Microbend-induced mode coupling in a graded-index multimode fiber

We present a theoretical analysis of the mode coupling effects at a microbend along a graded-index (GI) multimode fiber (MMF). By matching the incident and excited mode fields at the microbend, we obtain the coupling coefficients among the guided modes at different microbending conditions. The theoretical results compare well with the experimental results from near-field measurements on a GI MMF subject to microbending. The usefulness of our theory is demonstrated with two applications: (i) an explanation of the operation principle of a wavelength-switchable fiber laser that contains a fiber Bragg grating in a GI MMF and (ii) quantification of the function of a microbend-based mode scrambler.     

Direct image transmission through a multimode optical fiber

One-way transmission of a multipixel image through the multimode optical fiber based on the phase-conjugation principle is realized. Adistortion-compensating hologram for each pixel of an image to be transmitted is superposed on a photoplate. Each hologram is recorded with a reference beam of different beam incidence angle to provide proper wave-front correction for each pixel without any interference from other pixels. The reference beams are holographically generated from a photoplate in which small holographic lenslets are aligned in a matrix pattern. Images of up to 25 pixels are transmitted through the fiber experimentally.     

Impulse dispersion in a multimode optical fiber from its far-field radiation pattern

A simple geometric-optical theory predicts impulse broadening in multimode fibers using the far-field power distribution of an incoherently excited waveguide with arbitrary refractive-index profile. The accuracy is comparable with that of scalar optical methods if they do not incorporate mode coupling and a differential mode attenuation model.     

Analysis of a low-finesse Fabry-Perot sensing interferometer illuminated by a multimode optical fiber

A model of the reflected fringe system for an ideal plane-parallel, low-finesse Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity illuminated by a multimode optical fiber has been developed and experimentally validated. This showed that the phase dispersion within the cavity arising from the divergent nature of the incident illumination significantly degrades the visibility of the reflected fringes. Departures from the ideal FP cavity are also examined. The effect on fringe visibility when the plane of the FP cavity is tilted with respect to the fiber axis and when the cavity surfaces are no longer perfectly parallel to each other has been explored. The analysis described is relevant to the design and the optimization of multimode optical-fiber sensors that use FP sensing cavities.     

Thermal characteristics of optical pulse transit time delay and fiber strain in a single-mode optical fiber cable

Thermal characteristics of optical pulse transit time delay and fiber strain in a single-mode optical fiber cable are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Measurements of the transit time delay shift are made by a spatial interference technique using a 1.5-in long fiber, six-fiber unit, and cable. Experimental results for a jacketed fiber whose fiber axis is well centered in nylon coating are in good agreement with those predicted from the theory. A jacketed fiber whose fiber axis is positioned eccentrically from the jacket center exhibits a small change in fiber strain at low temperature due to fiber buckling compared with that for the well-centered jacketed fiber. The loss increase for the off-centered jacketed fiber is explained by the buckling model. Furthermore, thermal characteristics of the unit-type cable examined here are found to coincide with those for the constituent six-fiber unit.     

Selective excitation of LP01 mode in multimode fiber using solid-core photonic crystal fiber

To address the overwhelming bandwidth increase in premise backbones, an attractive alternative for selective mode excitation in multimode fiber (MMF) using solid-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is presented. The power coupling efficiency, differential mode delay, and bit-error rate performance of several structural designs of solid-core PCF waveguides are investigated for the selective excitation of mode LP01 in a MMF. The achieved coupling efficiency into mode LP01 is above 90% for PCF profiles with seven rings.     

Differential group delay prediction in optical fiber links

We simulate the time evolution of differential group delay (DGD) in a fiber link in the hinge model with time series forecasting procedures, in particular, autoregressive (AR) models with Kalman filter, pattern imitation, and a Taylor expansion. In these studies, the furthest prediction horizon was attained with the AR accompanied by the Kalman filter procedure. We further discuss the influence of measurement noise on the prediction horizon. We also apply these methods to the measured DGD on 40 Gb/s fiber links and discuss the results.     

