利用生物技术研制低脂白羽鸡肉丸

目的:利用复合磷酸盐、大豆分离蛋白、复配亲水胶和转谷氨酰胺酶研制新型低脂白羽鸡肉丸产品,并分析其质构与感官品质。方法:以硬度和感官为指标,利用单因素试验和响应面法筛选、优化配方,并进行感官评定。结果:白羽鸡肉丸的最佳制作工艺是:大豆分离蛋白1.58%(体积分数,下同),转谷氨酰胺酶0.59%,复配亲水胶0.26%,复合磷酸盐0.26%。在降低脂肪的同时,产品感官品质得以提高。结论:利用生物技术研制的新型低脂白羽鸡肉丸具有低脂、健康、风味佳的特点。     

响应面法优化低脂猪肉丸加工工艺研究

以低脂猪肉丸为研究对象,通过响应面法研究了大豆分离蛋白、卡拉胶及脂肪对低脂猪肉丸感官评分值的影响。建立了二次多项模型,且模型高度显著、拟合度良好。研究结果表明,优化后生产低脂猪肉丸的工艺参数为:大豆分离蛋白添加量3.23%,卡拉胶添加量0.11%,脂肪添加量10.44%。     

不同加工条件和添加物对鸡肉丸品质的影响

研究不同加工条件和添加物对鸡肉丸口感和质构的影响。结构表明:一段水温55℃-60℃,20分钟,鸡肉丸口感的硬度和弹性较佳;大豆分离蛋白、羟丙基淀粉和谷氨酰胺转氨酶对鸡肉丸硬度、弹性、黏着性、咀嚼性和回复性均有提升,且添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶提升显著。     

即食小麦纤维肉丸工艺研究

主要研究小麦纤维、大豆分离蛋白、食盐、白糖的添加量对即食小麦纤维肉丸感官评分的影响。结果表明,即食小麦纤维肉丸工艺最优组合条件为:食盐的添加量2%,白糖的添加量1.5%,大豆分离蛋白的添加量6%,小麦纤维的添加量3%。在此最优组合下进行验证试验感官评分为91.3。在此条件下,即食小麦纤维肉丸具有优良的品质。     

千叶豆腐品质特性的影响因素研究

凝胶特性和感官指标反映千页豆腐的品质特性。主要考察大豆分离蛋白、淀粉、谷氨酰胺转氨酶及凝固时间对千叶豆腐的硬度、弹性、咀嚼力、回复力、白度、亮度和感官评价等品质参数的影响。在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验对千叶豆腐的加工配方及工艺进行优化,确定优化工艺条件为:大豆分离蛋白14%、淀粉5%、谷氨酰胺转氨酶0.12%、反应时间为80 min。     

响应面法优化莲子红衣肉丸加工工艺

为了综合利用莲子资源,本研究探索了碱法提取的莲子红衣蛋白在肉丸加工中的应用。通过单因素实验探讨不同的食盐、水、淀粉和莲子红衣蛋白添加量对烹调猪肉丸感官品质(弹性、口感、切面形态、色泽、味道)的影响,利用响应面分析法确定了肉丸加工的最佳配比。结果表明,莲子红衣肉丸的最优工艺为:水35%,食盐1.8%,淀粉8%,红衣蛋白1.6%。在此条件下,所制肉丸软硬适中,口感较佳,感官评分为19.57±0.08分,与预测值误差为0.7%,该工艺具有可行性。莲子红衣蛋白的添加对肉丸品质具有改善作用。     

转谷氨酰胺酶改善大豆组织蛋白肉丸品质

为了获得高品质的肉丸制品,以添加大豆组织蛋白的肉丸为研究对象,采用转谷氨酰胺酶对其进行酶解改性.通过单因素试验和响应面优化试验,研究不同酶解条件对大豆组织蛋白肉丸品质的影响.结果表明:三因素对肉丸品质的影响主次顺序依次为酶添加量＞反应温度＞反应时间,最佳工艺条件为酶添加量0.3％、反应温度53℃、反应时间122min,在此条件下,产品的感官评分为22.5,比未改性产品的感官评分提高了0.8.综上所述,转谷氨酰胺酶能显著改善大豆组织蛋白肉丸的品质,具有较高的开发利用价值.     

