海洋环境对雷达海杂波后向散射特性影响分析

为分析海洋环境对雷达海杂波后向散射特性的影响,建立了一种基于修正复合模型方法的雷达海杂波后向散射关系模型。雷达入射余角较大时,主要散射形式为镜面散射;入射余角较小时,主要散射形式为Bragg散射。考虑了逆顺风条件下后向散射系数的差异性,改进了原有模型Bragg散射的方向海谱部分,增加了风向因子。利用模型对不同入射角条件下海洋环境因素与后向散射系数的关系进行了仿真计算。计算结果表明,当海面作为雷达波的反射面时,雷达后向散射特性十分复杂,风速、风向、海浪、降水、海面油污等海洋环境因素都会对其产生影响。其中,风速和有效波高对海面后向散射的影响最大,风向次之,降水再次之,而海面油污的影响最小。      

双尺度方法在粗糙海面及泡沫层复合散射中的应用

给出了双尺度方法的粗糙海面散射理论。含泡沫双尺度粗糙海面的矢量辐射传输方程,以及基于双尺度方法与粗糙海面的信息得到了复合散射系数,并对不同泡沫类型下的水平和垂直角的分布和不同入射角、风速下的后向散射系数与双站散射系数进行了研究。通过结果分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

改进的分形海面电磁散射的矩量法研究

采用改进的一维分形模型模拟实际的粗糙海面,运用矩量法研究了锥形波入射一维改进的分形海面电磁散射特性。通过数值计算得到了散射系数随散射角的变化曲线,讨论了海面风速、分维数、入射波频率对散射系数的影响,得到了一维改进的分形海面散射系数与粗糙面参数、入射波频率之间的依赖关系。结果表明海面风速、入射波频率对散射系数的影响较大,而分维数对散射系数的影响较小。     

天波超视距雷达海杂波特性研究

本文首先根据高频电磁波与海面相互作用产生Bragg谐振散射的特性分析了一阶海杂波的产生机理,得到了一定入射余角条件下一阶海杂波的多普勒频移特性,然后对天波雷达体制下海杂波的平均后向散射系数建模,仿真分析了雷达频率、海面风速、风波角、海浪有向波高谱关于海面风向的扩展程度等参数对一阶海杂波后向散射的影响,得出各参数对一阶海杂波后向散射的影响规律。     

有限深度海域海面电磁散射的FDTD 方法研究

雷达能够探测、遥感有限深度海域的海面及附近目标,针对这一需求,采用改进的文氏海谱和Monte Carlo 方法模拟有限深度海域海面,选取Debye 模型计算海水介电常数,运用时域有限差分法研究了有限深度海域海面 电磁散射,仿真了散射系数的角分布曲线。仿真结果表明:散射系数随散射角振荡变化,在镜反射方向处产生散射增强 效应;海水深度虽然对散射系数影响较小,但是仍有规律可循,海水深度越大,散射系数越小;海面风速、入射角、风区范 围对散射系数影响较大,风速越大,散射系数越小;入射角越大,散射系数越小;风区范围越大,散射系数越小。     

海面上方低空突防飞机雷达散射特性研究

为更好地研究海面上方低空突防飞机的雷达散射特性,基于迭代物理光学法（AIPO）和等效电流法（MEC）,提出了计算电大尺寸二维导体海面上方低飞目标的AIPO＋MEC算法,应用AIPO计算海面与目标之间的相互作用,用MEC计算棱边绕射。通过计算海面上金属立方体的双站散射系数,与已有数值算法结果相比较,验证了算法的正确性。用PM谱粗糙面模拟实际海面,应用该算法计算了海面上方三种典型隐身飞机模型的后向散射系数,并与自由空间中飞机模型的散射系数和平面上方飞机模型的散射系数进行了比较。结果表明,由于海面散射以及海面与飞机之间的相互作用,后向散射系数增大,且下方为海面时的散射系数角度性分布的散射比下方为平面时更为平缓。这对现代战争中海面上方低空目标探测和雷达设计具有一定的理论指导意义。     

