须家河组气井地面流程结垢治理研究

须家河组气藏气井生产过程中易出现地面流程结垢堵塞，影响正常生产及平稳外输。基于生产特征研究及样品分析，明确地面流程结垢类型主要是CaCO₃垢；基于软件模拟，分析结垢影响因素，揭示了地面流程低压端结垢强度更大，且随气液比降低结垢趋势减弱的结垢规律；通过药剂性能评价实验，优选阻垢剂XH-422D降低结垢风险，建议加注质量浓度为80～100mg/L,X2井井现场应用效果良好。     

Fe2O3的表征及其催化2,4-甲苯二氨基甲酸甲酯分解反应性能

采用多种方法制备了Fe₂O₃催化剂,并以市售Fe₂O₃为参比物,通过BET、NH₃-TPD、XRD、SEM及FTIR等手段分析其结构特征,考察其催化分解2,4-甲苯二氨基甲酸甲酯(TDC)制备2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)的反应性能。结果表明：含有SiO₂的Fe₂O₃催化剂的催化效果较好;外购Fe₂O₃催化效果好主要与其孔径较大以及含有SiO₂组分有关;在较优反应条件下,TDI的收率可达到84.6%。进一步研究Fe₂O₃和SiO₂双组分催化剂的催化效果,表明双组分催化剂的催化效果比单组分的Fe₂O₃、SiO₂效果都要好,Fe₂O₃和SiO₂之间存在的协同增效作用,有利于TDC的分解反应。     

陕北气田含醇污水综合治理室内实验研究

针对陕北气田含醇污水矿化度高、油分和机械杂质含量较高,pH值较低,同时溶解有一定量的CO2及O2,在甲醇回收装置运行中经常出现管线、设备腐蚀穿孔、精馏塔结垢堵塞等问题,提出用絮凝/缓蚀阻垢技术综合治理陕北气田含醇污水.含醇污水经处理后,总铁、H2S、机杂、油分含量大为降低;含醇污水对碳钢腐蚀速率可控制在0.15 mm/a以下,阻垢率达到100%,很好地解决了陕北气田含醇污水甲醇回收处理过程中存在的结垢、腐蚀、堵塞等问题.     

强碱三元复合驱钙、硅垢沉积模型及结垢预测

以Oddo-Tomson饱和指数法和硅钼黄法测定低聚硅为基础,研究了大庆油田强碱三元复合驱区块的温度、压力、pH值和离子强度等因素对CaCO₃垢和硅垢沉积的影响规律;采用多项式函数和MATLAB中exponention函数对钙、硅混合垢沉积数据进行拟合,建立了钙、硅混合垢沉积预测方程,并结合成垢离子数据、pH值等,建立了大庆油田三元复合驱钙、硅混合垢各阶段结垢的量化预测方法。针对不同油藏区块,通过水驱空白CaCO₃饱和指数值和低聚硅理论饱和值对三元复合驱混合垢预测模型进行修正,可以提高结垢预测准确率;对大庆油田喇北东区33口井和南五区39口井进行结垢预测验证,钙、硅混合垢结垢预测的准确率分别为92.8%和89.6%。     

Fe3O4的制备进展及其在含油废水处理中的影响因素分析

介绍了4种Fe₃O₄的制备方法，对比分析了每种方法的优缺点，并对Fe₃O₄制备方法作了展望。重点分析了Fe₃O₄在含油废水处理领域内的相关影响因素，对未来Fe₃O₄大规模应用于含油废水处理进行了评述。     

Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Fe2O3/Al2O3 Materials and Study on Catalytic Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Oil

Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were first dispersed in a sol solution containing an aluminum component introduced by an initial doping method. Composite catalyst Hierarchical Porous Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ materials(HPFA) were then synthesized through a sol-gel method via phase separation. The performance of HPFA was compared with that of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticle catalysts. The structure of the composite catalyst was characterized by sca...     