马铃薯膳食纤维低脂肉丸的工艺优化

以马铃薯膳食纤维作为脂肪替代物,制备马铃薯膳食纤维低脂肉丸。以产品感官评价和质构特性为指标,确定猪肉丸的最佳初始配方,再将马铃薯膳食纤维作为脂肪替代物添加到猪肉丸中,确定马铃薯膳食纤维低脂肉丸的最佳配方(以瘦肥比和膳食纤维的总质量计,下同):瘦肉70%、肥肉24%、膳食纤维6%、马铃薯淀粉16%、大豆分离蛋白2.5%、水30%,同时将普通肉丸和马铃薯膳食纤维低脂肉丸的营养成分进行对比,发现后者的品质得到了改善,感官评分达到90.73分、硬度4 189.14 g、弹性0.70、黏聚性0.45、咀嚼性921.24g。脂肪含量降低了39%,可以达到低脂的目的。     

酶联重组交联技术制备低脂白羽鸡肉块

目的:为充分利用本省的优质资源白羽鸡,采用生物交联技术,研制低脂白羽鸡肉块。方法:以嫩度为主要筛选指标,采用单因素试验筛选谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白、复配亲水胶和复合磷酸盐的适宜添加量,利用响应曲面法优化配方,做感官评定。结果:白羽鸡肉块的最佳配方:谷氨酰胺转氨酶1.07%(体积分数,下同)、大豆分离蛋白6%、复配亲水胶0.48%、复合磷酸盐0.31%。在此条件下,研制的白羽鸡肉块不仅脂肪含量低,而且感官品质得以提高。结论:利用生物技术研制的新型低脂白羽鸡肉块具有低脂、健康、风味好的特点。     

复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响

为研究复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、大豆分离蛋白对新型鸭肉火腿保水特性和感官品质的影响,通过单因素和L9（34）正交试验,以蒸煮损失、低场核磁共振自旋-自弛豫时间（T2）和感官品质为参考指标,确定最适添加量。结果表明：单独添加复合磷酸盐或大豆分离蛋白可以显著改善新型鸭肉火腿的蒸煮损失（P＜0.05）,添加大于0.5%的谷氨酰胺转氨酶会显著降低鸭肉火腿的保水性（P＜0.05）。通过正交试验优化得出的最佳添加量为：复合磷酸盐0.3%、谷氨酰胺转氨酶0.4%、大豆分离蛋白4%。应用此工艺,能够明显改善鸭肉火腿的保水特性和感官品质。     

Effect of Modified Wheat Gluten on Boiling Resistance Capacity of Pork Meatballs

The effect of the modified wheat gluten (MWG) extender, prepared by alcalase‐based hydrolysis and transglutaminase cross‐linking, on meatballs was analyzed in this study. Here, we studied the effect of MWG addition on the boiling resistance capacity of pork meatballs (MB‐MWG) at high temperature (100 °C) and increasing cooking time; meatballs with added soy protein isolates (MB‐SPI) and raw wheat gluten (MB‐WG) were used as references. The cooking loss, water‐holding capacity (WHC), and textural properties of meatballs were investigated. The results revealed that MB‐MWG showed lower cooking loss, which decreased by 49.16% compared to meatballs without added extenders when treated for 30 min. The WHC of MB‐MWG significantly increased from 80.68% to 95.42%. The hardness, springiness, and chewiness (textural properties) of MB‐MWG were also significantly increased by 97.05%, 6.68%, and 121.96%, respectively. The addition of MWG increased the cross‐linking in meatballs during the cooking process, as indicated by the higher G′. SDS‐PAGE indicated an obvious decrease in myosin heavy chain in MB‐MWG cooked for 30 min at 100 °C, which was attributed to the interaction of myofibrillar proteins in pork meat with MWG. The nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ relaxation time patterns indicated that MWG addition caused an increase in the bound water content, and decrease in the free water content, of meatballs. An analysis of the microstructures revealed that the MB‐MWG formed the most regular and compact network. Therefore, MWG could be used as an ingredient to facilitate the processing of meat products.     

