Effect of C and milling parameters on the synthesis of WC powders by mechanical alloying

In the current study, the amount of carbon and the effects of milling parameters in production of tungsten-carbide (WC) powder were evaluated. Mechanical alloying (MA) of elemental W and C powders at different carbon-rich and carbon-deficient compositions was studied. XRD results showed that the higher the carbon content the longer the milling period for the formation of WC powder. We also report on the effect of milling parameters on the phase formation. In stoichiometric composition, WC was synthesized faster than in compositions with higher carbon amount. Furthermore, W₂C phase was observed in compositions with higher carbon content milled at low speed and ball-to-powder ratio (BPR), as well as in carbon-deficient composition milled for shorter period. The ab initio calculations were performed in attempt to explain the destabilization of W₂C on further milling.     

机械合金化法制备金锡合金

采用高能球磨机械合金化法制备了Au-20%Sn合金,分析了合金物相、组织和硬度随球磨时间的变化规律,探讨了合金塑性与合金组织及制备工艺的关系。结果表明:采用高能球磨机械合金化法可以制备Au-20%Sn合金;随球磨时间的增加,Au-20%Sn的合金化程度增加,组织中的金属间化合物逐渐增多,最终基本上为δ相和ζ′相;合金的硬度随球磨时间的延长逐渐升高,并在球磨60min后获得最高硬度104.2HV,然后开始下降;球磨后的合金粉末在190℃×2h的烧结过程中发生了不同程度的再结晶和晶粒长大,再结晶程度随球磨时间的延长而增加,导致烧结后合金硬度在球磨时间超过60min后反而下降。     

Fabrication of Ti-Cu-Ni-Al amorphous alloys by mechanical alloying and mechanical milling

Ti-based amorphous alloy powders were synthesized by the mechanical alloying (MA) of pure elements and the mechanical milling (MM) of intermetallic compounds. The amorphous alloy powders were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the vein morphology of these alloy powders shows deformation during the milling. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectral maps confirm that each constituent is uniformly dispersed, including Fe and Cr. The XRD and DSC results showed that the milling time required for amorphization for the MA of pure elements was longer than that of the MM for intermetallic compounds. The activation energy and crystallization temperature of the MA powder are different from those of the MM powder.     

机械合金化法制备Al—Cu—Fe纳米非晶合金

采用行星式高能球磨机制备了Al80-xCuxFe20(x=20-40）三元非晶纳米合金粉末,分析了不同球磨时间及热处理工艺对粉末结构、颗粒大小等的影响。结果表明：成分为Al40Cu40Fe20的粉末球磨时逐步非晶化,球磨33h后,非晶化程度最大,最小颗粒尺寸达到5．6nm;进一步球磨,非晶晶化,颗粒尺寸增大;成分为Al80-xCuxFe20(x=20,25,30)的粉末球磨90h后,得到非晶,最小颗粒尺寸为3．4nm。球磨制备的Al-Cu-Fe非晶粉末具有铁磁性。用DSC测量了其晶化温度（Tc),Tc≈873℃。     

Direct synthesis of MgCNi3 by mechanical alloying

MgCNi₃, an intermetallic compound with superconductivity, was synthesized from the Mg (or Mg₂Ni), Ni and graphite powders by mechanical alloying (MA). It is shown that the preliminary condition for the formation of MgCNi₃ is that Mg₂Ni must form in advance of MgCNi₃ in the MA process or be the starting component.     

机械合金化制备Cu-0.5Wt%Nb合金组织与性能的研究

采用机械合金化法制备了Cu-0.5wt％Nb纳米弥散强化铜合金。通过金相、透射电镜观察了该合金粉末态、冷轧态及不同温度退火后合金的组织结构变化。通过测量该合金不同状态的硬度及相对电导率,实验结果表明,其冷轧态硬度较高(可达160kg/mm2),随退火温度升高硬度呈缓慢下降趋势;900℃退火后,硬度仍可达91kg/mm2,表明此合金抗高温软化性能较好.此外该合金相对电导率最高可达89% IACS,这进一步说明利用机械合金化法制备的Cu-0.5wt%Nb合金具有优越的综合性能.     

