柴油机喷嘴结构对喷雾特性影响的耦合模拟研究

高压共轨系统能有效地改善柴油机的喷雾质量,但随着燃油喷射压力的增加,燃油雾化过程变得更加复杂。而喷嘴内部湍流和空穴现象对喷雾雾化有重要的影响,特别是空穴现象。利用同步辐射X射线同轴相衬成像技术准确获得喷嘴几何结构尺寸,建立精确的喷嘴内部流动模型,建立起耦合喷嘴内空穴流动的耦合喷雾模型,分析喷嘴内空穴流动对燃油喷射雾化的影响。利用在高压共轨喷雾试验台架上的高压喷雾试验,验证该喷雾模型的准确性。利用该验证后的喷雾模型直接得到喷嘴结构参数,包括喷孔长径比、喷孔入口圆角半径及喷嘴压力室结构对喷雾特性的影响,得出喷孔入口圆角半径和压力室结构对喷雾的索特平均直径有较大的影响。研究结果为柴油机燃油喷射系统的优化提供了理论依据。     

基于CFD的柴油机多孔喷油器各孔内部流动特性差异研究

采用混合多相流空穴模型,进行喷孔轴线与针阀轴线夹角各异的多孔喷油器喷嘴内三维气液两相流数值模拟,详细研究多孔喷油器各孔内部流动特性的差异及喷油压力和喷油背压对其影响规律。结果表明:对于喷孔轴线与针阀轴线夹角各异的多孔喷油器,相同喷射条件下,随着喷孔轴线与针阀轴线夹角的增大,喷孔内的空化效应逐渐增强,质量流量和流量系数逐渐降低;随着喷油压力的提高,各孔内的空化效应均逐渐增强,质量流量均逐渐升高,流量系数均逐渐降低;随着喷油背压的提高,各孔内的空化效应逐渐减弱,质量流量逐渐降低,但流量系数却逐渐提高。     

基于OpenFOAM的喷孔内部流动与近场雾化的数值模拟

基于OpenFOAM平台,对Schnerr-Sauer空化模型的蒸发和凝结源项进行了修正,建立了一种考虑热力学效应的空化模型,并分别采用原始模型和修正空化模型对燃油在喷孔内部的流动及喷嘴近场的雾化过程进行了模拟计算。修正空化模型与原始模型相比,喷孔内部的空化强度加强,空穴范围扩大,喷孔近场区域的未扰液核变短,燃油分裂雾化更加细小,说明修正空化模型促进燃油的初次分裂及雾化。     

垂直多孔喷嘴内部空穴两相流动的三维数值模拟分析

对完全发展了的空穴流动建立起多维空穴两相流动数学模型,对多孔垂直喷嘴进行了喷孔内部空穴两相流动的三维数值模拟。首次提出将计算区域的出口边界延伸至气缸内部,以减小出口对喷孔内部求解区域的影响。对针阀偏心时各喷孔内部空穴流动特性进行了深入的分析研究,阐明了喷孔内部空穴流动特性及其对喷孔出口流动分布的影响乃至对喷雾油束雾化所产生的作用。     

不同启喷压力下喷油嘴内部两相流动仿真研究

本文建立了喷油嘴内部燃油两相流动CFD模型,并对多孔喷油嘴在不同启喷压力下进行喷孔内部空穴两相湍流稳态和瞬态流动的三维数值模拟。得出喷油嘴内部空穴基本发生在喷油嘴与喷孔结合部处,并沿喷孔方向延伸;喷油嘴进口压力的提高导致喷孔内空穴区域变大,喷孔流量增大。不同启喷压力下喷油嘴瞬态流动结果,为提高柴油机气缸内喷雾发展和燃烧仿真模拟的准确性,提供了必需的喷油嘴边界条件。模拟计算结果与已有的实验结果吻合较好。     

喷嘴结构参数对流体特性影响的三维流场模拟

为了改善柴油机D6114喷油嘴291 DLLA150 FC PV01内部燃油流动状况,使喷入气缸内的燃油达到较好的雾化质量,在原有喷嘴基础上,针对喷嘴结构参数长径比、喷嘴入口过渡圆角及喷孔锥角设计了9种方案。在CFD(计算流体动力学)软件中建立了喷嘴内部流场的三维模型,对整个流场区域进行了流体动力学模拟计算。分析了喷嘴结构参数对喷孔内部空化程度、湍动能及流速的影响,得出:随着长径比(L/D)的减小,燃油在喷孔中的空化程度增强,湍动能减小,流速增加;随着过渡圆角与直径比(r/D)的增大,喷孔内部流体空化程度增强,流速增大,湍动能减弱;随着喷孔锥角(θ)的增大,喷孔内燃油空化程度加强,湍动能减弱。     

