激光-电弧复合焊过程的熔滴过渡特征与受力分析

利用高速相机对高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接过程的熔滴过渡、熔滴形态、等离子体形态进行采集与分析。采用图像处理与数学计算相结合的方法给出熔滴在电弧空间飞行时的受力大小和加速度。初步计算激光产生的金属蒸气对熔滴的反冲力的大小和分布。结果表明:熔滴呈现颗粒过渡的临界焊接电流为180 A附近;熔滴呈现射滴过渡的临界焊接电流200 A附近。激光的加入对电弧具有明显的压缩作用,在熔池表面这种压缩作用更为剧烈。通过观测和计算给出电弧焊和激光-电弧复合焊时熔滴刚脱离焊丝的加速度分别达到70 m/s~2和50 m/s~2。在实际复合焊接过程中,当熔滴落入熔池位置与激光匙孔间距为3 mm时,从激光匙孔喷发的金属蒸气对熔滴的反冲力非常小。激光的加入主要改变了电弧形态,近而改变熔滴上下表面的压力差,使得熔滴在接近熔池表面发生合并和过渡频率减慢。     

高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接气孔控制方法研究*

为了掌握高氮钢复合焊接气孔控制的有效方法,研究电弧能量、激光能量和振动频率对焊缝气孔的影响。从气孔率方面分析焊缝气孔的产生原因,并从电流和电压波形及熔滴过渡方面分析其对焊接过程稳定性的影响。熔池流动与焊缝气孔具有一定的关联性,并从熔池流动状态方面分析其对气孔的影响。激光匙孔的形成需要一定的阈值能量,匙孔穿透状态对气孔率有直接影响,依据激光匙孔底部受力情况,分析匙孔状态对焊缝气孔率的影响。结果表明：气孔率随电弧能量或激光能量的增加而呈先升后降的变化趋势,电弧能量4 800 J(I=200 A,U=24 V)时,气孔率最低,仅为0.49%;而激光功率为2.8 kW时,气孔率降为最低,仅为0.14%;施加振动后焊缝气孔率均明显减小,气孔率随着振动频率的增加而先降后升。适当的电弧能量或激光能量可有效抑制焊缝内气孔数量,振动频率为35 Hz时抑制气孔效果最好。     

排布方式对铝合金激光-MIG复合横向焊接特性的影响

采用常规激光-熔化极惰性气体保护电弧(Metal inert gas,MIG)复合横向焊接铝合金过程中,焊缝表面极易出现咬边和下塌等缺陷,由此开展排布方式对激光-MIG电弧复合横向焊接铝合金焊接特性的影响研究。分析二者的排布方式对熔池特征、熔滴过渡形式以及焊缝成形规律的影响。试验结果表明,异面引导复合焊接方式对焊缝成形有明显改善作用,焊缝表面熔宽减少、中心线偏移和咬边缺陷得到有效抑制。采用同面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔后方,熔池下侧熔融金属大量堆积并产生周期性的波动,导致焊缝结晶组织出现了分层现象;而采用异面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔下方,并且熔滴在熔池中的落点位置与同面引导方式相比要偏上,熔滴过渡频率稍低,此时熔池中熔融金属分布较为均匀,熔池下部堆积金属较少,有效抑制了焊缝的下塌和咬边缺陷。     

低功率脉冲激光-电弧复合热源高效焊接过程中的“匙孔”行为研究

激光-电弧复合热源焊接技术由于具有焊接熔深大、效率高、质量好等优点而受到广泛关注。采用低功率脉冲激光-钨极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊电弧复合热源技术进行镁合金板材的焊接,研究激光脉冲作用消失之后的等离子体行为和激光"匙孔"行为。在上述试验结果的指导下优化工艺参数,对比研究采用单独激光焊、TIG电弧焊和复合热源焊这三种方法实现镁合金板材对接焊相同效果时焊接效率的差异。研究结果表明,激光"匙孔"和"匙孔"等离子体的形成是实现复合热源高效焊接的前提条件,恰当的工艺参数可以使得激光"匙孔"维持稳定的开口状态,这种状态提高了电弧的稳定性和能量密度,延长了镁等离子体的恢复时间,因此能够提高复合热源的焊接效率。达到相同焊接效果时复合热源的焊接效率分别达到单独激光焊接效率的7.14倍和单独TIG电弧焊接效率的4.29倍。     

激光入射角影响焊接熔池匙孔瞬态行为数值模拟

在激光焊接中,激光入射角直接影响着熔池匙孔瞬态行为,而仅采用工艺试验方法难以探索其规律。利用数值模拟技术模拟激光入射角分别为30°、0°、-30°的焊接过程,研究激光入射角对熔池匙孔瞬态行为的影响。同时通过激光焊接试验对仿真结果进行验证,数值仿真的焊缝横截面形貌与试验结果吻合较好,表明仿真结果能够反映激光焊接过程。分析不同激光入射角下温度场、熔池内流场、匙孔后壁反冲压力、匙孔深度和匙孔后壁静压力的变化。结果表明,激光入射角的正负影响熔池内部流动的快慢;激光入射角为正时,有利于抑制飞溅形成,而激光入射角为负时,则促进飞溅生成;激光入射角的正负明显影响匙孔的稳定性,当激光入射角为负时,匙孔稳定性降低,坍塌频率增加,产生气泡的概率提高。使用合适的激光正入射角有利于提高激光焊接质量。     

