腌腊肉制品中13-HODE、9,10-DHODE、9,10-EPODE、9,10,13-THODE的HPLC-MS/MS检测

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对腌腊肉制品中13-羟基-9,11-十八碳二烯酸（13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid,13-HODE）、9,10-二羟基-12-十八碳烯酸（9,10-dihydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid,9,10-DHODE）、9,10-环氧-12-十八碳烯酸（9,10-epoxyoctadec-12-enoic acid,9,10-EPODE）及9,10,13-三羟基-11-十八碳烯酸（9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic acid,9,10,13-THODE）进行检测。腌腊肉制品中13-HODE、9,10-DHODE、9,10-EPODE、9,10,13-THODE用甲醇提取,经固相萃取柱去净化浓缩,然后以0.1%甲酸与乙腈为流动相,在XBridge色谱柱上进行梯度分离,采用电喷雾源负离子多反应监测模式进行分析。结果表明,13-HODE、9,10-DHODE、9,10-EPODE、9,10,13-THODE分别在质量浓度为0.05～2.0、0.01～0.5、0.05～1.0、0.01～0.5 μg/mL的范围内具有较好的线性关系（R2＞0.999）;检出限分别为0.120、0.008、0.200、0.016 μg/g;不同添加水平的平均回收率分别为95.1%、85.2%、86.8%、86.2%。对26 种腌腊肉制品含量分析表明,所有样本都含有13-HODE、9,10-DHODE、9,10,13-THODE,含量分别在1.4～100.7、0.1～3.9、0.4～10.2 μg/g范围内,21 种样本中含有9,10-EPODE,含量范围为0.8～6.9 μg/g。结果表明,腌腊肉制品中存在目标分析物的异构体,羟基脂肪酸实际含量可能大大高于检测的量。     

Development of Multiresidue Analysis for 21 Synthetic Colorants in Meat by Microwave-Assisted Extraction–Solid-Phase Extraction–Reversed-Phase Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography

A novel ultrahigh performance liquid chromatographic method is developed for analysis of 21 synthetic colorants with different acid–base property, solubility, and polarity. The meat samples were extracted by microwave-assisted extraction followed by cleanup with solid-phase extraction. The effective separation of the colorants in meat matrixes was achieved, and no interfering peaks could be detected at the retention time of the analytes. The calibration curves showed good linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.9940–0.9999. The limits of quantification were 0.48–7.19 μg/kg. The average recovery of the 21 analytes from meat samples spiked with 25 and 75 μg?kg^?1 was 61.29–116.1 % with relative standard deviation (RSD) of <11 %. For blank beef sausage spiked with 50 μg?kg^?1 for each analyte, the intraday precision (as RSD) for 21 analytes was 1.45–9.21 % for six determinations within a day. This method has the advantages of being rapid, sensitive, accurate, and with high-throughput and can be applied for multiresidue analysis of meat samples, including six allowable azo food colorants, ten banned azo food colorants, four banned triphenylmethanes, and rhodamin B food colorant.     

Hass Avocado Composition and Potential Health Effects

Hass avocados, the most common commercial avocado cultivars in the world, contain a variety of essential nutrients and important phytochemicals. Although the official avocado serving is one-fifth of a fruit (30 g), according to NHANES analysis the average consumption is one-half an avocado (68 g), which provides a nutrient and phytochemical dense food consisting of the following: dietary fiber (4.6 g), total sugar (0.2 g), potassium (345 mg), sodium (5.5 mg), magnesium (19.5 mg), vitamin A (43 μg), vitamin C (6.0 mg), vitamin E (1.3 mg), vitamin K₁ (14 μg), folate (60 mg), vitamin B-6 (0.2 mg), niacin (1.3 mg), pantothenic acid (1.0 mg), riboflavin (0.1 mg), choline (10 mg), lutein/zeaxanthin (185 μg), phytosterols (57 mg), and high-monounsaturated fatty acids (6.7 g) and 114 kcals or 1.7 kcal/g. The avocado oil consists of 71% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and 16% saturated fatty acids (SFA), which helps to promote healthy blood lipid profiles and enhance the bioavailability of fat soluble vitamins and phytochemicals from the avocado or other fruits and vegetables, naturally low in fat, which are consumed with avocados. There are eight preliminary clinical studies showing that avocado consumption helps support cardiovascular health. Exploratory studies suggest that avocados may support weight management and healthy aging.     

