Packaging of Olive Oil: Quality Issues and Shelf Life Predictions

Olive oil has gained much appreciation among consumers worldwide leading to increased markets as well as greater consumer expectation and thus more challenges for the relevant food sector. By understanding the product, its interactions with the environment, and the protective role of the package, decisions can be made on the barrier properties required of the packaging materials to achieve the desired shelf life. To this end, the shelf life of packaged olive oil under various storage and distribution environments can be predicted by mathematical modeling. This review examines the basic factors affecting the shelf life of olive oil in different packaging systems and describes the main oxidative degradation mechanisms for them. Since an experimental investigation to correlate the basic quality factors and the shelf life of a product is time- and effort-consuming, the use of mathematical modeling for the prediction of packaged olive oil shelf life is also discussed. In the presented works, shelf life predictions were based on the most consumer-related attributes; namely, the evolution of olive oil flavor compounds under various packaging and storage conditions. The validation of the simulations against known experimental results showed a very good correlation, confirming the value of the mathematical approach for a quick and accurate prediction of shelf life of oxidation-sensitive products.     

Packaging of Olive Oil: Quality Issues and Shelf Life Predictions

Olive oil has gained much appreciation among consumers worldwide leading to increased markets as well as greater consumer expectation and thus more challenges for the relevant food sector. By understanding the product, its interactions with the environment, and the protective role of the package, decisions can be made on the barrier properties required of the packaging materials to achieve the desired shelf life. To this end, the shelf life of packaged olive oil under various storage and distribution environments can be predicted by mathematical modeling. This review examines the basic factors affecting the shelf life of olive oil in different packaging systems and describes the main oxidative degradation mechanisms for them. Since an experimental investigation to correlate the basic quality factors and the shelf life of a product is time- and effort-consuming, the use of mathematical modeling for the prediction of packaged olive oil shelf life is also discussed. In the presented works, shelf life predictions were based on the most consumer-related attributes; namely, the evolution of olive oil flavor compounds under various packaging and storage conditions. The validation of the simulations against known experimental results showed a very good correlation, confirming the value of the mathematical approach for a quick and accurate prediction of shelf life of oxidation-sensitive products.     

Selected Quality and Shelf Life of Eggs Coated with Mineral Oil with Different Viscosities

ABSTRACT:  Selected quality and shelf life of eggs coated with mineral oil having 6 different viscosities (7, 11, 14, 18, 22, and 26 cP) were evaluated during 5 wk of storage at 25 °C. As the storage time increased, weight loss and albumen pH increased whereas Haugh unit and yolk index values decreased. After 5 wk of storage, eggs coated with 11, 14, 18, 22, or 26 cP oil possessed better quality than the control noncoated eggs and eggs coated with 7 cP oil. Oil coating, irrespective of viscosities, did not improve the emulsion capacity. There was an observable trend that coating with 26 cP oil was more effective in preventing weight loss and in maintaining the Haugh unit of eggs compared with coating with other viscosities of mineral oil. Based on the Haugh unit, the grade of noncoated eggs changed from "AA" at 0 wk to "C" after 3 wk whereas that of 26 cP oil-coated eggs from "AA" at 0 wk to "A" at 3 wk and "B" at 5 wk of storage. Coating with 26 cP oil reduced the weight loss of eggs by more than 10 times (0.85% compared with 8.78%) and extended the shelf life of eggs by at least 3 more weeks compared with the noncoated eggs.     

以糌粑为原料的华夫饼干货架期研究

为明确以糌粑为原料的华夫饼干的货架期,将华夫饼分别贮存于50和70℃条件下进行货架期加速实验,对华夫饼进行感官评价、质构测定和过氧化值测定,比较加速实验条件下华夫饼的货架期。并在此基础上,通过添加特丁基对苯二酚（Tertiary butylhydroquinone,TBHQ）比较其对防止糌粑华夫饼干氧化哈败的效果。结果发现,50℃加速条件下存放12 d后,糌粑华夫饼干的品质迅速下降,产品硬度下降49.53%,脆度下降58.02%,过氧化值上升0.84倍;70℃时品质下降更严重。综合过氧化值与感官评价,确定过氧化值达0.086 g/100 g时,华夫饼干开始出现明显哈败味,由此作为贮藏终点预测产品在常温（20℃）下的货架期仅为30 d。当原料中添加TBHQ后,华夫饼过氧化值增速放缓,说明TBHQ对糌粑饼干的氧化反应起到一定的阻止作用。经预测,添加0.2 g/kg TBHQ后糌粑华夫饼干的货架期（常温20℃）可达66 d。     

