仿鲹科机器鱼的倒退游动控制

给出了一种新型的仿鲹科机器鱼倒退游动控制方法. 在已有多关节仿鲹科机器鱼的基础上, 仿照欧洲鳗鱼的倒退运动机理, 修正机器鱼尾部关节的摆动规律, 进而实现倒游运动. 给出鲹科机器鱼游动的定性分析, 用于分析仿鲹科机器鱼推进机理和倒退游动的方法. 组合其他运动, 实现倒退游动、倒游中转弯等运动. 通过实验, 给出了机器鱼摆动频率和倒退运动速度之间的关系, 验证了本文所提方法的有效性.     

两类仿鲹科机器鱼倒游运动控制方法的对比研究

给出并比较了两类分别采用鱼体波动方程和中枢模式发生器（Central pattern generator,CPG）控制仿鲹科机器鱼倒游运动的方法.前者主要通过修改鱼体波动方程、颠倒机器鱼各个关节的控制规律来实现 鱼体倒游;后者则基于CPG模型,产生各个关节的节律控制信号.基于CPG的倒游方法可进一步细分为两种:1） 相位颠倒的CPG控制方法,即通过逆转CPG控制机器鱼直游的相位关系;2） 相位-幅值颠倒的CPG控制方法,即通过逆转鱼体波的传播方向和摆动幅值来实现机器鱼倒游.文中针对这两大类、三种机器鱼倒游运动控制方法 进行了分析、仿真和实验.实验结果表明:在相同参数配置下,采用相位颠倒的CPG控制方法产生的倒游速度最大,但游动对水的扰动也最大;而采用鱼体波倒游和相位-幅值颠倒的CPG控制方法时,两者产生的最大倒游速度相差不大,扰动较小.此外,采用鱼体波倒游方法在频率切换时会有抖动现象,需要设计专门的过渡函数来消除;而采用CPG模型的方法 则可以实现平滑过渡.上述结果对提高水下游动机器人的机动性能具有重要的指导意义.     

微小型仿生机器鱼设计与实时路径规划

提出一种结构紧凑, 运动灵活, 装配多传感器, 可自主游动的微小型仿生机器鱼系统设计方案. 在仿鲹科加月牙尾模式鱼类运动研究的基础上, 给出了微小型机器鱼推进、转弯等运动的控制方法. 结合运动控制和传感器信息处理, 给出了基于红外传感器的自主避障算法和基于光敏传感器的主动趋光算法, 进而提出了基于这两种传感器信息感知的动态光源跟踪方法. 通过实验, 给出了机器鱼尾部摆动频率、幅度和运动速度之间的关系, 验证了机器鱼追踪动态光源算法, 表明了本文所提系统设计方案和算法的有效性.     

具有嵌入式视觉的仿生机器鱼头部的平稳性控制

具有嵌入式视觉的仿生机器鱼的摄像头往往安装在头部,为了获取稳定的图像数据,研究了游动过程中头部的平稳性控制问题.首先,基于牛顿-欧拉方法对仿生机器鱼的水动力学进行建模.然后,基于动力学模型,比较了两种鱼体波模型下的机器鱼头部摆动情况.进一步地采用遗传算法对输入到运动关节的参数进行优化,实现机器鱼头部的最小摆动.最后,在自主设计的具有嵌入式视觉的仿生机器鱼上进行了实验.结果表明,在平稳性控制后,头部的摆动幅度明显减小,采集到的图像的稳定性与连续性有较大改进,但游动速度有所降低.该方法为基于嵌入式视觉的运动控制与任务执行提供了有效保障.     

单驱动仿生机器鱼加速-滑行动态特性的数值研究

通过变截面悬臂梁受迫振动响应模拟鱼体变形,设计了单驱动仿生机器鱼.建立了机器鱼自主游动中变形体耦合动力学方程,运用数值仿真研究的方法探讨了其"加速-滑行"游动模式的动力特性.发现可以通过加速时间和滑行时间的组合得到更高的游动效率,拓展了机器鱼的高效运动控制模式.     