云南武定鸡、盐津乌骨鸡和大围山微型鸡肌肉中脂肪酸的组成分析

以云南省特有的三个优质地方鸡品种:武定鸡、盐津乌骨鸡、大围山微型鸡为研究对象,用溶剂提取法提取3种鸡胸肌及腿肌中总脂质,经甲脂化后,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对脂肪酸组成及含量进行分析。结果显示,在云南武定鸡、盐津乌骨鸡和大围山微型鸡胸肌及腿肌中共含有20种脂肪酸,主要包括油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生四烯酸。武定鸡与盐津乌骨鸡胸肌中总脂肪含量分别为28.470与25.042 mg/g,显著高于大围山微型鸡的16.769 mg/g(p0.05),大围山微型鸡腿肌中总脂肪含量为51.10 mg/g,显著高于武定鸡40.994 mg/g(p0.05);三种鸡的脂肪酸种类相同,饱和、不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸比例相似,但各脂肪酸含量有所差异,三个鸡种腿肌中脂肪酸含量显著高于胸肌中脂肪酸含量(p0.05)。     

正相高效液相色谱法同时测定肉制品中4 种羟基十八碳二烯酸异构体的含量

为建立同时测定肉制品中13-羟基-9Z,11E-十八碳二烯酸（13-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid，13-Z,E-HODE）、13-羟基-9E,11E-十八碳二烯酸（13-hydroxy-9E,11E-octadecadienoic acid，13-E,E-HODE）、9-羟基-10Z,12E-十八碳二烯酸（9-hydroxy-10Z,12E-octadecadienoic acid，9-Z,E-HODE）、9-羟基-10E,12E-十八碳二烯酸（9-hydroxy-10E,12E-octadecadienoic acid，9-E,E-HODE）的高效液相色谱检测方法，肉制品中的13-Z,E-HODE、13-E,E-HODE、9-Z,E-HODE和9-E,E-HODE经甲醇提取、采用Sep-Pak C18柱净化浓缩后，在硅胶柱Absolute SiO2（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm）上以正己烷-异丙醇-乙酸（98.3∶1.6∶0.1，V/V）为流动相进行分离，选用二极管阵列检测器在234 nm进行测定。结果表明，13-Z,E-HODE、13-E,E-HODE、9-Z,E-HODE和9-E,E-HODE分别在质量浓度为0.5～20.0、0.25～10.0、0.75～12.5 μg/mL和0.5～7.5 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好（R2分别为0.999 4、0.999 2、0.999 2、0.999 6），检出限分别为0.075、0.035、0.090、0.060 μg/g，定量限分别为0.25、0.12、0.32、0.20 μg/g，不同添加水平的平均回收率分别为89.03%、89.03%、89.33%、87.93%。对18 种肉制品含量分析表明，所有样本都含有13-Z,E-HODE、13-E,E-HODE、9-Z,E-HODE和9-E,E-HODE，含量分别为1.73～9.10、0.56～5.79、2.37～11.02、0.78～5.82 μg/g。综上，建立的检测方法快捷、准确、重复性好，可用于同时测定肉制品中13-Z,E-HODE、13-E,E-HODE、9-Z,E-HODE和9-E,E-HODE的含量。     

Comparative studies on lipid oxidation of organic model sausage without nitrite produced with the addition of native or autoclaved mustard seed and acid whey