Shaping of the end of a multimode optical fiber for efficient coupling light from a laser diode

An entrance surface of a multimode optical fiber with the highest efficiency of coupling radiation from a laser diode is considered. The geometry of the surface is designed with the purpose of keeping a refracted ray inside the fiber with simultaneous minimization of the reflection coefficient in each point of the surface. As a good approximation to the ideal surface, the composite entrance surface of a cylinder-wedge shape is proposed. It has clearly improved the coupling efficiency as compared with that of the purely cylindrical surface. Analysis of the entrance surfaces is based on their transmission coefficients, depending on the incident ray direction.     

An optical channel modeling of a single mode fiber

The evaluation of the optical channel model that accurately describes the single mode fibre as a coherent transmission medium is reviewed through analytical, numerical and experimental analysis. We used the numerical modelling of the optical transmission medium and experimental measurements to determine the polarization drift as a function of time for a fixed length of fibre. The probability distribution of the birefringence vector was derived, which is associated to the ‘Poole’ equation. The theory and experimental evidence that has been disclosed in the literature in the context of polarization mode dispersion – Stokes & Jones formulations and solutions for key statistics by integration of stochastic differential equations has been investigated. Besides in-depth definition of the single-mode fibre-optic channel, the modelling which concerns an ensemble of fibres each with a different instance of environmental perturbation has been analysed.     

Optimum optical local-oscillator power levels for coherent detection with photodiodes

The use of an optical local oscillator for coherent detection with a photodiode can significantly reduce the responsivity of the detector because of saturation effects. Consequently, local-oscillator shot-noise-limited operation of the detector may not be possible. This effect is analyzed and formulations are developed for the optimum optical local-oscillator power level and the resultant maximum possible signal-to-noise ratio in terms of parameters derived from the photodiode current versus the optical power response curve. An effective heterodyne responsivity that can be used as a part of the specifications when one is procuring photodiodes for use in coherent detection systems is defined.     

Multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic imaging with a fiber optical parametric oscillator

We report on multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging with a source composed of a femtosecond fiber laser and a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based optical parametric oscillator (FOPO). By switching between two PCFs with different zero dispersion wavelengths, a tunable signal beam from the FOPO covering the range from 840 to 930 nm was produced. By combining the femtosecond fiber laser and the FOPO output, simultaneous CARS imaging of a myelin sheath and two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging of a labeled axons in rat spinal cord have been demonstrated at the speed of 20 μs per pixel.     

光纤密封转接的氦质谱检漏技术研究

为解决光纤进入钢制容器时造成的泄漏问题,密封转接是一种有效方法.分析了光纤转接器灌胶密封结构及其缺陷,证实了转接器内部存在某些特殊的漏孔.研究了光纤密封转接的高灵敏度氦质谱检漏工艺技术,利用光纤多层保护结构形成集气空间,实现了光纤转接器内部漏率的定量检测,系统检测灵敏度高达1.0×10-11Pa·m3/s.     

Synchronous phase detection for optical fiber interferometric sensors

A system has been developed to accurately detect phase signals produced in optical interferometric sensors. The system employs optical heterodyning and synchronously detects optical phase by feeding back an error signal to a phase modulator in the reference leg of the interferometer. This system is seen to have properties similar to a phase-locked loop. The system is mathematically analyzed and a simple second-order model developed which accurately predicts the system response.     

一种基于相干光时域反射的分布式光纤振动传感系统研制

针对基于相干光时域反射的分布式光纤振动传感系统中数据量庞大,且需要信号发生器外部驱动,集成度低的缺点,利用现场可编程逻辑门阵列实现传感数据的高速采集与声光调制器的同步驱动,采用USB 3.0实现采集模块与上位机的实时数据传输。搭建一种基于相干光时域反射的分布式光纤振动传感系统,利用本地光与后向瑞利散射光的拍频效应,实现对微弱后向瑞利散射光信号的探测,并提高系统的传感距离。采用正交相位解调方法获取振动信号的位置信息。实验结果表明:该系统可在22 km传感光纤上对振动信号进行有效定位,定位误差在20 m以内,且系统对正弦波和方波等不同形态的振动信号定位效果一致。