番茄酱替代低温乳化肠中亚硝酸盐的研究

研究了不同添加量的亚硝酸盐(150,100,50mg/kg)以及番茄酱(0,4%和8%)对低温乳化肠红度值及感官品质特性的影响,确定出最佳的添加量为150mg/kg亚硝酸盐和4%番茄酱。与只添加150mg/kg亚硝酸盐的乳化肠相比,用该配方生产的低硝乳化肠在冷藏45天中肠体色泽稳定,氧化程度、挥发性盐基氮及微生物指标都较低。因此,番茄酱替代低温乳化肠中亚硝酸盐是可行的。     

亚硝基血红蛋白和红曲红联合使用对红肠颜色和品质的影响

研究了亚硝基血红蛋白和红曲红联合使用对红肠品质特性的影响。实验共分为4组,分别为对照组(添加120mg/kg亚硝酸钠),添加1g/kg的亚硝基血红蛋白和100mg/kg的红曲红复配组、添加2g/kg的亚硝基血红蛋白组、添加1g/kg亚硝基血红蛋白和60mg/kg的亚硝酸钠组。测定红肠在0、3、7、10、15d的色差、亚硝酸盐残余量、pH、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值(TBARS)、菌落总数和感官评价。结果显示,亚硝基血红蛋白和红曲红联合使用,可以显著增加红肠红度值,降低红肠的菌落总数以及亚硝酸含量。这表明两者联合使用可以改善红肠的颜色和品质。     

亚硝基血红蛋白与防腐剂复合使用对红肠品质的影响

将猪血制备的亚硝基血红蛋白与防腐剂进行一定的复合并添加于哈尔滨红肠中,与添加100 mg/kg亚硝酸钠、0.15%亚硝基血红蛋白以及单独添加防腐剂的红肠为对比,研究不同添加物对产品颜色、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值(TBARS)、菌落总数、亚硝酸钠残留量以及感官质量的影响。结果表明,复合物具有增加红肠制品红度值a*的作用,可以明显降低肉制品的TBARS值,表明复合物具有抗氧化作用;同时,亚硝基血红蛋白也可以降低肉制品菌落总数以及亚硝酸钠残留量;对红肠进行感官评定表明,添加复合物的红肠具有最好的感官可接受度。结果表明由猪血制备的亚硝基血红蛋白与防腐剂复合可以替代亚硝酸盐应用于红肠制品,起到发色、抑菌和抗氧化的作用,而且可以提高产品的感官质量。     

微生物亚硝化抑制剂对红肠品质的影响

经前期探索筛选得到PRO-MIX5(木糖葡萄球菌+清酒乳杆菌+类植物乳杆菌)菌体碎片(称为微生物亚硝化抑制剂(microbial nitrification inhibitor,MNI)),MNI在体外模拟体系中能够抑制N-二甲基亚硝胺(N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA)形成。为验证MNI对红肠中N-亚硝胺形成的阻断效果及其相关品质的影响,将MNI按肉质量0.05%、0.25%和0.50%的比例添加在腌制后的馅料中,同时设置空白对照(control check,CK)组,经过拌馅、灌肠、干燥、蒸煮、烟熏及烘烤工序制得红肠。通过测定红肠的感官、pH值、红度值、弹性、亚硝酸盐含量、生物胺含量及N-亚硝胺含量等指标,探究MNI对红肠产品的感官及安全品质的影响。结果表明:与CK组相比,添加0.05%MNI的红肠中亚硝酸盐残留量为21.44 mg/kg,对亚硝酸盐降解率达18.92%,对9种N-亚硝胺总量的抑制率达41.04%,其中对NDMA的抑制率高达52.87%,此时红肠的感官评价分值最高(26分),红肠的pH值、红度值、弹性与CK组无显著差异,但8种生物胺总含量比CK组高19.64%,但没有超过相关规定的限量范围。     

发酵乳杆菌适度发酵替代红肠生产中亚硝酸盐发色效果的研究

将发酵乳杆菌JCM1173适度发酵,在红肠生产中替代亚硝酸盐,以形成红肠的特征性腌肉红色,并和常规的生产作对照。通过紫外/可见光谱扫描发现,发酵乳杆菌JCM1173在发酵肉的过程中形成NO-Mb,而且在试验范围内,添加量越高,形成的NO-Mb浓度越大,当添加量为108个/g(肉)时,其NO-Mb含量接近60mg/kg亚硝酸盐腌制的肉。成品红肠的a值和感官评定也表现出相似的规律。这说明发酵乳杆菌JCM1173可以用于红肠生产中,代替亚硝酸盐发色。     