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of native and autoclaved mustard seed (AMS) with combination of acid whey (AW) on the stability of organic model sausages during 30 days of vacuum storage by measuring primary and secondary products of lipid oxidation, the changes in the fatty acid composition, oxidation–reduction potential and antioxidant capacity. Briefly, the addition of AW (5%) with combination of AMS (1%) significantly increased the capacity of sausages to capture the radical cations 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethyl‐benzothiazoline)‐6‐sulphonate at 1 day of storage which suggests that autoclaved mustard possessed significantly higher amount of phenolic acids compared with native mustard. The salted samples with mustard seed addition characterised by lower oxidation–reduction potential values (264.5–302.1 mV) during the whole storage period compared with control‐cured sample (307.3–330.5 mV). Results of conjugated dienes (CD) measurements indicated that salted meat product samples with mustard seed addition were characterised by significantly lower CD concentration (1.12–1.90 μmol mg^?1 meat product) compared with control‐cured sample (1.86–2.55 μmol mg^?1 meat product). The AW and mustard seed added to uncured sausage were able to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids against the oxidation comparable to nitrite.     

Isotope Internal Standard Method for Determination of Four Acrylamide Compounds in Food Contact Paper Products and Food Simulants by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A new method was developed for the determination of four acrylamide compounds (acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylol acrylamide, N-(Methoxymethyl)methacrylamide) in food contact paper products, three kinds of water-based food simulants, and dry food simulant (modified polyphenylene oxide, MPPO) by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Acetonitrile was used as the extraction solvent for different kinds of samples. The extraction solution of paper products was purified with QuEChERS technology. Four analytes were separated by gradient elution in a UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm?×?2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with methanol and 0.1 % formic acid water as mobile phases, and then detected in electrospray ionization mode of MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curves for four analytes were linear within the range of 1.0–200 μg/L and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.998. The quantitation limits of the method (S/N?=?10) of four analytes were in the range of 0.3–20 μg/kg. The mean recoveries for five sample matrixes at three spiked concentration levels of 0.3–200 μg/kg were in the range of 81–108 % with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n?=?6) values ranging from 2.5 to 7.1 %. The developed method is accurate, simple and rapid, which can be applied to the determination of acrylamide compounds in food contact paper products and food simulants.     

Characteristics of fat,and saponin and tannin contents of 11 varieties of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed

Rambutan seed is discarded during fruit processing. However, the seed contains a considerable amount of crude fat. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine two anti-nutritional constituents, namely saponin and tannin, and to characterize the fat of the seeds of 11 varieties of rambutan fruit. Results showed that the range of crude fat content is fairly narrow (36.13–39.13 g/100 g dried seeds). The iodine value and free fatty acid content of the fat were 38.50–50.61 g I₂/100 g fat and 0.99–2.18% as oleic acid, respectively. Oleic (33.35–46.64%) and arachidic (26.03–33.27%) acids were the main fatty acids in the fat. HPLC analysis showed that the fat comprised mainly five unknown triacylglycerols (83.94–95.33%). The melting and crystallization curves showed that the fat exhibited four to nine non-distinct peaks. The complete melting and crystallization onset temperatures of the fat were 24.8–50.6°C and 24.1–39.4°C, respectively, while the melting and crystallization enthalpies of the fat ranged from 71.2 to 141.7 J/g and from 60.4 to 88.9 J/g, respectively. At 0°C, the solid fat index of the fat ranged between 87.4% and 91.6% and the fats of some varieties melted completely at human body temperature. The saponin and tannin contents of the seed were 14.27–18.96 mg soya saponin/100 g and 4.40–26.68 mg catechin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Findings showed that rambutan seed fat has potential to be used in various sectors of food industry.     