油炸卤鱼货架期和含油率的研究

研究了油炸卤鱼在贮藏期间的菌落总数、POV、AV的变化,采用加速实验找出影响货架期的主要因素是酸价,添加质量分数0.3%的茶多酚能使过氧化值降低23.09%、酸价降低26.47%。研究了油炸过程中含油率和色泽的变化,采用涂膜实验降低油炸卤鱼的含油率。比较了海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、琼脂粉三者的涂膜效果及其对产品色泽的影响,海藻酸钠降低含油率的效果最好,能使含油率降低14.94%。     

汉麻籽油的氧化稳定性及货架期预测

通过烘箱储存试验,以过氧化值(POV)为参考指标,研究了汉麻籽油在63、50、37、30、25、20℃下的氧化稳定性。采用油脂氧化酸败仪(Rancimat)法比较了汉麻籽油与其他油的氧化稳定性,以及抗氧化剂对汉麻籽油的抗氧化效果。烘箱试验表明,温度越高,氧化反应的活化能(Ea)越小,汉麻籽油氧化越快。汉麻籽油的氧化稳定性要远低于菜籽油和棕榈油,将汉麻籽油与菜籽油调和可增强其氧化稳定性。TBHQ的抗氧化效果优于其他抗氧化剂,柠檬酸具有很好的增效作用。添加200 mg/kg TBHQ和100 mg/kg柠檬酸可将汉麻籽油在100℃的诱导期(Oxidative stability indices,OSI)延长3.2倍。汉麻籽油的诱导期随温度的升高呈指数递减趋势,利用外推法预测其货架寿命误差较大。     

Shelf Life Enhancement of Butter,Ice-Cream,and Mayonnaise by Addition of Lycopene

Lycopene crystals were incorporated in butter (20 ppm), ice-cream (70 ppm), and mayonnaise (50 ppm) and were analyzed for their sensory characteristics during storage for 4 months. The peroxide value generally increased with the storage time. Higher peroxides and free fatty acids were observed in control samples as compared to that of lycopene-treated products. Lycopene as an antioxidant slowed the development of off-flavor, off-odors, and color changes in lycopene-added butter, ice cream, and mayonnaise during storage as it interrupts the chain of free radicals involved in autoxidation. Results showed that there were insignificant changes in hunter L*, a*, and b* values of butter, ice cream, and mayonnaise during the 4 months of storage. Thus, it could be concluded that lycopene-treated products are in comparison with control market samples. The sensory scores of ice cream, butter, and mayonnaise revealed that the sensory attributes were similar to those of control samples. With increased storage, the sensory scores decreased but a significant decrease was observed in the 4th month of storage for all samples.     

Identification of Geographical Origin of Olive Oil Using Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique Combined with Chemometrics

A novel multivariate calibration method was developed to identify the geographical origin of olive oils using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) on the wavelength between 325 and 1,075 nm. Direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC) preprocessing method was performed to reduce the influence of light scattering, background noise, and baseline shift during experiment. An optimization method of genetic algorithms (GAs) was used to select informative variables from the full spectrum, and 37 informative variables were selected for partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. The prediction results indicated that the developed DOSC-GA-PLS model can be successfully employed to predict geographical origin of olive oils. Moreover, the use of GA simplified and improved the predictive ability of the model. The prediction statistical parameters were correlation coefficient ( R_\textP² R_{\text{P}}^2 ) of 0.987, relative deviation was 0.093, and the recognition ratio was 97%. It was concluded that Vis/NIRS combined with DOSC-GA-PLS method can be successfully used to determine the geographical origin of olive oils accurately and quickly.     

丁香精油-壳聚糖复合可食性膜对生肉糜保鲜效果的影响

研究丁香精油-壳聚糖复合可食性膜对生肉糜冷藏期间感官品质和货架期的影响。测定生肉糜样品在（4±1）℃冷藏期间细菌总数、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值、高铁肌红蛋白含量以及感官品质随时间的变化情况。结果表明：添加丁香精油可提高壳聚糖可食性膜的抗菌和抗氧化活性。包裹丁香精油-壳聚糖复合可食性膜可有效抑制生肉糜菌落总数和高铁肌红蛋白含量的增加;同时还可抑制贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化,对感官品质具有良好的保持作用,在（4±1）℃条件下贮藏期可达10～12 d,明显提高了生肉糜贮藏过程中的品质和货架期。丁香精油-壳聚糖复合膜可作为可食性包装膜延长生肉糜冷藏期间的货架期。     