超稳含硅介孔Al2O3及其催化裂化应用

利用水解正硅酸四乙酯对薄水铝石进行后修饰,通过焙烧可以得到含硅Al₂O₃。采用X射线衍射、红外、物理吸附、固体核磁共振、NH₃程序升温脱附等手段表征含硅Al₂O₃的孔道结构和酸性质。考察了含硅Al₂O₃的热稳定性和水热稳定性及其对烃类的催化裂化活性。结果表明,SiO₂主要以单层形式嫁接在γ-Al₂O₃表面Al-OH上,形成了Si-O-Al键,并大幅提高其对烃类的裂化活性。当1 nm2的γ-Al₂O₃表面含32个Si原子时,其对异丙基苯的催化裂化转化率为原料γ-Al₂O₃的27倍。在1100℃高温空气下焙烧,或在800℃高温水蒸气气氛下焙烧,含硅Al₂O₃的晶体结构和催化活性都能较好地保留。     

某联合站采出水水质分析及阻垢技术研究

受地质条件和注水水质的要求,某联合站接收来自不同Y1和Y2层位的采出水,在采出水处理设备、管线和井筒中出现大量的结垢产物,影响了联合站水处理系统的正常运行。为避免这种情况,在采出水水质分析的基础上,通过Scalechem结垢趋势模拟软件,考察不同层位采出水的配伍性、结垢趋势、结垢量和结垢类型,结合室内实验验证了模拟结果的准确性,随后对不同类型的阻垢剂进行筛选,将化学阻垢法和工艺阻垢法结合,实现复合式清垢技术。结果表明：在Y1∶Y2=0.6∶0.4时,结垢量最大为366.46 mg/L,结垢产物为CaCO₃和BaSO₄;随着温度上升,CaCO₃和SrCO₃的结垢量有所增加,BaSO₄的结垢量有所减少;随着压力上升,CaCO₃和BaSO₄的结垢量有所下降;当DTPMPA∶PASP的复配比例为1∶1时,阻垢率为94.2%,该配方最大程度发挥了阈值、螯合增溶、晶体错位作用;距离油区出口20 m后的管段是流速较低、容易结垢的区域,可安装械清管器...     

Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子的助凝性能及机理分析

采用化学共沉淀法制备了Fe₃ O₄磁性纳米粒子,然后分别用聚乙二醇-6000（PEG-6000）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)、油酸钠（Sodium oleate）对其进行表面修饰。将它们用于处理模拟油田含油含聚污水,考察了不同表面改性、不同粒径、不同磁性的纳米粒子的除油性能;以胜利油田孤三联污水为研究对象,探讨了Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子的助凝性能。结果表明,粒径越小,磁性越强,除油效果越好,采用PEG改性后的磁性纳米粒子除油效果最好;Fe₃ O₄磁性纳米粒子与聚合氯化铝（PAC）、阴离子聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）复配使用时,除油率达95.4%,悬浮物去除率达90.7%,与复配前相比,除油率提高13.7%,悬浮物含量降低31.5%,絮体沉降速率快。Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子的絮凝机理包括吸附、磁絮凝、破乳作用,其与PAC、APAM具有协同作用。     

负载氧化铁凹凸棒石脱硫剂的制备及再生工艺

采用浸渍法制备了凹凸棒石负载氧化铁脱硫剂（Fe₂O₃/ATP）,考察了浸渍液活性组分浓度、浸渍液与载体体积比、浸渍时间和粒度对其脱硫活性的影响,采用FT-IR和XRD手段表征了新鲜和脱H₂S后以及再生的Fe₂O₃/ATP脱硫剂,并采用热空气法探讨了再生温度、热空气流量和再生时间对其再生性能的影响。结果表明,最优的Fe₂O₃/ATP脱硫剂的制备条件为浸渍液活性组分质量分数40%、载体与浸渍液体积比1∶3、浸渍时间4 h。在此条件下制备得到的粒径为0.38 mm的Fe₂O₃/ATP脱硫剂在常温、常压下的硫容达到33.08%。失活的Fe₂O₃/ATP脱硫剂在50℃、空气流量0.8 L/min的条件下再生4 h,1次再生率达到81.22%,经过4次再生后,再生率仍可达到51.29%。Fe₂O₃/ATP在常温常压下脱H₂S时,主要是将H₂S转化为FeS和S,经热空气再生后,FeS被空气中的O₂还原为Fe₂O₃和单质硫。     