热处理对茶花鸡肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究热处理对茶花鸡肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响,本文以300日龄的云南本地茶花鸡公鸡的胸肌和腿肌为研究对象,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)检测胸肌和腿肌中脂肪酸含量,对其脂肪酸含量进行差异分析。结果表明在茶花鸡肌肉中共检测出32种脂肪酸,其主要脂肪酸为油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸、硬脂酸及肉豆蔻酸。在原料肉中,胸肌和腿肌中总脂肪酸含量分别为3242.41与10026.31 μg/g,部位间存在显著性差异(P<0.05);胸肌与腿肌中脂肪酸类型以不饱和脂肪酸为主,含量分别占32种脂肪酸总量的60.92%与63.55%。经热处理后,胸肌中总脂肪酸含量比加热前胸肌中降低了9.37%(P<0.05),腿肌中总脂肪酸含量比加热前腿肌中降低了22.15%(P<0.05);胸肌、腿肌中脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量分别占32种脂肪酸总量的59.38%与61.20%;胸肌和腿肌之间脂肪酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),腿肌的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量与胸肌有显著差异(P<0.05)。可见,茶花鸡胸肌和腿肌脂肪酸含量存在显著差异,热处理对茶花鸡胸肌和腿肌脂肪酸组成有明显影响。     

Gas Purge Microsyringe Extraction Coupled with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Acidic Compounds in Food Packaging Materials

A green, simple and sensitive method was developed for the analysis of volatile carboxylic acids (VFAs) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in food packaging materials. The acidic compounds in food packaging materials were first extracted by gas purge microsyringe extraction (GP–MSE) with 1.0 mL 0.1 mol·L^?1 NaOH solution, then the analytes were dispersive liquid-liquid microextracted (DLLME) by 50 μL chloroform as extraction solvent and 200 μL acetonitrile as dispersive solvent. The 2-(5-Benzoacridine) ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate (BAETS) with excellent fluorescence property was applied to enhance the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) sensitivity. The obtained recoveries for the VFAs ranged from 92.0 to 101 %. The method LODs calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 were in the range of 0.80–3.40 μg·kg^?1, while the LOQs calculated at S/N of 10 were in the range of 2.5–10.2 μg·kg^?1. All compounds were in good linearity with concentration coefficients of higher than 0.997. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was found in all of the 15 kinds of samples analyzed with concentrations ranging from 4.86–7.56 μg·kg^?1. Acetic acid, butyric acid, and caprylic acid were found in half of the samples analyzed. The other analytes were also found in more than 30 % samples with concentrations varied between 3.96 and 293 μg·kg^?1.     

Electrophoretic Analysis of Natural Antioxidants in Plant and Beverage Samples Using Dynamically Coated Capillaries with Chitosan and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

Statically, chitosan-coated capillaries were simply dynamically coated with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) coaggregated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The capillary electrophoresis method was used to separate natural antioxidants in plant and beverage samples. In this way, a great improvement in the electrophoretic resolution was achieved when the running buffer was composed of 50 mM SDS and 10 mM sodium borate with 6.0 μg/mL of SDS-coated MWNTs, at pH 8.0, with an applied voltage of 30 kV. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection and quantitation for the target analytes were in the range of 0.14–0.82 μg/mL and of 0.47–2.75 μg/mL, respectively. The mean recovery values of 83.9–106.2 % were obtained for the spiked chrysanthemum samples. This proposed method was successfully applied for determining 12 phenolic compounds in complex chrysanthemum samples.     