不同制油方法对青海亚麻籽油品质及货架期的影响

为研究不同制油方法对青海亚麻籽油品质及货架期的影响,对青海亚麻籽分别进行焙炒、烘烤、高压高温湿热、脱胶、真空冷冻干燥前处理,再分别采用螺旋压榨法和液态静压法制油,测定亚麻籽油出油率、过氧化值、酸价、水分及挥发物质量分数、脂肪酸含量、挥发性组分相对含量、总酚含量,并利用Schaal烘箱法建立亚麻籽油氧化动力学模型预测货架期。结果表明,焙炒螺旋压榨法制得的亚麻籽油出油率、总酚含量明显高于其他处理组,过氧化值、酸价、水分及挥发物质量分数均低于其他处理组,模拟预测货架期最长,为353 d。焙炒螺旋压榨法制得的亚麻籽油挥发性组分种类最多,为72 种,其他制油方法制得的亚麻籽油挥发性组分为40～60 种,不同制油方法对亚麻籽油挥发性组分影响明显。此外,亚麻籽油5 种主要脂肪酸中亚麻酸含量最高,为54.71～61.03 g/100 g,不同制油方法对亚麻籽油脂肪酸含量影响不明显。综上,与其他方法相比,焙炒螺旋压榨法制得的亚麻籽油品质较好。     

杜仲籽精炼油的氧化稳定性及货架期预测

本文以杜仲籽毛油为原料,经过精炼后以过氧化值、酸价和脂肪酸含量为评判指标,采用Schaal烘箱法探究了5种抗氧化剂在不同浓度和温度下对杜仲籽精炼油氧化稳定性的影响,建立了杜仲籽精炼油货架期模型,预测其货架期。结果表明,添加丁基羟基茴香醚（butyl hydroxyanisole,BHA）、叔丁基对苯二酚（tert-butyl hydroquinone,TBHQ）、维生素E（vitamin E,V_E）、鼠尾草酸（carnosic acid,CA）和L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯（L-ascorbyl palmitate,L-AP）的抗氧化效果从大到小依次为TBHQ>CA>L-AP>BHA>V_E,CA、TBHQ、V_E、BHA、L-AP的最佳添加量分别为0.05%、0.02%、0.01%、0.02%、0.02%;随着储藏温度的升高和储藏时间的延长,过氧化值和酸价升高,氧化速度加快,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量增加,不饱和脂肪酸含量减少;杜仲籽精炼油的氧化符合一级氧化动力学反应,通过构建的杜仲籽精炼油货架期模型,预测出在25、40、50和60 ℃的温度下,杜仲籽精炼油的货架期分别为10.70、8.76、7.74和6.89 d,添加抗氧化剂能延缓不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,其中TBHQ的抗氧化效果最好,添加0.02% TBHQ的杜仲籽精炼油的货架期可以延长至41.41、19.71、12.48和8.13 d,说明添加抗氧化剂可以有效延长杜仲籽精炼油的货架期。     

瓶装材料对核桃油品质及预测货架期的影响

为探究不同瓶装材料对核桃油品质变化的影响,分别用敞口玻璃烧杯、马口铁罐、玻璃油瓶盛装核桃油,采用Schaal烘箱法加速油脂氧化,以过氧化值、酸值、脂肪酸组成、驰豫特性为评价指标,研究不同瓶装材料对核桃油氧化稳定性及预测货架期的影响。结果表明,以过氧化值≤0.25 g/100 g为限量值时（植物油国家标准规定）,添加特丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）的烧杯、马口铁罐、玻璃油瓶盛装核桃油和空白对照的预测货架期分别为160、112、336和64 d,在预测货架期内,核桃油酸价均在二级核桃油要求范围内。3种包装材料对添加TBHQ的核桃油氧化稳定性强弱顺序为：玻璃油瓶>烧杯>马口铁罐;核桃油长期贮藏建议以玻璃油瓶盛装为佳。     

The Historical Development and Nutritional Importance of Olive and Olive Oil Constituted an Important Part of the Mediterranean Diet

The olive tree (Olea europaea) is widely cultivated for the production of both oil and table olives and very significant because of its economic value. Olive and olive oil, a traditional food product with thousands of years of history, are the essential components of the Mediterranean diet and are largely consumed in the world. Beside of their economical contribution to national economy, these are an important food in terms of their nutritional value. Olive and olive oil may have a role in the prevention of coronary heart disease and certain cancers because of their high levels of monosaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. In addition, olives (Olea europaea L.) and olive oils provide a rich source of natural antioxidants. These make them both fairly stable against auto-oxidation and suitable for human health. The aim of this paper is to define the historical development and nutritional importance of olive and olive oil constituted an important part of the Mediterranean diet.     