白萝卜粉作为亚硝酸盐来源制备猪肉发酵干香肠

评价用白萝卜粉代替亚硝酸盐制备猪肉发酵干香肠的可行性。采用萨科VBM-60复合菌株作发酵剂，制备4组香肠：NC组（不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的阴性对照组）、PC组（添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸钠的阳性对照组）、R0.5组（添加0.5%白萝卜粉组）、R1组（添加1%白萝卜粉组）。研究加工和贮藏过程中白萝卜粉代替亚硝酸盐对猪肉发酵干香肠理化性质、微生物性质及感官性质的影响。结果表明：与添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸钠的对照组相比，添加0.5%白萝卜粉的香肠具有较高硫代巴比妥酸反应物值和较好外观，以及较低的pH值、红度值、硬度和咀嚼性，而水分含量、挥发性盐基氮值、亮度值、弹性、内聚性、菌落总数、组织状态、色泽和风味总体上差异不显著。在贮藏过程中，R0.5组香肠具有较高的亚硝酸盐含量和较低的乳酸菌数。R0.5组香肠在加工和贮藏结束时的亚硝酸盐含量分别为13.03 mg/kg和16.48 mg/kg，均符合国家规定的限定标准。结果表明，添加0.5%的白萝卜粉可在一定程度上作为天然亚硝酸盐来源，用于生产猪肉发酵干香肠。     

发酵牛肉调味基料替代亚硝酸盐在红肠中的应用

在传统调味基料制备工艺基础上,增加微生物发酵环节制成发酵牛肉调味基料(Fermented beef flavor,FBF),将其按照不同添加比例应用于红肠的加工中,设计5组试验:阴性对照NC组(不添加亚硝酸盐)、阳性对照PC组(添加亚硝酸盐),分别添加2%、6%和10%发酵牛肉调味基料的样品组制成红肠,真空包装后,20 ℃条件下贮藏,在贮藏过程中对其进行品质评价。结果表明:发酵牛肉调味基料对红肠除具有明显提高风味作用(气味和滋味得分均不低于NC组)外,还起到良好的发色和抗氧化作用,添加发酵牛肉调味基料的试验组红肠的红度值与PC组无显著差异,当其添加量为2%时,红肠在贮藏过程中的TBARs值始终低于1.0 mg/kg,具有较强的抗氧化性。微生物多样性分析结果发现,发酵牛肉调味基料的添加对红肠中的优势腐败菌属(葡萄球菌属)具有明显抑制作用,其货架期比NC组明显延长,与PC组的保质期相当。可见,FBF具有应用于红肠中替代亚硝酸盐的潜力。     

甘蓝泡菜制作工艺与营养成分变化研究

以甘蓝为原料,通过感官评定及亚硝酸盐含量,考查发酵温度、时间,精盐和蔗糖添加量对甘蓝泡菜品质的影响;通过四因素三水平L9(34)正交试验建立甘蓝泡菜最优发酵工艺;同时测定发酵过程中各营养成分动态变化规律。结果显示甘蓝泡菜发酵最佳工艺条件:精盐添加量3%,蔗糖添加量2%,20℃发酵6天。在发酵过程中,有机酸含量从0.35g/kg增加到0.51g/kg,维生素C含量从12.1mg/100g逐步降低到8.9mg/100g,亚硝酸盐含量随发酵先增加到0.25mg/kg(发酵4天)后迅速降低至0.15mg/kg(发酵6天)。     

烤翅加工过程中亚硝酸盐对其品质的影响

研究了不同亚硝酸盐添加量(0、50、100和150 mg/kg)对肉鸡翅根腌制和烘烤过程中及杀菌后成品色泽、TBA值、菌落总数及感官特性的影响。烤翅加工过程中鸡翅根内外表面色泽变化,亚硝酸盐添加量越大,鸡翅根内外表面的L*值和a*值越大,但添加量对b*值影响不显著(p0.05);亚硝酸盐能够抑制烤翅加工过程中的脂肪氧化,在腌制和烘烤过程中随着亚硝酸盐添加量增大,样品TBA值逐渐减小(p0.05),杀菌后添加亚硝酸盐的样品TBA值(0.961~0.990 mg/kg)显著(p0.05)低于对照样(1.223mg/kg),但不同添加量之间差异不显著(p0.05);不添加亚硝酸盐的烤翅色泽黯淡、表面发黄,感官色泽评分和总体可接受度低(p0.05);添加亚硝酸盐的样品具有更加明亮的红色,但不同添加量之间的辨识度较低,在口感、滋味和风味方面的感官评分差异不显著;亚硝酸盐对烤翅加工过程中菌落总数无影响。     