仿生机器鱼运动控制方法综述

运动控制是仿生机器鱼研究的核心问题,为此,依据解决运动控制问题的不同思路,总结了仿生机器鱼运动控制常见的几种研究方法:基于杆系结构的鱼体波曲线拟合法、正弦控制器方法和基于中枢模式发生器模型的方法,分别对3种运动控制方法的基本原理和特点进行了总结和归纳,分析了3种方法在可靠性、稳定性和实时性等方面的优缺点,最后指出了仿生机器鱼运动控制方法的发展趋势。     

基于柔性鳍单元的尾鳍推进微型机器鱼设计研究

论述了一种微型机器鱼.首先对亚鲹科、鲹科和鳐科模式游动动作进行了简化和抽象,确定柔性弯曲是这三种模式的一种简化的游动动作.然后从乌贼鳍的肌肉性静水骨骼鳍的结构得出灵感,提出并研制了能够实现柔性弯曲的柔性鳍单元;它应用动物弹性机制,由形状记忆合金（shape memory alloy,简称SMA）丝驱动.再对SMA丝进行了热力学分析,从而优化其驱动.最后,基于柔性鳍单元,设计了无线遥控的尾鳍推进微型机器鱼,并进行了游动试验;实现了亚鲹科和鲹科模式游动动作.该机器鱼无任何转动、滑动部件,能够实现快速、安静的隐蔽性游动.     

基于仿生学和北斗技术的水质检测机器鱼研究与设计

针对常规水质检测方法,存在检测效率低、范围小的问题,提出以研制仿生机器鱼为平台的低成本水质检测方案。以鱼体结合尾鳍的BCF推进模式作为研究对象,分析鱼体波包络曲线的游动机理。运动学参数化计算研究BCF鱼体推进运动姿态,结合CFD流体分析优化机器鱼系统,搭建基于北斗系统BDS的导航定位和水质样本采集系统,并通过实验样机验证了机器鱼检测水质的可行性。     

水下网箱破损检测用仿生机器鱼系统设计与研究

针对当前水下网箱破损检测机器人的水体扰动大、推进效率低问题,研制了一种仿生机器鱼系统,实现了低扰动、高效率的水下检测。首先,机器鱼采用身体/尾鳍式推进机理,建立多关节鱼体动力学和运动学模型。其次,设计开发了S形起动与游动策略、三层次螺旋层进式网箱破损检测策略。最后,对仿生机器鱼进行起动游动实验和避障实验。结果表明:该系统设计合理;机器鱼结构可靠、性能良好,最大游速为0.6 m/s,续航时间为3～4 h,成功应用于水下网箱破损检测和精准定位。     

仿生机器鱼的设计及其运动控制研究

本文基于简化的鲹科鱼类的运动学模型,采用多关节的驱动方式和一种多电机的角度控制算法对机器鱼进行运动控制,并通过实验得到了验证,同时,为机器鱼设计了传感器网络,并运用智能避障的方法,使机器鱼具备一定的自主能力。     

Backward swimming gaits for a carangiform robotic fish

This paper focuses on the gaits planning method of the backward swimming for unsymmetrical structure bio-inspired robotic fish. Based on the differences between the anguilliform mode and carangiform mode swimming, a method for searching gaits of backward swimming was proposed to plan the motion of the developed carangiform robotic fish. The body envelope of European eel’s backward swimming was mimicked according to the freely swimming model, which was proposed to analyze the propulsion produced by the undulation of the multi-link tail. Finally, simulations and experiments were conducted to demonstrate the gaits searching method for the bio-inspired carangiform robotic fish.     