喷孔结构对双旋流气泡雾化喷嘴喷雾特性的影响

研究了喷孔形状对双旋流气泡雾化喷嘴雾化特性的影响规律,分析了圆形孔、椭圆形孔和正方形孔喷嘴对流量特性、索特尔平均直径、粒径分布和粒子速度的影响。结果表明,不同喷孔结构的喷嘴流量特性曲线呈现相同的趋势,随着气液质量流量比的增大,喷嘴出口单位面积下的喷雾流量逐渐减小;相同气液质量流量比下,正方形孔喷嘴流量最大。相同工况条件下,椭圆形孔和正方形孔对比圆形孔的喷嘴具有更加优良的雾化效果,其D32降幅分别为28.2%,35.8%,而正方形孔喷嘴的雾化粒径最小。正方形孔喷嘴的微分分布曲线向左移动,累积分布曲线变陡,说明大颗粒液滴减少,小颗粒液滴所占比例增大,液滴的雾化质量得到改善,正方形孔喷嘴小尺度粒径更多,粒径分布更集中。异形喷嘴的速度大于圆形孔喷嘴的速度;椭圆形孔喷嘴和正方形孔喷嘴的粒子速度分别增加了14.8%和24.4%。     

喷油嘴喷孔结构参数对甲醇燃料喷射流场影响的数值模拟

针对甲醇燃料不同于汽油的物化特性以及甲醇发动机冷启动困难等问题,以甲醇发动机喷油嘴喷孔为研究对象,采用Fluent软件的气液两相VOF湍流模型对喷嘴进行了数值模拟。研究发现了喷嘴入口处曲率半径变化以及喷嘴倒锥角度变化对喷嘴流量和雾化效果有一定的影响。结果表明:在压力不变的条件下,随着入口处曲率半径增大负压层的厚度逐渐变薄,喷孔内部气相体积分数减小,质量流量增大,雾化性能变差,但是喷孔的流速随着曲率半径的增大而增加;增大喷孔的倒锥角,喷嘴出口处的流速及质量流量均减小,但是负压层变厚有利于甲醇燃料的雾化。     

柴油机喷油嘴内壁面粗糙度对空化效应的影响

基于k-ε湍流模型及混合均相流(Homogeneous Equilibrium Mixture,HEM)模型,研究了不同喷射压力(30MPa、180MPa)条件下喷油嘴喷孔内壁面粗糙度对空化流动特性的影响。结果得出:随着喷孔内壁面粗糙度的增大,喷孔内部空穴强度减弱,喷孔内部的湍动能增强;提高喷孔内壁面的粗糙度对喷孔出口的质量流量影响不明显,但是在高喷射压力条件下喷孔出口质量流量略有增加;在高喷射压力条件下随着喷孔内壁面粗糙度的增大喷孔出口的平均速度显著减小,喷孔出口处的湍动能显著增大,而在小喷射压力条件下随着粗糙度的增大,喷孔出口的平均速度降幅较小,喷孔出口处的湍动能增幅较小;喷孔出口处X轴线上在喷孔上壁面空穴区域的湍动能较喷孔底部与中部区域大,空穴的产生、溃灭有利于增强喷孔出口处的湍流强度。     

基于K系数喷嘴喷孔内空化现象的数值模拟

建立了某喷油器流场的二维模型,利用混合多相流模型加空穴模型对整个几何模型区域的流场进行了数值模拟计算.基于这一模型定义了K系数,并分析了不同K系数对喷孔内空穴分布的影响.总结出了喷孔的扩张系数K对喷孔中空化流的影响变化规律并且得到了不同K系数对出口处质量流量和喷孔内气体总体积的影响.数值计算结果表明,在一定的K值范围内,K＜0喷孔随着扩张程度的增大,空化现象加剧,而K＞0喷孔则抑制空化现象的产生.     