JONSWAP谱海面散射特性受相关参量的影响分析

联合北海波项目(JONSWAP)谱海面主要由风速、风区、谱峰因子等参数确定,针对模拟JONSWAP谱海面时相关参数的数值确定的需要,利用双叠加方法生成了满足JONSWAP谱分布的三维海面,分析了谱峰因子和方向集中度参数的取值对海面几何模型的影响;然后利用物理光学法仿真分析了JONSWAP谱海面的平均后向散射系数随谱峰因子以及方向集中度参数的变化关系。仿真结果表明,谱峰因子对海面平均后向散射系数影响小于1 dB,方向集中度参数对海面平均后向散射系数影响大于5 dB。因此得到了在研究JONSWAP谱海面的电磁散射时,谱峰因子可取为平均值以及方向集中度参数取值需要根据海浪的成长状态确定的结论。     

遮蔽效应对潜艇海面尾迹后向散射影响研究

分析了合成孔径雷达(SAR)探潜对随机粗糙海面特性的应用需求和随机粗糙海面的生成机理,计算了满足Gauss形态相关函数的随机粗糙海面后向散射系数,提出了高海况下考虑海浪遮蔽效应的潜艇海面兴波尾迹的后向散射计算方法。仿真结果表明,海浪遮蔽效应会使海面后向散射降低从而更接近于海面散射的真实值,且其具体降低量与海况等因素有关。     

修正双尺度模型在非高斯海面散射中的应用

基于海浪在水平及垂直方向上的倾斜效应,应用修正的双尺度模型求解非高斯海面的电磁散射,在经典的一阶微扰散射系数上添加了一个附加散射系数项,它与非高斯海面的双谱函数成正比,且该项反映了海面后向散射系数在逆风和顺风向上观测结果的不对称性.在修正模型中还考虑了遮蔽函数、曲率效应等因素对散射结果的影响.最后应用修正的双尺度模型数值计算并讨论了非高斯海面后向电磁散射特性,修正模型下的计算结果与实验数据有较好的吻合.     

基于P—M谱的二维各向异性分层海面电磁散射研究

为了得到基于P-M谱的二维各向异性分层海面电磁散射特性,以便为海洋遥感、海上目标检测与识别等领域的应用提供理论依据,采用微扰法研究了平面波入射分层介质粗糙面的电磁散射特性,结合海面P-M谱推导出了平面波入射时的散射系数计算公式,通过数值计算获得了HH极化下中间介质的介电常数和厚度、摩擦风速、风区范围、观察方向与逆风方向之间夹角和入射波频率对双站散射系数的影响,得到了分层海面电磁散射系数的基本特征、分区特征和随频率变化的特征。     

REBUILDING THE SEA WAVE HEIGHT SPECTRUM BY USING MICROWAVE SCATTERING CHARACTERISTICS

The microwave back-scattering characteristics are numerically analysed by the elec-tromagnetic scattering theory,and the sea wave height spectrum that reflects the wind field isrebuilt by comparing the calculated data with experimental data which were measured by airbornescatter.According to the wave height spectrum,the relationship between the back-scattering co-efficients and wind speeds can be obtained.Once the back-scattering coefficients of the sea surfaceare measured,then the wind speeds over the sea surface can approximately be determined.It isuseful for the microwave remote sensing in ocean.     

Satellite radar altimetry

A brief review of the historical development and principles of satellite radar altimetry is presented, with special emphasis on the unique capability of the microwave altimeter to provide valuable information for global geoscientific studies. Altimeter data over the ocean are used to monitor mean sea levels, wave height, wind speeds, and surface topographical features. Over the ice sheets, the altimeter data are used to produce surface elevation maps, while repeated measurements are used to monitor volume changes. The success of earlier altimeter mission has promoted the development of future missions that will provide more accurate data sets     

Azimuthal harmonic coefficients of the microwave backscattering from a non-Gaussian ocean surface with the first-order SSA model

In this paper, the first-order small slope approximation is applied to a rough sea surface with non-Gaussian statistics, for which the third- and the fourth-order statistics are taken into account in the calculation of the radar cross section. From the Cox and Munk slope distribution, the higher order statistic moments are derived, and behaviors of the corresponding correlation functions are assumed. We show that the fourth order (related to the peakedness or kurtosis) is isotropic, whereas the third order (related to the skewness) has a behavior as cos(/spl psi/), where /spl psi/ is the wave direction along the wind direction. Thus, using the Elfouhaily et al. sea height spectrum, related to the second-order statistics, we show that the normalized radar backscattering cross section (NRBCS) can be expanded as an even Fourier series in cos(n/spl phi/) (where n is a positive integer), for which the harmonic coefficients require only a single integration over the radial distance. This result is consistent with experimental data done for microwave frequencies. In addition, we show for microwave frequencies (like C- and Ku-bands) that the Fourier series can be truncated up to the second order, since the higher order harmonic coefficients vanish. The NRBCS is also compared with empirical backscattering models CMOD2-I3 and SASS-II, valid in C- and Ku-bands, according to the scattering angle and the wind direction. The first-order harmonic coefficient predicts the surface asymmetry along the upwind and downwind directions, whereas the second-order harmonic coefficient describes the surface asymmetry along the upwind and crosswind directions.     