品质改良剂对猪肉丸品质的影响

研究复合磷酸盐、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、转谷氨酰胺酶(TG酶)、卡拉胶在单独添加及复配添加的情况下对猪肉丸品质的影响。利用质构仪测定指标参数,经数据分析处理后确定主要影响因素以及复配最优组合。结果表明:复合磷酸盐、CMC-Na、TG酶、卡拉胶单一添加都对猪肉丸的感官、质构和蒸煮损失率有影响;在复配中,复合磷酸盐和TG酶为主要影响因素,其次是卡拉胶、CMC-Na。最优配方为复合磷酸盐添加量0.25%、CMC-Na添加量0.35%、TG酶添加量0.30%、卡拉胶添加量0.25%。     

玛卡肉丸的工艺优化及其品质特性

以玛卡粉、鲜五花肉、马铃薯淀粉为主要原料,制作玛卡肉丸.以感官评分和质构特性为考察指标,通过单因素试验分别确定玛卡粉添加量、马铃薯淀粉添加量、食盐添加量、蒸制时间的最优参数.根据感官评分和质构特性,采用L9(34)正交试验优化玛卡肉丸的工艺配方.将最优配方组与空白对照组肉丸在4?℃冷藏条件贮藏8?d,每2?d取样测定过...     

添加大豆分离蛋白对鲊广椒肉丸品质的影响

使用色度仪、电子舌、质构仪和低场核磁共振成像分析仪对添加1%～3%大豆分离蛋白的鲊广椒肉丸的色 泽、滋味、质构和水分特性进行评价和分析。结果表明：添加大豆分离蛋白对鲊广椒肉丸的色泽和保水性无显著影 响（P＞0.05）,而随着大豆分离蛋白添加量的增大,鲊广椒肉丸的咸味和鲜味随之显著增强（P＜0.05）;通过增 加大豆分离蛋白的添加量,可以增强大豆分离蛋白与肉中蛋白质间的凝胶网络结构,进而显著提高鲊广椒肉丸的硬 度、胶着性和咀嚼度（P＜0.05）;随着大豆分离蛋白添加量的增大,鲊广椒肉丸的结合水含量增加;通过聚类分 析及多元方差分析发现,添加1%大豆分离蛋白即可极显著改善鲊广椒肉丸的品质（P＜0.001）。由此可见,大豆 分离蛋白可用于鲊广椒肉丸的加工。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖对紫薯猪肉丸储藏品质的影响

目的 探究魔芋葡甘聚糖(konjac glucomannan, KGM)对紫薯猪肉丸储藏品质的影响。方法 添加10%质量分数的紫薯全粉,同时利用KGM凝胶作为脂肪替代品制作紫薯肉丸,通过感官评定和测定理化指标分析猪肉丸在储藏过程中的品质变化,探究KGM对猪肉丸的储藏特性的影响。结果 通过权重法配方优化确定以6%KGM凝胶替代50%脂肪的紫薯猪肉丸(KGM6-50)综合评分最高;与无紫薯添加组相比,KGM6-50样品在储藏过程中冻融析水率显著降低,肉丸的质构品质劣变减缓,pH和蒸煮损失无显著变化;相较于添加紫薯全粉的全脂肉丸,KGM6-50样品冻融析水率略有提高而蒸煮损失降低;在储藏时间30 d以内时,肉丸的过氧化值较低且品质变化较小,为最佳食用期。结论 KGM凝胶可有效改善紫薯猪肉丸品质,且可抑制肉丸在储藏过程中的品质劣变,结果可为肉制品的品质改良和储藏品控提供参考依据。     