高强钢厚板激光-GMAW复合双面同步横焊特性研究

针对30 mm厚船用高强钢10Ni5Cr Mo V对接接头横焊应用需求,开展激光-熔化极气体保护电弧(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)复合双面同步横焊特性研究。研究结果表明,针对横焊位姿因重力、非对称坡口对熔滴、电弧的影响,利用激光对电弧的吸引和收缩作用,通过减小光-丝间距,有效地抑制了电弧侧壁燃弧,熔滴在电磁力和等离子流力的作用下,稳定过渡到熔池中,实现了熔滴过渡稳定性控制,解决了激光-GMAW复合横焊位姿电弧偏离和熔滴下落等过程控制难题与侧壁未熔合问题;厚板激光-GMAW复合双面同步横焊包括打底层和填充层焊接,其中打底层焊接是保证接头焊接质量的关键;采用激光-GMAW复合双面同步横焊新方法,4道焊接完成了30 mm厚船用高强钢10Ni5Cr Mo V横焊位姿的高强、高效连接。焊缝表面成形良好,无裂纹、未焊透和侧壁未熔合等缺陷。接头的抗拉强度高于母材,且其–50℃冲击吸收能量为57.3 J。     

不同波长激光对激光—MAG电弧复合焊接熔滴行为的影响

通过计算分析了金属对Nd：YAG激光和CO2激光的吸收率;以8.0mm厚高强钢板为试验材料,采用高速摄像系统观测熔滴过渡模式和等离子体形态的变化.建立脉冲MAG焊接熔滴力学模型,从熔滴受力角度分析了不同波长两种激光YAG激光和C02激光在激光—MAG焊接中对熔滴过渡形式和熔滴过渡频率的影响.结果表明,Nd：YAG激光和CO2激光输出特性存在差异,金属表面对YAG激光的吸收率约为CO2激光的3倍多;在焊接电流180A、焊接电压26V、光丝间距3mm的相同条件下,YAG激光—MAG电弧复合焊接熔滴过渡频率高于CO2激光—MAG电弧复合焊接的熔滴过渡频率,且熔滴过渡频率均随着激光功率的增加而降低,但是增加等量的激光功率,YAG激光—MAG电弧复合焊接熔滴过渡频率下降幅度更大;CO2激光—MAG电弧复合焊接过程中,熔滴的过渡形式由射滴过渡转变为颗粒过渡,在YAG激光—MAG电弧复合焊接过程中,熔滴过渡形式主要为射滴过渡.     

激光功率对CO2激光-MAG电弧复合焊电弧与熔滴行为的影响

采用高速摄像系统观测熔滴过渡模式和等离子体形态的变化,并采集焊接过程中的电弧和熔滴图像,利用电弧分析仪记录电弧信号,通过试验深入研究激光功率对CO2激光-熔化极活性气体保护焊(Metal active gas,MAG)电弧复合焊接的电弧形态、焊接稳定性、熔滴过渡频率的影响。研究表明,焊接电流的增加减小了实际热源间距,并且实际热源间距在2 mm附近效果最佳;带电粒子在主辅导电通道内的运动产生扰动或漂移、焊接模式的跳变和过渡模式的改变是电流、电压波形出现紊乱和尖角波形的主要原因;激光的加入降低了熔滴过渡频率和过渡稳定性;焊接电流为160A、180 A时,激光-电弧复合焊接的熔滴过渡频率均随着激光功率的增加而先减小后增大,但其过渡频率介于160 A和180 A电弧焊接时熔滴过渡频率之间。     

熔焊热过程与熔池行为数值模拟的研究进展

熔焊是目前机械制造业中应用最为广泛的材料连接技术。熔焊过程中的传热与熔池流动行为对于焊缝成形、接头微观组织与服役性能等起着决定性作用。准确地分析和计算熔焊热过程与熔池形态,对于焊接冶金分析、应力变形分析、过程控制及工艺优化等都具有十分重要的意义,也是使焊接工艺从"定性"走向"定量"分析、从"经验"走向"科学"的重要途径。对焊接电弧物理、熔滴过渡、熔池形态、高速焊接熔池传热与流动、等离子弧焊和激光焊接的小孔与熔池动态行为、激光-电弧复合热源焊接热过程的数值模拟研究现状与存在问题进行了评述,讨论了上述前沿领域的研究方向与发展趋势,旨在为实现熔焊工艺优化和过程控制提供理论依据。     