SZ36-1油田注聚井和聚驱受益油井堵塞物的组成及成因对比分析

随着注聚开发的进行,SZ36-1油田的部分受益油井中出现了含聚堵塞物,导致了产能下降。采用多种表征手段对比分析了注聚井和受益油井堵塞物的组成,发现在所采集到的样品中,受益油井堵塞物以无机垢为主,无机垢/有机垢质量比为4.0～5.5,远大于注聚井的0.25～0.75,受益油井和注聚井中无机垢分别主要为Fe_2O_3和CaCO_3,有机垢则均为部分水解聚丙烯酰胺。对比分析了注聚井和受益井中无机垢和有机垢的成因,重点分析了受益油井堵塞物的成因:在受益油井的近井地带,酸化作业后的残酸含有大量Fe~(3+),与聚合物驱替液相遇后,液体pH值上升,形成Fe(OH)_3沉淀,氧化后即形成Fe_2O_3无机垢;驱替液中降解后的聚合物在酸性条件下会选择性地与Fe~(3+)通过配位作用,形成水不溶的聚合物交联物,即形成有机垢。分析结果可为注聚井和注聚受益油井的针对性解堵以及预防注聚受益油井堵塞提供依据。     

天然气外输管道黑粉分布规律及清除措施

黑粉在天然气外输管道中积聚,会造成仪表阀门堵塞、输送介质污染、管输量下降等一系列问题,因此,有必要开展管道中黑粉组成和分布情况研究。结合外输管线的清管作业情况,分析了管道不同部位的黑粉组成、分布和形态。同时,对管输天然气历年气质情况进行了分析,确定了黑粉组成及其在管线中的分布规律,分析了黑粉形成原因。结果表明:黑粉偏向在距气源较近、地势低洼处的管道中聚集;其主要组成为FeCO_3,还含有一定量的Fe_3S_4、FeS、S、SiO_2、Fe_2O_3等,其中FeCO_3、Fe_3S_4、FeS主要由天然气生产设备或管道发生CO_2和H_2S腐蚀所形成,而S、SiO_2、Fe_2O_3则由上游气源携入或来自管线施工残留物。根据黑粉的组成和其在管道中的分布特点,提出了黑粉防治措施建议:从源头上杜绝设备和管道的腐蚀;对老旧天然气外输管线应定期组织清管,清管时选用合适的清管工艺。     

Reduction of NOx in fluid catalytic cracking flue gas over Mg-Al spinel modified with transition metal oxides

Mg-Al spinel modification with transition metal oxides of CuO, Mn₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ was prepared to catalyze the NO+CO reaction for the DeNOx of fluid catalytic cracking flue gas. Mg-Al spinel modification with CuO showed the best catalytic performance for the easy adsorption of CO on CuO. The Cu⁺ in amorphous state of the catalyst surface was contributed for the main adsorption site of CO from the characterization results by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technology. The additive amount of CuO was optimized to 4%, and the excess CuO sintered and converted to crystal phase.     

The kinetics of carbonate scaling—application for the prediction of downhole carbonate scaling

Reliable prediction of calcium carbonate, CaCO₃, scaling for estimating scale production oilfield production wells and surface facilities requires both thermodynamic models to indicate the tendency for scaling from solution and kinetic models to predict the rate of scaling and thus the time required to cause blockage. The application of such models could contribute to field scale management and in the development of more effective treatments of carbonate scale during oilfield production. The performance of a kinetic model for calcium carbonate scaling rate based on the measurements of individual calcite crystal growth rates is tested against scale deposition in tube blocking experiments using synthetic formation brines under pressure and temperature levels. The profile of the scale formed on the internal surface of the tube during the experiments was measured and compared with the predicted results from the kinetic model. The application of the kinetic model to the prediction of carbonate scaling in a North Sea well has also been tested. The results from the model are in good agreement with the actual scale profile recorded in the tubing by a downhole multi-finger caliper (MFC) tool.     

