presented.

     

激光超声信号变分模态分解与裂纹定量检测

针对激光超声检测技术应用于金属增材件中所获取的信号具有复杂、多模态、信噪比低的特性的问题,获取激光超声信号进行时频分析,探究其频域可分性,采用变分模态分解算法根据频域特征进行分离并提取最佳表面波模态。在此基础上,提出一种基于激光超声信号B扫图结合变分模态分解提取表面回波特征值技术,对金属增材件表面裂纹长度进行定量检测。针对直接观察B扫图获取裂纹长度信息存在误差较大的问题,通过对变分模态分解提取的表面波模态在有无裂纹时反射回波峰峰值的变化分析,绘制扫查位置-峰峰值图并据此精确获取裂纹起始和结束位置,检测结果的相对误差不超过8%。与直接获取原始信号B扫图的裂纹长度信息相比,提高了检测精度。该方法在金属增材件的激光超声信号的特征提取与定量检测方面具有可行性。