基于自激振荡脉冲效应的雾化喷嘴出口流道空化特性研究

喷嘴结构及射流运动参数对液体空化流动状态有重要影响。基于空化泡溃灭的雾化机理和自激振荡脉冲喷嘴出口流道空化过程,分析空化效应对自激振荡脉冲射流雾化效果的影响。依据自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴结构,分析射流来流速度和脉动压力对喷嘴出口流道空化效应的影响,提出利用来流雷诺数和脉动特征值表征喷嘴出口流道空化程度,并根据自激振荡脉冲喷嘴有限元分析得到喷嘴出口流道较好空化状态的来流雷诺数和喷嘴腔室长径比。研究结果表明:当来流雷诺数在2.14×10~5~3.05×10~5内逐渐增大时,自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴出口流道液相体积分数先减小后增大,相应的空化程度先增大后减小。雷诺数在2.44×10~5~2.75×10~5内可以使喷嘴出口流道形成较好空化效应,尤其在2.44×10~5附近时喷嘴出口流道出现最好的空化状态;脉动特征值与喷嘴出口流道处脉动压力幅值差成正比,随着自激振荡脉冲雾化喷嘴腔室长径比增大,脉动压力幅值差值先减小后增大。当喷嘴腔室长径比为0.60~0.70时,喷嘴出口流道空化状态较好。计算结果为自激振荡脉冲射流雾化喷嘴设计提供了理论依据。     

Influence of the flow area around the ball valve on the flow characteristics of the injector control valve

The increase in common rail pressure can lead to increased cavitation inside the injector, resulting in degradation of injector performance and reduced life. The paper investigates the effect of the pressure block structure parameters (initial flow area around the ball valve) on the velocity field, pressure field, fuel gas phase volume fraction and drain rate of the control valve. The relationship between the initial flow area around the ball valve on the cavitation strength and unloading rate inside the valve was revealed. The results show that both the reduction of the flow area around the ball valve and the increase of the cavitation intensity inhibit the rate of oil discharge from the control valve. The reduction of the fuel flow area inhibits the expansion of the low-pressure region (0–1 MPa) within the flow layer, thus limiting the development of cavitation. The reduction of the cavitation area increases the fuel flow rate, however, the increase in flow rate increases the cavitation phenomenon, and these changes form a cycle (Reviewer 5. comment 2). The increase in cavitation inhibits the control valve pressure relief rate more significantly than the decrease in the initial flow area around the ball valve. Based on this, a stepped-pressure block model is proposed. The stepped pressure block model can effectively reduce the cavitation strength near the seal and enhance the oil discharge rate of the control valve. The study can provide a reference for the engineering optimization design of high-pressure common rail injector control valves.     

The effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions on the transient fuel spray behavior

Effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions such as opening pressure, ambient pressure, and injection pressure on the transient fuel spray behavior have been examined by experiments. In order to clarify the effect of internal flow inside nozzle on the external spray, flow details inside model nozzle and real nozzle were also investigated both experimentally and numerically. For the effect of injection pressures, droplet sizes and velocities were obtained at maximum line pressure of 21 MPa and 105 MPa. Droplet sizes produced from the round inlet nozzle were larger than those from the sharp inlet nozzle and the spray angle of the round inlet nozzle was narrower than that from the sharp inlet nozzle. With the increase of opening pressure, spray tip penetration and spray angle were increased at both lower ambient pressure and higher ambient pressure. The velocity and size profiles maintained similarity despite of the substantial change in injection pressure, however, the increased injection pressure produced a higher percentage of droplet that are likely to breakup.     

An investigation on the spray characteristics of DME with variation of ambient pressure using the common rail fuel injection system

We investigated the DME spray characteristics about varied ambient pressure and fuel injection pressure using the common rail fuel injection system when the nozzle holes diameter is varied. The common rail fuel injection system and fuel cooling system were used since DME has compressibility and vaporization at atmospheric temperature. The fuel injection quantity and spray characteristics were measured. The spray was analyzed for spray shape, penetration length, and spray angle at the six nozzle holes. There are two types of injectors: 0.166 mm diameter and 0.250 mm diameter. The ambient pressure, which was based on gage pressure, was 0, 2.5, and 5 MPa. The fuel injection pressure was varied by 5 MPa from 35 to 70 MPa. By comparing with the common injector, using the converted injector it was shown that the DME injection quantity was increased 127% but it didn??t have the same low heating value. Both the common and converted injectors had symmetric spray shapes. In case of converted injector, there were asymmetrical spray shapes until 1.2 ms, but after 1.2 ms the spray shapes were symmetric. Also, the converted injector had shorter penetration length and wider spray angle than the common injector.     