机械合金化合成Sn-Cu二元合金粉体

采用高能球磨的机械合金化法合成Sn-Cu二元合金超细粉体,对在球磨过程中粉体的结构演变、颗粒形貌、粒径分布及熔化特性进行了研究,讨论了合金化机制.结果表明:球磨粉体由Sn(Cu)过饱和固溶体及Cu6Sn5构成.在球磨初期,Cu、Sn颗粒相互迭加、冷焊,形成复合层块;随后,复合层块断裂碎化,球形颗粒相互团聚构成大的团粒;最后,团粒解散,小颗粒进一步细化.球磨60 h后,Sn-Cu合金粉体的平均粒径(d50)为1～3 μm,且随Cu含量由0.7 wt%增加到10 wt%,Sn-Cu合金粉颗粒形貌由不规则绒絮状变化到球状,熔点由231℃降低到288℃.     

Study of the milling parameters optimization in the direct carburization of WO3 by mechanical alloying

The mechanical alloying method allows obtaining tungsten carbide by direct carburization of tungsten trioxide. The parameters that have a determining role on the kinetic reactions are the temperature and the pressure of the process. The milling installation must maintain a low pressure by removing the carbon dioxide released during the carburizing reaction.In a planetary balls mill, the energy developed during a ball impact was determined via a simplified computational modeling and depends on the mass of balls and on the speed of balls reached during the milling process. The energy dissipated during impact increases exponentially with the speed rotation of the mill and with the balls diameter.Tests were carried out in a planetary balls mill equipped with bowls lined with tungsten carbide and filled with tungsten carbide balls of 10- and 12-mm diameter. Two levels of filling of the bowls, 150 g and 200 g of balls were also tested. The balls/milled powder ratio was kept at 10:1 in all tests. To monitor the carburizing reaction, samples were taken every 3 h of grinding. They have been investigated by X-ray diffraction to determine the phases in presence. The morphology of the particles was studied by scanning electron microscopy and the particle size was investigated by laser granulometry in liquid medium.To determine the effect of various milling parameters on the temperature during a milling cycle, a temperature-monitoring device was created and installed on the grinding bowl. The obtained values demonstrate that the diameter of the balls and the filling degree of the bowl have an important role in the evolution of the temperature during milling.     

Preparation of nanostructured high-temperature TZM alloy by mechanical alloying and sintering

Mechanical milling proceeded by sintering was used to synthesize nanostructured temperature-resistant TZM alloy. Milling under Ar for different times (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 h) and sintering at 1500, 1600 and 1700 °C for 30, 45, 60 and 90 min resulted in increasing of low-energy grain boundaries (LEGBs) and dispersion of TiC and ZrC with a size of ~ 65 nm in the matrix near LEGBs. Morphology and grain size of the products were determined from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, almost precisely. Optimum density of nanostructured TZM alloy ~ 9.95 ± 0.01 g/cm³ was achieved by sintering at 1700 °C for 90 min.     

Microstructure evolution in nanocrystalline Cu-Nb alloy during mechanical alloying

The microstructural evolution of nanocrystalline Cu-10%Nb（mass fraction） alloy during mechanical alloying （MA） was investigated by using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy（OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） observation. Upon milling of Cu-Nb powders with coarse grains, the grain size is found to decrease gradually with lengthening milling time, and reach the minimum value （about 9 nm） after 100 h milling. The microstrain and the microhardness of the powders increase during the grain refinement. And Cu lattice parameter increases steadily over 100 h milling. The mechanisms of solid solution extension during milling were discussed. The results show that up to 10%Nb can be brought into solid solution by MA. The extension of solid solution is found to relate closely with the formation of nanocrystalline.     

The effect of milling atmospheres on photocatalytic property of Fe-doped TiO2 synthesized by mechanical alloying

The Fe-doped TiO₂ powders were, respectively, milled in argon, air and oxygen atmospheres, the oxygen partial pressure (P_O2) of which increase in turn. The Fe concentration was found to be 4.468, 4.227 and 4.473 at.% for the powders milled in argon, air and oxygen, respectively. The rietveld refined of X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the milled samples were pure rutile structure. The Raman spectra confirmed the results of XRD. Furthermore, it indicated that the amount of oxygen vacancies increased with the decrease of P_O2. Fe dissolved in TiO₂ was found to take Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ ionic valences. The absorption edge was shifted to visible light range by the doping of Fe. And visible light photocatalytic activity enhanced with the decrease of P_O2 due to the increase of oxygen vacancies.     

Hydriding properties of La2Mg16Ni alloy prepared by mechanical milling in benzene

The hydrogen storage properties of La₂Mg₁₆Ni alloy prepared by mechanical milling in benzene were investigated. The ball-milling times (0, 5, 10 and 20 h) significantly influence the hydriding process. Compared with the unmilled sample, these as-milled alloys are ready to be activated and the absorption kinetics are relatively fast even at low temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the microstructure and morphology.     