红曲霉和乳酸菌发酵低温猪肉火腿肠工艺优化及品质分析

为探究红曲霉和乳酸菌发酵工艺对低温猪肉火腿肠品质的影响,通过单因素研究红曲霉添加量、乳酸菌添加量、发酵温度对低温猪肉火腿肠理化指标、感官品质和质构的影响,以感官评分为响应值,通过Box-Behnken响应面设计优化发酵工艺。结果表明,低温猪肉火腿肠最佳发酵工艺为红曲霉添加量4.0%,乳酸菌添加量5.0%,发酵时间44 h。在此最佳发酵工艺条件下,低温猪肉火腿肠呈浅红色,口感柔和,感官评分为82.5分,pH值6.24,亚硝酸盐含量为4.9 mg/kg,且4.0%红曲霉和5.0%乳酸菌可替代84.31%亚硝酸盐对低温猪肉火腿肠进行发色。     

Production of frankfurters with tomato powder as a natural additive

This study includes the investigation of chemical properties such as nitrosomyoglobin content, lycopene content, and the oxidation level, and the sensorial properties of frankfurters which have been produced by both reducing the nitrite level and adding tomato powder. All samples have been vacuum packed and stored at +4 °C for 60 days.The pH of the frankfurters produced with tomato powder was reduced, when compared to the samples which did not contain tomato powder. This effect was due to the acidic characteristics of tomato. As the level of nitrite was reduced, the oxidation level of the frankfurters was increased significantly. Addition of 2 g/100 g of tomato powder decreased the level of oxidation; however, 4 g/100 g of tomato powder caused a slight increase when compared to the samples which did not contain tomato powder. According to this result it can be stated that tomato powder retards the oxidation reaction. According to sensorial evaluations, tomato powder improved the consumer acceptability as well. Addition of tomato powder increased the internal and external colour scores, and frankfurters were found to be more acceptable by the panellists. Nitrosomyoglobin (NOMb) content of the samples was decreased along with the decreased level of nitrite, and this, in turn, contributed to the decreased level of redness (a*).     

Effect of tomato paste and nitrite level on processing and quality characteristics of frankfurters

Fourteen treatments of frankfurters (18% fat) were produced with two levels of sodium nitrite, 0 and 150mg/kg (0.015%), and seven levels (0%,2%,6%,8%,12% and 16%) of tomato paste with 12% soluble solids The higher the tomato paste level the higher the preference of consumers for frankfurters based on their colour. Frankfurters with 16% tomato paste had a sour taste while those with 12% tomato paste were the most acceptable. In a 2nd experiment three treatments of frankfurters (18% fat) were produced with 0, 50 and 100mg/kg of sodium nitrite and 12% tomato paste and a fourth (control) with only 150mg/kg sodium nitrite. Treatments with 12% tomato paste had lower (p<0.05) pH values and residual nitrite, and higher (p<0.05) thiobarbituric acid values, lightness and yellowness than control. Frankfurters with reduced levels of sodium nitrite (50 and 100mg/kg) and 12% tomato paste had the highest (p<0.05) redness. Storage time affected (p<0.05) all quality attributes. The nitrites added to frankfurters can be reduced from 150mg/kg to 100mg/kg in combination with 12% tomato paste without any negative effect on the quality of the product.     

RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY STUDY ON THE POSSIBILITY OF NITRITE REDUCTION BY GLUCONO-δ-LACTONE AND ASCORBIC ACID IN TURKISH-TYPE FERMENTED SAUSAGE (SUCUK)

The primary goal of this study was to determine the residual nitrite-reducing effects of glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) and ascorbic acid (AA) in Turkish-type fermented sausage. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of processing variables, e.g., nitrite (0–200 mg/kg sausage), GDL (0–0.5% w/w) and AA (0–500 mg/kg sausage) on pH, moisture, residual nitrite, proteolysis, lipolysis, peroxide, yield and sensory score of the sausage. AA significantly ( P <  0.01) decreased the residual nitrite level; however, quadratic effect of AA showed an inverse effect. GDL did not produce the same effect on the residual nitrite level. The processing variables had no prominent effect on the proteolysis, lipolysis and peroxide. GDL and AA addition showed a negative effect on the yield and sensory scores of the sausages. The regression model predicted the optimum residual nitrite content to be 0.75 mg/kg. The critical values for nitrite, GDL and AA to obtain this optimum level were 147.56 mg/kg, 0.17% and 565 mg/kg, respectively.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Residual nitrite level is a major problem in the Turkish-type fermented sausage product with respect to some health concerns, residual nitrite causes a possible formation of the carcinogenic N -nitrosamines. The results of this study can be applied to reduce the residual nitrite level in sausage and to find the optimum levels of nitrite, glucono-δ-lactone and ascorbic acid levels to maintain the characteristic sausage quality properties. Based on the results, ascorbic acid can be used to reduce the residual nitrite levels in the sausage.     