Experiment and simulation study on cavitation flow in pressure relief valve at different hydraulic oil temperatures

Hydraulic oil is the “blood” of hydraulic system, its high temperature in low-pressure hydraulic system would promote the development of cavitation and cause severe erosion of pressure relief valve. The influence of high oil temperature on the distribution of pressure field, velocity field and vapor volume fraction are discussed experimentally and numerically. The results show that with the increasing oil temperature, the viscosity of the oil decreases, and the flow rate increases, resulting the decreasing pressure at the orifice. Higher oil temperature promotes the occurrence of cavitation in the pressure relief valve, wider low-pressure zone could be found and cavitation bubble developed more fully and towards the valve core head. When the oil temperature increases from 303 K to 353 K, the cavitation intensity rises more sharply, but the growth rate of cavitation intensity increases firstly and then decreases with the increasing input pressure. Furthermore, based on the field synergy theory, the flow resistance and energy dissipation under different oil temperatures are evaluated. Both of large viscous dissipation and effective viscosity coefficient are mainly concentrated at the orifice, which are all effected by the oil temperature, so as to the characteristics of cavitation flow. The average field synergy cosine angle and the average viscosity coefficient decreases gradually with the increasing oil temperature, while the average vapor volume fraction increases. The energy dissipation is reduced by 3.3 × 10⁷ (W m⁻³) while the hydraulic oil temperature increases from 303 K to 353 K. Appropriate hydraulic oil temperature could provide favourable working conditions for the pressure relief valve which is beneficial for extending the hydraulic system's service life.     

An experimental study on the spray characteristics of a dual-orifice type swirl injector at low fuel temperatures

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of fuel temperature on the spray characteristics of a dual-orifice type swirl injector used in a gas turbine. The major parameters affecting spray characteristics are fuel temperature and injection pressure entering into the injector. In this study, the spray characteristics of a dual-orifice type swirl injector are investigated by varying fuel temperature from — 30°C to 120°C and injection pressure from 0.29 to 0.69 MPa. Two kinds of fuel having different surface tension and viscosity are chosen as atomizing fluids. As a result, injection instability occurs in the low fuel temperature range due to icing phenomenon and fuel property change with a decrease of fuel temperature. As the injection pressure increases, the range of kinematic viscosity for stable atomization becomes wider. The properties controlling the SMD of spray is substantially different according to the fuel temperature range.     

不同进口压力下柴油机非对称喷嘴内部流动特性的数值分析

采用流体动力学欧拉多相流模型，模拟了不同进口压力下柴油机喷油器非对称喷嘴内部流动特性，研究了喷嘴各孔出口处气相体积分数和质量流率分布特性。结果表明：喷嘴内部形成了均匀的雾化场，喷嘴出现空化的气相体积比和压力差上升速度都表现为孔1孔、5孔、2孔、3孔、4孔逐渐降低变化，并且空化现象基本都出现在转角上部。喷嘴各孔质量流率均随进出口压力差表现出单调增加的变化规律，之后趋于一定的稳定。在进口压力30 MPa下，压力增大后将会促进质量流率的升高；在80 MPa的进口压力下，质量流率不会发生显著改变；随着进口压力达到160 MPa，质量流率处于一个恒定状态。     

Using momentum flux measurements to determine the injection rate of a commercial Urea Water Solution injector

The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology allows the transformation of the Nitrous Oxide emissions present in exhaust gases into gaseous nitrogen and water. For a proper operation of the SCR, a urea-water solution (UWS) injector must dose an adequate amount of liquid into the exhaust pipe in order to avoid deposit formation and to guarantee the SCR system efficiency. This task requires the knowledge of the performance of the injector. Then, the goal of this work is to study the hydraulic performance of a UWS injector, by means of measuring the spray momentum flux in order to understand the influence of different variables as injected fluid, injection pressure, counter pressure and cooling temperature of the injector on the flow characteristics. The tested injector was cooled at three different temperatures, 60, 90 and 120 °C, the injection pressure of the UWS was set at 5, 7 and 9 bar, with counter pressures of 750, 900, 1000 and 2000 mbar for the two tested fluids, water and UWS. The measurements were carried out using an experimental facility developed at CMT-Motores Térmicos for the determination of spray momentum flux, where a piezoelectric pressure sensor was located near the nozzle exit of the injector, which measures the impact force of the spray. Additionally, the proposed methodology allowed to determine the injected mass flow and to capture the transient injection events, such as the opening and closing stages. Moreover, mass flow rate measurements of the injector were performed under the same operating conditions, determining the influence of the injection pressure, cooling temperature, counter pressure and fluid properties. Regarding the pressure, the tendency was as expected, the higher the injection pressure the higher the Momentum flux and flow rate. Results showed that an increment of the cooling temperature of the injector induces the appearance of flash boiling conditions, having an impact on the total injected mass and momentum flux, changing the behaviour of the spray. For the same conditions, water has a higher momentum flux than the UWS due to differences in fluid properties and velocity at the nozzle exit.