Optimal design and motion control of biomimetic robotic fish

This paper is concerned with the design, optimization, and motion control of a radiocontrolled, multi-link, free-swimming biomimetic robotic fish based on an optimized kinematic and dynamic model of fish swimming. The performance of the robotic fish is determined by both the fish＇s morphological characteristics and kinematic parameters. By applying ichthyologic theories of propulsion, a design framework that takes into consideration both mechatronic constraints in physical realization and feasibility of control methods is presented, under which a multiple linked robotic fish that integrates both the carangiform and anguilliform swimming modes can be easily developed. Taking account of both theoretic hydrodynamic issues and practical problems in engineering realization, the optimal link-lengthratios are numerically calculated by an improved constrained cyclic variable method, which are successfully applied to a series of real robotic fishes. The rhythmic movements of swimming are driven by a central pattern generator （CPG） based on nonlinear oscillations, and up-and-down motion by regulating the rotating angle of pectoral fins. The experimental results verify that the presented scheme and method are effective in design and implementation.     

Bio-harmonized control experiments of a carangiform robotic fish underwater vehicle

This paper presents experimental implementation and comparison of three different control schemes of a bio-inspired robotic fish underwater vehicle. The dynamics model is obtained by unifying conventional rigid body dynamics and bio-fluid dynamics of a carangiform fish swimming given by Lighthill’s(LH) slender body theory. It proposes an inclusive mathematical design for better control and energy efficient path travel for the robotic fish. The system is modeled as an two-link robot manipulator (caudal tail) with a mobile base (head). This forward thrust drives the robotic fish head represented by a combined non-linear equation of motion in earth fixed frame. We develop and compare the dynamic motion closed loop control strategy of the bio-harmonized robotic fish based on three different non-linear control schemes using CTM (Computed Torque Method), FF (Feed-Forward) controllers both with dynamic PD compensation and finally a proposed combination of CTM with FF. An inverse dynamic control method based on non-linear state function model including hydrodynamics is proposed to improve tracking performance. CTM control generates a feedback loop for linearization and decoupling robot dynamic model with a shorter response time, while a dynamic PD compensation in the FF path is employed by FF scheme through the desired trajectories. FF model-based strategy results in an improved tracking and shorter route to travel between two points. Overall results indicate that performances of the proposed control schemes based on the inverse dynamic model are comparable and useful for robotic fish motion tracking in fluid environment.     

基于波速驱动的机器海豚平均推进速度控制方法

通过分析海豚豚体波推进特点,提出了波速与平均推进速度的匹配方法和工程化的速度匹配方程(Speed-velocity matching equation, SVME), 并进一步设计了基于速度匹配方程的机器海豚平均速度控制实现方法.首先,分析了海豚尾部摆动时呈现的正弦豚体波特征, 指出某一豚体波波速与相应海豚推进平均速度存在严格对应关系,据此给出了速度匹配系数(Speed-velocity matching coefficient, SVMC)定义及速度匹配方程. 然后,以三关节尾部机器海豚为例,根据速度匹配关系特征,建立了三关节尾部摆动豚体波波速与推进平均速度的数学关系. 最后,基于已知的速度匹配系数分布状况,采用分区线性化处理策略分别设计了开环控制方法和自校正控制实现方法. 通过速度匹配系数的取值对机器海豚进行驱动与控制,机器海豚可到达目标平均速度. 实验结果表明,豚体波波速与海豚平均速度存在严格对应关系, 基于速度匹配系数这一数据驱动的机器海豚速度控制方法是可行的.     

Amphibious Pattern Design of a Robotic Fish with Wheel‐propeller‐fin Mechanisms

This paper is devoted to the underwater and terrestrial locomotion aspects of an amphibious robotic fish propelled by modular fish‐like propelling units and a pair of hybrid wheel‐propeller‐fin mechanisms. According to the mechanical structure and locomotion characteristics of the robot, a central pattern generator (CPG) network comprising coupled oscillators is employed to produce signals for swimming, crawling, as well as transitions between them. Specifically, a set of four key parameters including a tonic input drive, a direction factor, and two pitch factors is introduced to serve as input to the CPG network. Meanwhile, a finite state machine is built to trigger locomotor pattern transitions. Field tests on the amphibious patterns and autonomous water‐land transition demonstrate the effectiveness of the adopted CPG‐based control architecture. The latest results show that the robot attained a maximum advancing speed of 1.16 m/s (corresponding to 1.66 body lengths per second), a minimal turning radius of approximately 0.55 m (corresponding to 0.79 body lengths) on land, as well as an average rolling speed of 204 degrees per second in an alligator‐like roll maneuver. It is also found that the dolphin‐like dorsoventral swimming could provide an increase of 10.3% in speed compared to the fish‐like carangiform swimming on the same propulsion platform.     