Analysis of surface roughness and morphology of first-year sea ice melt ponds: implications for microwave scattering

Variations in wind forcing over summer first-year sea ice (FYI) melt ponds occur at hourly to weekly scales and are a significant contributor to microwave backscatter (/spl sigma//spl deg/) variability observed from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) platforms (e.g., ENVISAT-ASAR and RADARSAT-1). This variability impairs our ability to use SAR to derive information on summer sea ice thermodynamic state and energy balance parameters such as albedo and melt pond fraction. The surface roughness contribution of FYI melt ponds in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to like-polarized, C-band /spl sigma//spl deg/ estimates is analyzed through a spectral and statistical analysis of surface wave height profiles for varying wind speeds, upwind fetch lengths, and melt pond depths. A unique derivation of melt pond surface wave height spectra is presented based on digital video of melt pond surface wave trains. Significant scale surface roughness was observed even at wind speeds of 3 m/spl middot/s/sup -1/, resulting in small perturbation model estimates of /spl sigma//spl deg/ (HH) ranging from -5 dB at 20/spl deg/ incidence to -22 dB at 50/spl deg/ incidence. Results from a multivariate linear regression analysis show that 53.5% of observed variance in /spl sigma//spl deg/ (HH or VV) can be explained by wind speed, upwind fetch from melt pond edges, and melt pond depth, with no appreciable difference in the relative contribution of explanatory variables. Modeled omnidirectional /spl sigma//spl deg/ as a function of wind speed and incidence angle for 100-m transects collected throughout the melt pond season act to elaborate the role of fetch and depth, as well as the modulating effect of hummocks, on /spl sigma//spl deg/.     

Modeling of wind direction signals in polarimetric sea surfacebrightness temperatures

There has been an increasing interest in the applications of polarimetric microwave radiometers for ocean wind remote sensing. Aircraft and spaceborne radiometers have found a few Kelvins wind direction signals in sea surface brightness temperatures, in addition to their sensitivities to wind speeds. However, it was not clear what physical scattering mechanisms produced the observed brightness dependence on wind direction. To this end, polarimetric microwave emissions from wind-generated sea surfaces are investigated with a polarimetric two-scale scattering model, which relates the directional wind-wave spectrum to passive microwave signatures of sea surfaces. Theoretical azimuthal modulations are found to agree well with experimental observations for all Stokes parameters from near nadir to 65° incidence angles. The upwind and downwind asymmetries of brightness temperatures were interpreted using the hydrodynamic modulation. The contributions of Bragg scattering by short waves, geometric optics scattering by long waves and sea foam are examined. The geometric optics scattering mechanism underestimates the directional signals in the first three Stokes parameters, and predicts no signals in the fourth Stokes parameter (V). In contrast, the Bragg scattering was found to dominate the wind direction signals from the two-scale model and correctly predicted the phase changes of the upwind and crosswind asymmetries in T_υ and U from middle to high incidence angles. The phase changes predicted by the Bragg scattering theory for radiometric emission from water ripples is corroborated by the numerical Monte Carlo simulation of rough surface scattering. This theoretical interpretation indicates the potential use of polarimetric brightness temperatures for retrieving the directional wave spectrum of short gravity and capillary waves     

On airborne measurement of the sea surface wind vector by a scatterometer (altimeter) with a nadir-looking wide-beam antenna

A pilot needs operational information about wind over sea as well as wave height to provide safety for a hydroplane landing on water. Near-surface wind speed and direction can be obtained with an airborne microwave scatterometer, a radar designed for measuring the scatter characteristics of a surface. Mostly narrow-beam antennas are applied for such wind measurement. Unfortunately, a microwave narrow-beam antenna has considerable size that hampers its placement on flying apparatus. In this connection, a possibility to apply a conventional airborne radar altimeter as a scatterometer with a nadir-looking wide-beam antenna in conjunction with Doppler filtering for recovering the wind vector over sea is discussed, and measuring algorithms of sea surface wind speed and direction are proposed. The obtained result can be interesting for many studies in oceanography, meteorology, air-sea interaction, and climate change and for creation of an airborne radar system for amphibious airplane safe landing on the sea surface, in particular for search and rescue operations in coastal areas.     