制备Cu-TiB_2合金高能球磨及后续热处理过程的研究

利用高能球磨以及高温热处理研究了原位合成高浓度Cu-2.5 wt%TiB2合金过程,并对其不同状态的组织、性能以及原位反应模型进行了研究。结果表明,随着球磨时间的延长,复合合金粉末显微硬度分三个阶段变化,即快速上升阶段,缓慢上升阶段和平稳波动阶段;组织经历相互焊合、形成交替分布的层状组织以及层状组织消失后的均匀分布组织;SEM和X射线衍射分析均表明长时间高能球磨不能在复合粉末基体内形成TiB2粒子;高能球磨60 h后的复合粉末其第二个DSC放热峰向低温区发生了明显的推移,初步判定激发其发生原位反应的最低温度为660℃。SEM观察发现复合粉末经后续900℃高温热处理后能够合成了大量细小的TiB2粒子,并绘制了原位合成TiB2粒子形成模型图。     

Ageing behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn alloy prepared by mechanical alloying

1INTRODUCTIONCu-Ni-Snal1oyshavebeenconsideredaspossiblesubstitutesforCu-Bealloysinthemanu-factureofc0nnectors,springcomponentsandsoforth,intheelectronicsindustriesbecauseoftheiroutstandingpropertiessuchashighstrength,highelasticmodulus,exce1lenterosi0nresistanceandhighresistancetostressrelaxationatelevatedtemperature['].Inaddition,com-paredwithCu'Bealloys,thelowcostandminorpollutioninthepreparationprocessofthealloyhavealsoattractedtheincreasingattentionofmanyresearchers.However,extensiv…     

Al-Pb互不溶体系机械合金化过程中固溶度的计算

计算了 8种fcc金属 (Ag ,Al,Au ,Cu ,Ni,Pb ,Pd和Pt)和Al Pb互不溶体系的嵌入原子势 (EAM) ,并计算了用EAM模型计算的结构稳定性。计算结果和实验结果吻合较好 ,而且拟合得到的fcc模型在结构上是稳定的。运用拟合得到的数据计算了Pb在Al中的溶解热 ,结果与abinitio计算结果相近。根据机械合金化扩展固溶度的理论 ,计算了Al Pb互不溶体系机械合金化后的固溶度 ,约为 0 .19% (摩尔分数 )。     

Electrochemical characteristics of an amorphous Mg0.9V0.1Ni alloy prepared by mechanical alloying

Electrochemical characteristics of an amorphous MgNi alloy with Mg partially substituted by V were investigated. A Mg_0.9V_0.1Ni alloy prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) exhibited much better cycle life than MgNi alloy. It was found that the partial substitution of Mg in MgNi with V could suppress the formation of Mg(OH)₂ on the alloy surface during the charge–discharge cycling in alkaline solution. This may have unveiled an important factor to improve cycle life of the Mg-based alloy for use in nickel–hydrogen batteries.     

Producing powders for thermal spraying by mechanical alloying and mechanochemical synthesis

Special features of the production of powders for thermal spraying by mechanical alloying and mechanochemical synthesis are described.     

机械合金化-退火法合成FeSe1-x合金的超导性能

用机械合金化方法快速合成了FeSe1-x(0.04≤x≤0.12)样品,在Ar气保护下进行退火处理,研究了样品在不同退火状态下的物相、电性和磁性。结果表明：样品中的主相为β-FeSe超导相;在673 K退火30 min后,在温度7 K附近样品的磁化强度和电阻率明显降低,但是没有观察到零电阻和完全抗磁性;在673 K进行第二次退火20 h后,观察到了零电阻现象,x = 0.04、0.08 和0.12样品的零电阻转变温度分别为6.0、6.4 和 6.6 K;样品内存在强磁性的铁磁性/亚铁磁性杂相,掩盖了样品中超导相的完全抗磁性;样品的上临界磁场可达230 kOe。     

机械合金化制备AgCu20Ni2合金的组织和性能

研究了机械合金化诱发AgCu20Ni2过饱和合金粉末的形成及粉末冶金方法制备AgCu20Ni2合金的过程,对获得的AgCu20Ni2合金的组织和物理性能关系进行了分析,探讨了制备工艺和冷压变形对合金综合性能的影响。结果表明：采用高能球磨30 h,可获得纳米晶的过饱和合金粉末;合金粉末制备的AgCu20Ni2合金由富Ag的基体α相和均匀分布的析出β相构成,析出相界面结构能有效阻碍基体中位错的运动,强化效果明显。合金断口的SEM、EDS分析表明,AgCu20Ni2合金的断裂类型为韧性断裂。