花椒油生产及其货架期麻味物质变化研究

研究以汉源红花椒和食用菜籽油为原料,采用浸泡提取的方式制备食用花椒油.在制备花椒油的过程中,考察了不同浸提温度、时间和料液比对花椒油吸光度的影响.同时进一步通过正交实验,得出了最佳的花椒油生产工艺条件.最后考察了不同储藏温度和储藏时间对花椒中麻味物质含量变化的影响,为调味品的生产提供了基础科学支撑.结果表明:汉源红花椒在食用菜籽油中的浸提温度为85℃,浸提时间为30 min,料液比为1∶2时得到的花椒油麻味物质的含量最高;制得的花椒油在0℃储存条件下麻味物质的保存效果最好,但最长储存期也不能超过1个月.     

煎炸时间对棕榈油品质和方便面保质期的影响

本文分析了棕榈油在煎炸过程中品质的变化以及对油炸方便面保质期的影响。试验表明,油脂在煎炸过程中,其物理化学指标发生明显变化。随着煎炸时间的延长,棕榈油的黏度、酸值、过氧化值、羰基值和总极性成分升高,透光率降低。不同煎炸程度油脂炸制的方便面,保质期差异显著,添加TBHQ后,方便面保质期有明显改善。     

GEO添加量对PLA/GEO复合膜性能及双孢蘑菇保鲜效果的影响

本文研究了不同浓度（0%、5%、7.5%、10%和12.5%）的葡萄柚精油（GEO）对聚乳酸(PLA)/葡萄柚精油复合膜的热性能,结构性能,机械性能,气体阻隔性能和抗菌性能等方面的影响。GEO通过减少聚合物链段的分子间作用力,从而改善复合膜的柔韧性,对复合膜起到一定的增塑作用。GEO的添加降低了PLA相的结晶性。随着GEO浓度的增加,复合膜的水蒸汽阻隔性能显著降低。但是,复合膜的抗菌活性因GEO的加入得以提高。将聚乳酸/葡萄柚精油复合膜应用于双孢蘑菇保鲜。结果表明,聚乳酸/葡萄柚精油复合膜与纯聚乳酸膜、低密度聚乙烯膜相比较,更能有效地保持蘑菇的硬度,阻止微生物生长,维持较好的总体接受度。因此,聚乳酸/葡萄柚精油复合膜可作为一种有效的包装材料,用于延长双孢蘑菇的货架期。     

Effect of Chitosan Film Coating Combined with Orange Peel Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Deepwater Pink Shrimp

In this study, effect of chitosan films combined with orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) peel essential oil on the shelf life of deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris Lucas 1846) was aimed. Chitosan (CH) and 2% orange peel essential oil (OPEO) combinated chitosan (CH+OPEO) were used for preparing film forming solution. Thickness and microstructure of the films, nutritional composition, sensory and melanosis evaluation, chemical, physical, and microbiological analyses were performed periodically and shelf-life was performed during the storage period of 15 days. The combination of chitosan film with OPEO was effective in prolonging the shelf life of fresh shrimps to 15 days (CH+OPEO), whereas the only chitosan-coated group had a shelf life of 10 days (CH) and the samples packaged without chitosan film had a shelf life of 7 days (control). The results of the study suggested that edible chitosan coatings together with OPEO preserved the shrimps and maintained the shelf life throughout the refrigerated storage period.     

Quality Attributes and Shelf Life of High-Pressure Preserved Beef as Affected by Pre-treatment Conditions

This study analyzed the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and composition of the pre-treatment immersion step, on quality attributes (color and lipid oxidation) and shelf life based on microbial counts of a beef product, during cold storage at 0 °C. Meat slices were immersed in a preservative solution containing sodium nitrite, ascorbic acid, and two different concentrations of NaCl (30 and 60 g/L); HHP of 400 and 600 MPa were applied. Results were compared with those of an untreated beef control. Color parameters of the HHP-treated beef were visually acceptable (a* > 14) in all tested cases, although they were affected by NaCl concentration and the applied pressure. HHP increased TBARS index, observing higher values at 600 than at 400 MPa; samples immersed in the solution containing 30 g/L NaCl presented higher TBARS values. However, in all cases, they remained below the detection limit of rancid meat products (<1 mg MDA/kg). Beef samples immersed in the solution with the highest concentration of NaCl (60 g/L) and subjected to 400 or 600 MPa maintained their microbial stability over 5 and 6 weeks, respectively, at 0 °C; these shelf life values were higher than those observed in the samples treated with 30 g/L NaCl.     

冷冻食品货架期研究现状及发展趋势

食品货架期作为反应食品品质及安全性的标识,对它进行研究具有现实意义。文章对冷冻食品货架期进行了全面介绍,并说明了温度对冷冻食品货架期及品质的重要影响。由于冷冻食品的特殊性及冷链物流中存在的问题,在波动温度下对冻品货架期做出预测已成为研究的焦点。本文通过对冷冻食品货架期研究中的3 个重要阶段及目前研究重点的阐述,指出了未来冷冻食品货架期研究的创新点与发展方向。