Physico-chemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Properties of Traditional Polish Pork Fermented Products During Ripening

The physico-chemical and biochemical properties of the raw pork products, spontaneously fermented as entire primal cuts of ham hock (raw smoked ham hock (RSR)) and loin (raw smoked loin (RSL)), were estimated during the 4-week ripening period. A decrease in water content (4 % in RSR and 7 % in RSL) and an increase in protein (2 and 4.5 %, respectively), fat and salt content (1–2 % for both products) were associated with the phenomena of slight drying. An almost 2.5-fold increase of free amino groups dissolved in water, from 480 to 1,100 μMGly/100 g and from 490 to 1,200 μMGly/100 g, accompanied by a gradual increase of total free fatty acids, from 250 to 530 mg/kg and from 270 to 460 mg/kg, was indicated in the RSR and RSL, respectively. The fermentation and accumulation of free fatty acids affected the pH decrease in the RSL, particularly with a low fat content. The increase of tyramine, tryptamine, putrescine and spermine amounts confirm the activity of bacteria strains in the RSR and RSL during ripening. The considerable part of the “house microflora” included the species fermenting in the presence of air or in anaerobic conditions—in the presence of nitrogen. The presence of volatile cell metabolism products (3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol and butanoic acid) confirmed a greater amino acid transformation and saccharide fermentation activity of microflora in the RSR. Similarly, products of free fatty acid degradation (pentanal, hexanal and butanoic acid) as well as products of lipid oxidation (e.g. 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol and 3-methyl-1-butanol) confirmed the far advanced ripening in the RSR with a greater fat content.     

Fatty acids,tocopherols, phenolic and antioxidant properties of six citrus fruit species: a comparative study

Citrus fruit is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals. Information on the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of locally grown citrus fruits in Korea is elusive. This work was aimed to study fatty acid, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, antioxidant potential, and selected phenolics from peel and pulp of six citrus species. The most dominant fatty acid was linoleic acid (15–45%), followed by linolenic, palmitic, and oleic acid. Stearic acid was highly abundant in yuzu peel (14.45%) and pulp (15.88%) compared to the other fruits. Unsaturated fatty acids (54–74%) contributed higher composition than saturated fatty acids (25–46%). Peel exhibited better antioxidant potential and contained higher phytochemicals than pulp. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were ranged from 22.96 (yuzu) to 86.93 (cheonhyeyang) and 38.59 (yuzu) ~83.03 (tangerine) μg/g DW, respectively. J-Redhyeyang peel exhibited highest total flavonoids (4.17?±?0.10 mgQE/g DW) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (6.17?±?0.03 mgTE/g DW). FRAP values were highest (20.05?±?0.64 mgTE/g DW) in yuzu peel, while peel of cheonhyeyang was superior in total phenolic contents. Tangerine (3.02?±?0.05 mg/g DW) and yuzu (7.49?±?0.38 mg/g DW) had higher hesperidin concentrations in pulp and peel, respectively. Naringin was found in an appreciable amount in yuzu pulp (2.04?±?0.09 mg/g DW) and peel (6.30?±?0.19 mg/g DW) but not detected in all other fruit species. Our results indicate that citrus fruit peel is the rich source of antioxidant compounds, which can be used to prepare antioxidant rich food product.     

Exposure estimates of nitrite and nitrate from consumption of cured meat products by the U.S. population

The dietary exposures of nitrite and nitrate from consumption of cured meat products were estimated for the U.S. population aged 2 years and older, and children aged 2 to 5 years, using both 2-day food consumption data from the publicly available combined 2009–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and 10–14-day food consumption data from the 2009 and 2012 NPD Group, Inc. National Eating Trends-Nutrient Intake database (NPD NET-NID), and residual nitrite and nitrate levels in cured meat products available from the recent American Meat Institute Foundation/National Pork Board (AMIF/NPB) national market survey of the nitrite and nitrate levels in cured meat products in the U.S.A. The dietary exposure for consumers of cured meat products (eaters-only) was estimated at the mean and 90th percentile for three exposure scenarios: low exposure, average exposure, and high exposure, to account for the range in the amount of nitrite and nitrate in a given cured meat product category. In addition, a cumulative exposure that takes into account all cured meat product categories containing nitrite and nitrate was determined, and the relative percent contribution of each cured meat product category to the cumulative exposure was estimated. Cured, cooked sausages and whole-muscle brine-cured products were the two major contributing categories to dietary exposure of nitrite and nitrate for both U.S. population aged 2 years and older and children aged 2–5 years.     