A Bohai Sea SZ36-1 Oil Field Formation Scaling Experimental Study and Scale Inhibitor Optimization

The authors studied Bohai sea SZ36-1 oil field scaling conditions and analyzed its formation characteristics as well as injected water characteristics. According to the Oddo-Tomson saturation index, this oil field scale can be calcium carbonate scale and calcium sulfate scale. Research indicates that calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) scale will form during the process of water injection, but calcium carbonate scale is not the main scaling type. With our own experiment measuring device and scale static and dynamic experimental evaluation data, the amount of actual scaling buildup can be calculated and the extent of the formation permeability damage caused by the amount of scaling buildup can also be studied. On this basis, the scale inhibitor can also be well selected. Conclusion of the study will help guide oil field water injection practice and reduce formation damage, and thereby enhance oil recovery.     

陕北某气田井筒堵塞原因分析

陕北某气田井筒存在腐蚀和结垢,导致井筒堵塞严重.选取22口典型堵塞井为研究对象,通过堵塞因素与日均减产量之间的灰关联分析井筒堵塞主要影响因素,同时基于主成分分析对气井影响因素进行降维处理,并研究与井筒堵塞之间的关系.结果表明,引起陕北某气田井筒堵塞的原因主要有井筒腐蚀、CaCO3结垢和气井出砂;引起气井堵塞的主要原因排...     

Comparing the corrosivity of acidic species in petroleum fractions by raman spectroscopy,energy-dispersive spectrum and scanning electron microscopy

The main object of this work was to compare the corrosion powers of acidic species: naphthenic acid, fatty acid and aromatic acid which were found in petroleum fraction. They were blended into base oils to formulate three simulate oils (E, F and G) with the same TAN values of 2.3 mg KOH/g. AISI 316 steel surfaces immersed in oils were measured by Raman spectroscopy, energydispersive spectrum and scanning electron microscopy after 24, 48, 72 h to evaluate their corrosion. From the Raman images, the corrosion products were confirmed. Besides goethite (α-Fe(OOH)) in corrosion product E at 48 hours; magnetite (Fe₃O₄) in F at 24 hours; and hematite (α-Fe₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃) in G at 72hours, there were disordered carbons on steel E and ferric benzoate film on steel G. The contents of elements from EDS have markedly different characteristics, indicating that dominant corrosion products on steel samples resulted from three acidic species are different. The morphology in SEM also corroborated above data that corrosion products have difference. Combining the data of three measurements, the rank of corrosion power based on the formations of ferric oxides was determined: fatty acid > naphthenic acid > aromatic acid.     

Prevention of Spontaneous Combustion of Sulfur-Containing Oil Tanks

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide in oil tanks can react with the corrosion products from inner walls (Fe₂ O₃, Fe₃ O₄, and Fe(OH)₃) to form ferrous sulfide. When the reaction is exothermic, it results in spontaneous combustion of ferrous sulfide and fires in oil tanks. In this paper, the effects of air flow rate; existence of water, oil, and monocrystal sulfur; and particle sizes of ferrous sulfide on the spontaneous combustion of ferrous sulfide are discussed and the measures to prevent the spontaneous combustion of ferrous sulfide are brought forward.     

The Prediction of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate Scale Formation in Iranian Oilfields at Different Mixing Ratios of Injection Water with Formation Water

Abstract

This article presents the prediction of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scale formation by water injection in oilfields at different mixing injection water-to-formation water ratios. The experimentally measured chemical analyses of formation water and injection water were input to the OLI ScaleChem model to determine the tendency of scale formation. The scaling tendency of CaCO₃ and CaSO₄ at reservoir temperatures and pressures is presented. This model has been applied to investigate the potential of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scale precipitation in Iranian oilfields in onshore and offshore fields as a method of secondary recovery or reservoir pressure maintenance.     

中原油田采油污水缓蚀阻垢技术研究

中原油田胡二污水站采油污水pH值较低、矿化度高、细菌含量高、腐蚀结垢性强,由于污水腐蚀结垢的产生,严重影响油田注水生产正常运转。研究结果表明,PAC与PAM的加量分别为40～50mg/L和1.0mg/L时,可以明显去除污水中的油及固体悬浮物;WT-809杀菌剂杀菌效果好,满足采油污水杀菌处理要求;WT-02缓蚀阻垢剂加量为50mg/L、90℃时仍具有很好的缓蚀阻垢性能,使污水腐蚀速率小于0.076mm/a,结垢量小于10mg/L,满足污水缓蚀阻垢处理要求。