Simulation of fish swimming and manoeuvring by an SVD-GFD method on a hybrid meshfree-Cartesian grid

In this paper we present the development of the Singular-Value Decomposition (SVD) based Generalized Finite Difference (GFD) method for the simulation of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems in a viscous fluid. The class of FSI problems is exemplified by the self-propulsion (swimming) and dynamic manoeuvring of deforming (undulating and flexing) bodies in a fluid medium. Computation is carried out on a hybrid grid comprising meshfree nodes around the undulating swimming body and Cartesian nodes in the background. The meshfree nodes are convected in tandem with the changing shape and motion of the swimming body. The resultant locomotion of the swimmer is governed by fully-coupled dynamic interaction between the deforming body and the fluid in accordance with Newton’s laws. Time integration of motion is carried out by a Crank-Nicolson based implicit iterative algorithm, which fully couples the changing position of the swimming body with the evolving flow field, for numerical stability. The numerical scheme is applied to the steady swimming/cruising and sharp turning manoeuvres of a two-dimensional carangiform fish. The Strouhal number approaches values for efficient steady swimming reported in Fish and Lauder (2006) and Triantafyllou and Triantafyllou (1993) [3] and [6] at high Reynolds number. An illustrative example shows the numerical carangiform swimmer executing a sharp turn through an angle of 70° from straight coasting within a space of about one body length. The results obtained are consistent with available literature. In steady swimming, the momentumless wake theoretically anticipated by Wu (2001) [57] is successfully reproduced here, as opposed to the inverse von Karman vortex street generally predicted by inviscid flow models. The momentumless wake, characterized by an aligned series of alternately-signed shed vortices, is symptomatic of a state of average equilibrium between drag acting on the body of the fish and thrust produced by its undulating tail fin. Guided swimming towards targets based on a simple feedback control scheme is also demonstrated.     

Development of a biomimetic robotic fish and its control algorithm

This paper is concerned with the design of a robotic fish and its motion control algorithms. A radio-controlled, four-link biomimetic robotic fish is developed using a flexible posterior body and an oscillating foil as a propeller. The swimming speed of the robotic fish is adjusted by modulating joint's oscillating frequency, and its orientation is tuned by different joint's deflections. Since the motion control of a robotic fish involves both hydrodynamics of the fluid environment and dynamics of the robot, it is very difficult to establish a precise mathematical model employing purely analytical methods. Therefore, the fish's motion control task is decomposed into two control systems. The online speed control implements a hybrid control strategy and a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm. The orientation control system is based on a fuzzy logic controller. In our experiments, a point-to-point (PTP) control algorithm is implemented and an overhead vision system is adopted to provide real-time visual feedback. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

NiTi形状记忆合金驱动的仿生鱼鳍的研究

为了提高仿鱼型推进器在水中运动的灵活性,选择了典型的依靠腹部绸带状鱼鳍波动运动产生推进力的黑色魔鬼刀鱼进行研究,对此绸带状鱼鳍的形态和运动机理进行了分析,同时对鱼鳍的结构进行简化．基于绸带状鱼鳍的这种简化模型设计了形状记忆合金驱动的仿生鱼鳍．介绍了鱼鳍的机械结构和相应的控制电路．重点推导了仿生鱼鳍波状运动时理论上能到达的推进速度和产生的推进力;并采用数值仿真给出了波动推进时仿生鱼鳍表面的压力分布以及推进力随时间的周期变化规律．将数值仿真结论和先前的实验结果进行了比较,验证了数值仿真的合理性和正确性．通过上述分析,说明基于形状记忆合金驱动的仿生鱼鳍的研究是很有意义而且可行的．