粉末活性炭处理反渗透浓水的吸附模型

粉末活性炭(PAC)可显著吸附去除反渗透(RO)浓水中的COD和UV254,使其能够达标排放或进一步资源化.首先通过正交实验选择主要吸附影响因素及其水平范围,再通过单因素实验确定COD和UV254的吸附等温线和吸附动力学方程,最后通过响应曲面法(RSM)实验建立了去除COD和UV254的吸附模型,模型中以PAC投量和吸...     

几种高程异常曲面拟合方法的应用比较

简单介绍了高程异常多项式曲面拟合方法的数学模型,以25 km2测区为实例,选取4种已知拟合点布点方案,分别采用四、五、六参数的曲面拟合法与移动曲面拟合法对高程异常进行拟合,并将拟合成果与四等水准测量成果进行比较、分析,得出一些具有实用意义的结论。     

粉末活性炭去除水中1,4-二氯苯和1,2,4-三氯苯应急处理方法的研究

针对本地水源研究了采用粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附去除水中1,4-二氯苯和1,2,4-三氯苯的可行性、吸附行为及应对能力。结果表明,PAC能有效去除水中1,4-二氯苯和1,2,4-三氯苯,吸附行为符合Frendlich方程。PAC投加量20mg/L,1,4-二氯苯和1,2,4-三氯苯浓度均为5倍标准限值时,PAC吸附60min和10min可分别将水源水1,4-二氯苯和1,2,4-三氯苯残余浓度控制在标准限值以下,去除率分别为84.6%和93.6%。当PAC最大投加量为80mg/L,吸附时间120min时,PAC能将水源水下浓度为5.26mg/L的1,4-二氯苯和2.73mg/L的1,2,4-三氯苯去除至标准限值以下,可应对浓度分别为标准限值的17.5倍和136.5倍。     

活性炭吸附去除重金属研究进展

介绍了国内外学者应用活性炭吸附去除包括:Cr(Ⅵ),Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 ,Pb2 ,Mn2 ,Hg2 以及混合重金属离子在内的各种废水的处理效果与影响因素,并对相应的吸附机理进行了讨论,以促进活性炭吸附去除重金属离子的进展。     

活性炭改性及其吸附甲苯和丁酮的初步研究

通过微波改性,电炉直接加热改性,氢氧化钠改性,硝酸改性等几种方法对活性炭进行改性,并对改性后活性炭的吸附能力进行研究,得出微波改性和电炉直接加热改性增强了活性炭吸附能力,氢氧化钠改性和硝酸改性则明显削弱其吸附能力。     

GPS曲面拟合高程与水准量高程应用的研究

在市政项目中,测量工作的精确性和高效性很大程度上决定了施工质量和施工进度.本文主要通过了解GPS曲面拟合高程和水准测量高程的工作原理,并结合在中建七局郑州南四环项目的现场实测结果,来探讨关于GPS曲面拟合高程与水准测量高程的适用条件,得出在一定的工程环境下,GPS曲面拟合高程完全可以替代水准测量高程.     

电场强化活性炭吸附邻苯二胺的研究

研究了电场对活性炭吸附邻苯二胺的影响以及pH、邻苯二胺浓度和离子强度对电场强化活性炭吸附的影响.结果表明,随外加电场的增大,活性炭的吸附量急剧增大,但当电场增大到一定程度时,吸附量的增加趋缓并趋近于平衡.随邻苯二胺浓度的增大,活性炭的吸附量也随之增加;当pH和离子强度增大时,邻苯二胺的溶解度下降,活性炭的吸附量增大.将电场强化活性炭吸附和电化学再生有机结合对处理废水有一定的实用价值.     

Single and competitive adsorption of Cd and Zn onto a granular activated carbon

Single and competitive adsorption of cadmium and zinc onto granular activated carbon DARCO 12–20 mesh has been investigated. This activated carbon has been shown as an effective adsorbent for both metals. Cadmium and zinc removals increased with pH and decreased with molar metal/carbon ratio. Surface precipitation phenomena have been detected for the higher pHs and molar ratios. The adsorption process has been modelled on the surface complexation Triple Layer Model (TLM). For this purpose, the amphoteric nature of the activated carbon has been studied. Single metal adsorption data have been used to calibrate TLM parameters. A dependence of the adsorption constants on pH and molar metal/carbon ratio has been observed, and a correlation for log K_ads has been determined. In the competitive system, the removal efficiency of the activated carbon decreased for both metals. The TLM model, using surface complexation constants determined from single adsorption experiments, successfully predicted cadmium and zinc removal from the two metal solutions.     

The relation between activated carbon adsorption and water quality indexes

In order to estimate the adsorbability by activated carbon of organic compounds dissolved in aqueous solutions, the contribution of individual atoms to the adsorption process is calculated. The contribution of carbon, bromine and chlorine atoms is positive, that of oxygen atoms is negative, that of hydrogen atoms is very small and that of nitrogen atoms is influenced by the kind of functional group in which they are contained. The dominant factors governing adsorption are the numbers of carbon and oxygen atoms in a molecule. The activated carbon's effectiveness for adsorption of organic compounds dissolved in solutions can be predicted from such water quality indexes as total organic carbon, total organic nitrogen, total organic halogen an total oxygen demand.     