高频地波雷达风速直接反演的经验模型

利用风浪经验模型从高频地波雷达(HFSWR)的回波谱数据中反演风速需要有效波高等先验信息,因此风速的反演受有效波高反演精度的影响。该文基于风浪经验模型,利用风速和高频地波雷达海面回波二阶谱与一阶谱能量之比的关系,发展了无需波高信息的风速直接反演的经验模型。将风速反演经验模型应用到高频地波雷达风速的反演中,对两部不同频率的雷达在不同海域获得的数据进行了比较分析,结果表明,该文中采用的经验模型能够有效地对风速进行反演,其中三参数模型的结果略好于双参数模型。     

Incoherent bistatic scattering from the sea surface at L-band

A bistatic electromagnetic wave scattering model for the sea surface is developed to examine its wind dependence property over a wide range of incident angles along the specular direction. This is done by combining an existing scattering model with a sea spectrum recently reported in the literature. In general, electromagnetic wave scattering from a rough surface is dependent on the Fourier transform of the nth power of its height correlation function which can be computed numerically from the surface spectrum. This transform relation indicates that scattering is sensitive not only to the surface spectrum but also to its convoluted properties. Generally, surface scattering is sensitive only to a portion of the surface correlation measured from the origin. The size of this portion is a function of three variables (the incident angle, the surface height standard deviation, and the exploring wavelength) and the rate of decay of the correlation function. The decay rate near the origin of the sea surface correlation is very small, so much so that at L-band this portion is too wide for a two-term approximation of the correlation function. This is true in spite of the fact that the sea surface has a very large rms height. Thus, a scattering model based on geometric optics is generally not applicable at L-band especially at large angles of incidence. An additional finding is that in specular scattering wind dependence is stronger at larger angles of incidence for incident angles between 0 and 70° over the wind speed range of 4 m/s-20 m/s     

粗糙海面建模及其在蒸发波导传播中的应用研究

海上蒸发波导微波超视距电波传播对舰载雷达的运行具有重要的影响. 本文基于粗糙海面电波散射特征和海面高度分布概率密度函数,提出了一种考虑海面遮蔽影响的海上电波传播计算方法,并与两种不包含遮蔽影响的粗糙海面建模的计算结果进行了模拟和试验对比. 计算结果为:1）随着计算频率和风速的增大,不同粗糙海面处理方法的计算结果差异增大,对应位置的路径损耗差异可达10 dB;2）基于试验数据的对比初步显示采用考虑遮蔽影响改进的抛物方程模型预测的路径损耗精度相对较高,粗糙海面对电波的遮蔽效应是蒸发波导传播损耗计算中的一个重要因素;3）试验结果为不稳定大气时采用NPS蒸发波导模型、稳定大气时采用PJ蒸发波导模型预测大气折射率剖面,所预测的路径损耗要优于采用单一蒸发波导模型的结果. 本文所得结果对海上电波传播计算和大气波导的反演等具有参考价值.     

Radiometric observations of sea temperature at 2.65 GHz over the Chesapeake Bay

The present work describes the various corrections necessary in order to deduce ocean surface temperature fromS-band microwave radiometer measurements and applies these results to a series of data obtained with a high absolute accuracy radiometer. Measurements made with a 2.65 GHz radiometer from an aircraft flown over the Chesapeake Bay area are presented and compared in detail with accurately obtained sea truth data. For the calm sea, it was found that the observed brightness temperature agreed well with that calculated from the known sea surface and atmospheric properties over a fairly wide range of surface salinity values (0.2 per mille to 25 per mille). For cases where the surface wind speeds are of the order of 7 to 15 knots, an excess brightness temperature was observed which is attributable to surface roughness and microscale surface disturbances. The excess brightness temperature dependence on wind speed was found to correlate to a certain extent with the rms wave slope dependence on wind speed.