麸皮对猪肉丸品质的影响

为开发低脂猪肉丸,本实验分别用发酵麸皮和非发酵麸皮替代猪肉丸中部分脂肪,比较了发酵麸皮及非发酵麸皮对猪肉丸感官品质、色泽、质构的影响,且对相同添加量的发酵麸皮及非发酵麸皮对猪肉丸的挥发性物质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:添加非发酵麸皮后,猪肉丸的硬度、红度及黄度增加,弹性、粘聚性及亮度减小,最大可接受添加量为4%;当麸皮经过发酵处理后添加,麸皮最大可接受添加量提高至8%,并且相对于非发酵麸皮猪肉丸而言,猪肉丸的感官品质、质构特性及亮度得到明显改善。电子鼻及GC-MS分析结果显示,非发酵麸皮及发酵麸皮添加后,猪肉丸中的挥发性风味物质构成发生变化。与非发酵麸皮肉相比,发酵麸皮猪肉丸中醇类、酯类风味成分的相对含量及种类增加;同时非发酵与发酵麸皮取代部分肥肉,可降低猪肉丸的脂肪含量,使猪肉丸中饱和脂肪酸百分含量降低,不饱和脂肪酸百分含量增加。综上,因发酵麸皮的添加能够改善猪肉丸品质,并且能够增加其在肉制品的添加量,从而更多地降低猪肉丸的脂肪含量,所以最终选择发酵麸皮加入到猪肉丸的加工中。     

TaqMan probe real‐time polymerase chain reaction targeting the ATPase 6 gene for the detection of pork adulteration in meat and meatballs

We developed an assay for detecting pork adulteration in meat and meatballs using real‐time polymerase chain reaction involving specific primers and a TaqMan probe targeting the porcine mitochondrial (mt) ATPase 6 gene. We proved the specificity of the probe by showing no amplification from DNA isolated from six different meat‐providing species: cattle, dog, mouse, chicken, goat, and horse. On the contrary, DNA isolated from pork was positive for amplification, with a Ct (threshold cycle) of 18.69 using a standard amount of DNA template (50 ng). The presence of matrix and food processing steps in meatball sample had no influence on the specificity of the probe. The developed technique also has a good repeatability (CV, coefficient of variation = 3.86% for meat and 5.07% for meatballs), showing good linearity and sensitivity, with a limit of detection up to 5 pg of pork total DNA, which equivalent to approximately 6.8 copies of pork mtDNA. In addition, the analysis of spiked pork in beef meatballs showed that the method could determine up to 1% pork contamination. Moreover, the system was successfully applied to detect pork adulteration in commercial meatballs by detecting the presence of pork DNA in two samples.     

山梨醇对预调理猪肉糜制品品质的影响

研究无磷持水剂山梨醇对预调理肉糜制品(猪肉丸)品质的影响.将0%、1%、5%、8%、10%的山梨醇分别加入猪肉丸中,研究其对猪肉丸的持水、质构、感官指标的影响.结果表明:山梨醇的添加能够显著减少猪肉丸滴液损失、解冻损失、蒸煮损失,提高猪肉丸得率(P<0.05);对猪肉丸的硬度有明显的改善作用(P<0.05),但对质构的其他指标影响不显著;感官各项指标加权综合评分,添加量为5%时,评分最高.     

艾草对猪肉丸品质和抗氧化特性的影响

运用模糊数学感官评定法研究了添加0.25％～1％潮汕艾草对猪肉丸感官的影响,同时分析了其对猪肉丸质构特性、抗氧化能力的影响.结果表明:根据模糊数学模型判定,添加艾草组别中,有84％评价人员认为艾草添加量为0.75％时综合感官评分最佳(4.18分);当艾草添加量由0％提高至1％,肉丸的硬度、咀嚼性和破裂力先降低后升高且变...     

Analysis of pork adulteration in commercial meatballs targeting porcine-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b gene by TaqMan probe real-time polymerase chain reaction

A test for assessing pork adulteration in meatballs, using TaqMan probe real-time polymerase chain reaction, was developed. The assay combined porcine-specific primers and TaqMan probe for the detection of a 109 bp fragment of porcine cytochrome b gene. Specificity test with 10 ng DNA of eleven different species yielded a threshold cycle (Ct) of 15.5 ± 0.20 for the pork and negative results for the others. Analysis of beef meatballs with spiked pork showed the assay can determine 100-0.01% contaminated pork with 102% PCR efficiency, high linear regression (r(2) = 0.994) and ≤ 6% relative errors. Residuals analysis revealed a high precision in all determinations. Random analysis of commercial meatballs from pork, beef, chicken, mutton and goat, yielded a Ct between 15.89 ± 0.16 and 16.37 ± 0.22 from pork meatballs and negative results from the others, showing the suitability of the assay to determine pork in commercial meatballs with a high accuracy and precision.