Simultaneous Determination of Dimethenamid,Saflufenacil and their Metabolites in Maize Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Hydrophilic metabolites of pesticides in food and the environment are seldom analyzed due to the lack of suitable analytical methods. In the present study, a single-run analytical method was developed to determine dimethenamid, saflufenacil and their five metabolites in maize grain and plant. A good linearity was achieved for the matrix-matched calibration curves of the seven analytes with r²?≥?0.9991. The average recoveries of dimethenamid, saflufenacil and their metabolites in maize grain and plant were 70.1–113.8% with inter-day relative standard deviations ≤?21.5%. The limits of detection and quantification for the two herbicides and their metabolites were in the ranges of 0.008–1.4 μg/kg and 0.027–4.7 μg/kg, respectively, in two matrices. The limits of quantification for dimethenamid and saflufenacil in maize grain were below the maximum residue limits proposed by Codex (10 μg/kg). The results from field trials demonstrated the method effective and reliable for monitoring of the target residues in maize.     

Characterization of nutritionally important phytoconstituents in bitter melon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Momordica charantia</Emphasis> L.) fruits by HPLC–DAD and GC–MS

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is the traditional vegetable used as medicinal food, in different parts of the world, including Korea and China. Little is known about its bioactive composition aside from its health-promoting properties. Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the content of carotenoids, tocopherols, folates and fatty acids in bitter melon fruits. Using HPLC–DAD, six major carotenoids were quantified in fruits; all-E-lutein was recorded in highest quantity, followed by all-E-β-carotene and α-carotene, with 79.5, 17.6 and 1.5 % of total carotenoids, respectively. A high content of α-tocopherol (42.93 μg/g FW) and total folate (0.724 µg/g FW) was also recorded in fruits using HPLC–DAD and microbiological assay, respectively. The total lipid content of 1.79 % was recorded in fresh fruits (FW). Using GC–MS, sixteen fatty acids were identified in lipid fraction; α-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3) was found in highest quantity (44.33 %) followed by palmitic acid (C16:0) (29.64 %), and linoleic acid (C18:2) (10.32 %). Melon fruits contain a low amount of saturated fatty acid and high-mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in the form of ALA. Knowledge of bioactive composition in bitter melon fruit will be useful for proper diet recommendations and also for nutrient database updating.     

Simultaneous determination of three pesticides and their metabolites in unprocessed foods using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

We have developed a rapid, multi-compound analytical method for measuring residues of the pesticides thiamethoxam and its metabolite, clothianidin; fipronil and its three metabolites, fipronil sulfone, fipronil sulfide, and fipronil desulfinyl; and pyraclostrobin in unprocessed foods (rice, corn, cucumbers, tomatoes, apples, and bananas) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Acetonitrile was used as the extraction solvent, and an octadecylsilane-dispersive SPE was used to clean up the analytes, which were then separated through a UPLC HSS T3 column connected to a tandem mass spectrometer via an electrospray ionisation source. The linearity of this method for the target analytes was excellent (R² ≥0.990) in the concentration range of 5–1000 μg kg^–1. The average recoveries of the seven compounds at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 μg kg^–1 from six spiked matrix samples ranged from 73.6 to 110.6%, all with RSD values of ≤19.7%. The limit of quantification was 10 μg kg^–1. The method validated the effectiveness of the method for routine monitoring the residue of these pesticides and their metabolites in foods.     