TIG焊熔池表面流动行为的研究

针对钨极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊熔池表面流动行为,在确定TIG焊熔池表面可采用粒子示踪的方法来进行其表面流动行为示踪的基础上,在以激光为试验背光光源,通过激光在TIG焊熔池表面镜面反射后,使得熔池及示踪粒子清晰成像于成像屏上。在此基础上,开展对304不锈钢和Q235普通碳钢的熔池表面流动行为的试验研究,对所获得这两种材料的TIG焊熔池试验数据进行处理与对比分析,探究熔池表面流动规律。研究结果表明:在TIG焊过程中,其焊接熔池存在两种运动模式,在304不锈钢焊接过程中熔池表面的液态金属由边缘向熔池中心流动;在Q235碳钢焊接过程中熔池表面的液态金属不定向、不规则地由熔池中心向熔池边缘流动,并测量304不锈钢TIG焊过程中熔池表面的液态金属流动速率为12 mm/s左右,Q235碳钢的熔池表面的流动速率为15 mm/s左右。     

Research on formation and stability of keyhole in stationary laser welding on aluminum MMCs reinforced with particles

The formation and stability of keyhole in stationary laser welding on aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with particles are studied using a numerical simulation. The interaction between molten pool and reinforcement particles is evaluated by using the particle–fluid coupling model in the numerical simulation. In order to study the effect of different volume fractions of particles on the keyhole stability and fluid flow inside the molten pool, keyhole formation process, variation of free surface, temperature distribution, and fluid flow are calculated numerically, respectively. The calculation results show that the keyhole is stable at the beginning under different conditions and then the protrusion occurs inside the keyhole with increasing calculation time. The flow behavior of molten pool affected by particles and forces acting on the surface could explain the forming of humps inside the keyhole, which directly cause the variation of the keyhole. As the volume fraction of TiB₂ particles increases, the keyhole is more likely to be instable and the oscillation occurs at an earlier time. Fluctuations of the surface tension and recoil pressure due to the uneven distribution play an important role in the instability of the keyhole.     

短路过渡CO2焊接熔滴形状数值模拟与控制

为了进一步提高短路过渡CO2气体保护电弧焊的工艺性能和焊接质量,根据高速CCD摄像获得的熔滴及其短路过渡图像,分析了熔滴与熔池短路前的形状对熔滴与熔池的短路、熔滴在熔池中的铺展及液桥缩颈形成的影响.采用熔滴静力平衡模型研究了电磁力(燃弧电流)、表面张力、重力与熔滴形状的关系,并通过对燃弧电流的精确控制实现了对熔滴形状的有效控制.当熔滴与熔池短路前为细长形状时,短路过渡过程稳定柔顺,而当熔滴为扁平形状时,则不利于熔滴的短路过渡,甚至产生瞬时短路.燃弧阶段的熔滴形状体现了各种力对熔滴的作用,而电磁力(燃弧电流)是决定熔滴形状的主要因素.根据燃弧电流对熔滴形状的影响规律,提出了采用前期大、后期小的燃弧电流控制原则,以在燃弧的不同阶段获得不同的熔滴形状.试验结果表明该控制方法获得了良好的适合于熔滴短路过渡的短路前熔滴形状,短路过渡过程柔顺稳定,消除了瞬时短路以及由此导致的飞溅,改善了熔滴的短路过渡行为,短路过渡结束后焊丝端部的残余液态金属具有良好的一致性.     

Numerical modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow in hybrid laser–TIG welding of aluminum alloy AA6082

This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical model based on finite volume method to simulate heat transfer and fluid flow in laser–tungsten inert gas (TIG) hybrid welding process. To simplify the model and reduce the calculation time, keyhole dynamics are not considered; instead, a new modified volumetric heat source model is presented for the laser source to take into account the effect of the keyhole on the heat transfer into the workpiece. Due to the presence of arc current, an appropriate electromagnetic model based on the Maxwell equations are also solved to calculate electromagnetic forces in the weld pool. The results of computer simulation, including temperature, current density, electromagnetic, and melted material velocity field, are presented here. Furthermore, several dimensionless numbers are employed to recognize the importance of fluid flow driving forces in the weld pool. It is deduced that the fluid flow has an important effect on the weld pool shape. It is also founded that among the driving forces, Marangoni force is dominant fluid force in the weld pool. Besides, calculated results of hybrid welding process are compared with those of TIG and laser welding processes. The weld pool depth is relatively the same, but the width of the weld pool is highly larger in hybrid welding than lone laser welding. Eventually, the presented model is validated by comparison between calculated and experimental weld pool shape. It is founded that there is a good agreement as the capability of this model can be proved.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF DROPLET TRANSFER IN CO2 LASER-MIG HYBRID WELDING WITH SHORT-CIRCUITING MODE

LF6 aluminum alloy plates with 4.5 mm thickness are welded in this experiment.Welding is carried out by using the CO2 laser-MIG paraxial hybrid welding in flat position. The experimental results indicate that the inherent droplet transfer cycle time of conventional MIG arc is changed due to the interaction between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc in the short-circuiting mode of laser-MIG hybrid welding. Because of the preheating action of CO2 laser to electrode and base material, the droplet transfer frequency of MIG arc is increased in the hybrid welding process. When laser power is increased to a certain degree, the droplet transfer frequency is decreased due to the effect of laser-induced keyhole. Furthermore, through analyzing the MIG welding current and arc voltage waveforms and the characteristics of droplet transfer in the hybrid welding process, the effect of laser energy and the action point between laser beam and arc on the frequency of droplet transfer and weld appearance is investigated in details.