添加亚麻籽粉和番茄粉对鸡肉香肠品质特性的影响

研究亚麻籽粉添加量（0%、3%、5%）、番茄粉添加量（0.0%、1.5%、3.0%）和贮藏时间（4 ℃贮藏1、14、21、28 d）对鸡肉香肠理化特性和感官特性的交互作用。结果表明：亚麻籽粉和番茄粉的添加显著降低了鸡肉香肠亮度值（L*）、pH值、亚硝酸盐残留量和水分含量（P＜0.05）,显著提高了黄度值（b*）、蛋白质、碳水化合物、灰分和总膳食纤维含量（P＜0.05）;亚硝酸盐残留量在贮藏期间下降;亚麻籽粉的加入使鸡肉香肠中亚麻酸含量增加;添加3%以上的亚麻籽粉对鸡肉香肠的感官评定参数具有负面作用;亚麻籽粉×番茄粉交互作用对鸡肉香肠的水分含量、灰分含量、L*、红度值（a*）、b*、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、亚硝酸盐残留量、pH值、脂肪酸组成及感官评分均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）,亚麻籽粉×番茄粉×贮藏时间交互作用对鸡肉香肠的L*、a*、b*、TBARs值、亚硝酸盐残留量和pH值均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）。     

不同亚硝酸盐添加量的低温蒸煮香肠的风味研究

应用顶空固相微萃取法(solid phase microextraction,SPME)对不同亚硝酸盐添加量(0、50、100和150mg/kg)的低温蒸煮香肠冷藏10d的挥发性物质进行了分离,并应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法(gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对挥发性物质进行了分析和鉴定。结果表明,共有52种风味物质被检出,其中醇类20种,醛类6种,酮类4种,酸类、酯类和烃类各1种,萜烯类3种,含氮化合物6种,含氧化合物2种,芳香族化合物8种。添加亚硝酸盐后蒸煮香肠新检出的风味物质是乙醇、1-丁醇、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、(E)-2-庚烯-1-醇、(E)-2-辛烯-1-醇、薄荷醇、3-甲基丁醛、己酸、松萜和4-硝基临苯二酰胺;添加亚硝酸盐后未检出的风味物质是罗勒烯、吡咯和四甲基吡嗪。添加亚硝酸盐后蒸煮香肠的腌肉风味(cured-meatflavor)得到了加强,150mg/kg亚硝酸钠添加组的多种风味物质相对含量明显增加。     

异Vc钠、红曲色素及Nisin替代部分亚硝酸钠对腊肠品质的影响

本文主要研究异Vc钠、红曲色素及Nisin代替部分亚硝酸钠在腊肠中的应用,以酸价、红度、挥发性盐基氮、亚硝酸盐残留量和感官评价作为评价指标,通过单因素试验及正交试验,确定了添加原料肉重的0.065%异Vc钠,0.15%红曲色素、0.06%Nisin及40 mg/kg亚硝酸钠制作的腊肠,与添加90 mg/kg亚硝酸钠制作的腊肠品质接近。     

磷酸化亚硝基猪血红蛋白代替亚硝酸盐部分作用及其对乳化肠品质的影响

为降低亚硝酸盐的添加对乳化肠安全品质的影响,研究磷酸化亚硝基血红蛋白(phosphorylated nitrosohemoglobin,P-NHb)替代亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)对乳化肠的色泽、抗氧化能力和感官品质等的影响.结果表明,随贮存时间的延长,P-NHb对乳化肠挥发性盐基氮的影响与NaNO2无显著差异(P＞0.05...     

BEHAVIOR OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN REFRIGERATED AND FROZEN GROUND BEEF AND IN TURKISH STYLE SAUSAGE AND BROTH WITH AND WITHOUT ADDITIVES

Staphylococcus aureus 42E was inoculated into raw ground beef which was stored at 4C and -27C. Turkish style sausage and Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHIB), with and without additives were also inoculated with S. aureus and held at 4C. Samples of ground beef and sausage were examined for S. aureus, aerobic plate count and pH values. The numbers of S. aureus cells were decreased by 1.64 and 2.02 log units in ground beef held at 4C after 7 days and -27C after 7 weeks, respectively. A decrease in the number of S. aureus cells was observed in sausage and BHIB with addition of 0.5% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 78 mg/kg sodium nitrate, 78 mg/kg sodium nitrate plus 156 mg/kg sodium nitrate and 78 mg/kg sodium nitrite plus 0.5% TSP. Overall, sodium nitrite either alone or in combination with sodium nitrate was more effective on S. aureus and aerobic bacteria than TSP either alone or in combination with sodium nitrite.