Simultaneous Determination of Cyadox and Its Metabolites in Chicken Tissues by LC-MS/MS

A specific and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was firstly established for the simultaneous extraction and determination of cyadox and its three main metabolites—1,4-bisdesoxycyadox, 4-desoxycyadox, and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid—in chicken muscle, liver, kidney, and fat tissues. Samples were subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate and followed by acetonitrile–chloroform (1:4, v/v) and further purified by Oasis mixed mode anion exchange SPE cartridge. Analysis was performed on a C₁₈ column by detection with MS in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. A gradient elution program with 0.1 % formic acid solution, acetonitrile, and 1 % formic acid (adjusted to pH 8 with ammonia) was performed at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min^?1. The correlation coefficients (r) for each calibration curve are higher than 0.99 within the experimental concentration range. The recoveries of the four target analytes at three spiking levels of 2.5, 25 and 250 μg kg^?1 were between 74.5 and 93.8 %, with relative standard deviations less than 12 %. The decision limits (CCαs) of the four analytes in chicken edible tissues ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 μg kg^?1, and the detection capabilities (CCβs) were below 2.3 μg kg^?1. The developed method demonstrated a satisfactory applicability in incurred chicken tissue samples.     

Evaluation of nutritional and nutraceutical potentials of three wild edible mushrooms from Similipal Biosphere Reserve,Odisha, India

A variety of edible mushrooms are growing in Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR), some of which are used as ethno-medicine by indigenous tribals. In the present study, three wild edible mushrooms viz., Russula vesca, Russula delica and Termitomyces eurrhizus of SBR were analyzed for their nutritional and mineral contents along with antioxidant and antibacterial potential. The results showed that these three mushrooms are rich sources of nutrients (protein, carbohydrate, starch, reducing sugars and low fats), micronutrients (vitamins and carotenoids) and minerals (P, K, Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, Fe) with promising bioactive properties (antioxidant and antibacterial potentials). In general, these mushrooms revealed high amounts of proteins (22.82–35.17 g/100 g) and carbohydrates (45.68–63.27 g/100 g) and low contents in fats (2.03–4.62 g/100 g), while micronutrients (vitamins and carotenoids) and minerals were present in significant amounts. The antioxidant potentials of three different solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol and aqueous) of studied wild mushrooms showed strong antioxidant properties (ABTS, DPPH, H₂O₂ and metal chelating activities) with scavenging potential up to 89 % at concentration 100 μg/ml. Total phenol content was found between 21.92–41.99 mg catechol/g extract and flavonoid 2.53–7.52 mg quercetin/g extract. The studied mushrooms possess moderate antibacterial properties with zones of inhibition ranging from 13 to 30 mm against six human pathogenic bacteria which are comparable with Amphoxyllin standard. Being a source of nutrients and molecules with medicinal potential, the studied mushrooms can be used in human diet as nutraceuticals/functional foods for maintaining and promoting health, longevity and life quality.     

Surfactant–Solvent-Based Quaternary Component Emulsification Microextraction Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Simultaneous Analysis of Benzimidazole Anthelmintics in Milk Samples

A simple surfactant-solvent-based quaternary component emulsification microextraction (SSEME) method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection has been developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of four benzimidazole anthelmintic (i.e., oxfendazole, mebendazole, albendazole, and fenbendazole) residues in milk samples. The quaternary component solvent of SSEME carried out in 10 mL aqueous solution were Triton X-114 (emulsifier or carrier), acetonitrile (disperser solvent), and 1-octanol (extraction solvent). The surfactant has an important role in the enhancement of the extraction efficiency of the high polar analytes. For milk sample analyses, linearity was obtained in the range of 10–200 μg/L with the determination coefficients (R ²) higher than 0.996. Preconcentration factor was obtained in the range of 21–38, corresponding to limits of detection in the range of 2.6–9.9 μg/L. Intra-day (n?=?6) and inter-day (n?=?6?×?3) precisions in the sample studied were obtained with relative standard deviation below 8.8 %. The recoveries for the spiked target anthelmintics at different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/L) were obtained in the range 80.1–114.1 %. The proposed SSEME method has been demonstrated that is simple, effective, and reliable for the analysis of analytes in the samples studied and can be used as an alternative green analytical technique for benzimidazole analysis.