活性炭纤维吸附饮用水中硼的试验研究

通过静态试验,对经过简单预处理的活性炭纤维的除硼效果以及吸附时间、pH、温度和搅拌机转速等因素对吸附效果的影响进行了考察.结果表明.该吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附等温线模式,以物理吸附为主;最佳吸附时间为1 h;pH和温度对吸附效果影响均较大,pH值最佳范围为5～6.5,温度为15℃;搅拌机高速转动更利于吸附进行;采用了不同再生剂对吸附饱和的活性炭纤维进行再生试验,3%NaOH溶液再生效果最好,再生后吸附效率可达90.1%.     

A method for determining specific surface area of activated sludge by dye adsorption

A new technique is discussed for measuring the surface area of activated sludge. The method is shown to be easy to perform and reproduceable. The results indicate that activated sludge is highly porous with a specific surface area of between 40–140 m² g⁻¹ dry solids.     

Experimental study on adsorption capacity of an activated carbon-based adsorption water chiller

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of a working pair for an adsorption water chiller. Activated carbon fibre–methanol, activated carbon fibre–ethanol and activated carbon pallet–ethanol were used as an adsorbent–adsorbate pair in this study. The experiment was conducted using a stainless steel adsorber, 110?mm diameter by 150?mm height, filled with adsorbent and transparent plastic evaporator, 100?ml capacity, filled with adsorbate. The experiment was performed by isobaric adsorption in the temperature range of 10–100°C at the evaporator temperature of 20°C (water chiller). An experimental investigation showed that the activated carbon fibre–methanol pair has the highest adsorption capacity (0.44?kg/kg) compared to the activated carbon fibre–ethanol and activated carbon pallet–ethanol pairs. The finding revealed that uniform structure and large surface area of adsorbent as well as low boiling point and large latent heat of adsorbate had highly significant effects on adsorption capacity. The effect of time and adsorber temperature on adsorption capacity is also discussed in this study.     

Application of a three-component competitive adsorption model to evaluate and optimize granular activated carbon systems

A recently developed kinetic model for granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers (COMPSORB-GAC) that quantitatively describes the adsorption of trace organic contaminant in the presence of competing natural organic matter (NOM) was applied to evaluate the performance of different GAC system configurations: conventional fixed-bed adsorbers, layered upflow carbon adsorbers (LUCA), and moving-bed adsorbers (with few or many bed sections). COMPSORB-GAC separately tracks the adsorption of three components: a trace compound, a strongly competing NOM fraction that reduces trace compound equilibrium capacity, and a pore-blocking NOM fraction that reduces kinetics. Performance was simulated for various design criteria and with model parameters derived for two natural waters with significantly different NOM concentrations. For the range of simulated conditions and with baseline performance defined by a fixed-bed adsorber, LUCA generally reduced carbon usage rates (CURs) by 15-35%. A 2-section and a 16-section moving-bed reactor reduced baseline CURs by 20-30% and 45-55%, respectively. Projected CURs for the water source with a relatively high NOM concentration were 2-3 times higher for all reactor configurations and indicated that NOM preloading would cause performance deterioration in deep GAC beds, which highlights the importance of source water quality. These results show how COMPSORB-GAC can be used in a comprehensive, site-specific optimization of GAC systems to ensure robust system performance and to balance capital and operating costs.     

Effect of natural organic matter on powdered activated carbon adsorption of trace contaminants: characteristics and mechanism of competitive adsorption

Batch adsorption experiments using powdered activated carbon (PAC) to remove trace synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) from water containing natural organic matter (NOM) were conducted. The percentage of SOC removed at any contact time and at any PAC dose was observed to be independent of the initial SOC concentration. Equations derived from the ideal adsorbed solution theory and the pore surface diffusion model validated this observation. For the strongly adsorbing SOCs (simazine and simetryn), the percentage of SOC removed was independent only at low initial SOC concentrations. The NOM fraction competing with the weakly adsorbing SOC (asulam) constituted a larger percentage of the total NOM than that competing with the strongly adsorbing SOCs. Although the adsorptive capacities of the SOCs were greatly reduced in water containing NOM compared with those in pure water, the change in the pore diffusion coefficient was insignificant. Therefore, NOM competed with the SOCs for adsorption sites, reducing the adsorptive capacity, but the amount of NOM loading was not so severe that it blocked or filled the pores, hindering the internal diffusion of the SOCs.     

Elucidating competitive adsorption mechanisms of atrazine and NOM using model compounds

Based on the relative adsorbability of natural organic matter (NOM) fractions with different molecular weights (MWs), two model compounds, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) (nominal MW=1800 Dalton) and p-dichlorobenzene (DCB), were chosen to study the competitive effect of large and small NOM molecules on atrazine adsorption by two powdered activated carbons (PACs) with different pore size distributions. Both isotherm and kinetic tests of atrazine adsorption were conducted using fresh PAC and PAC preloaded with the model compounds. The model compounds were found to affect atrazine adsorption through two different mechanisms due to their size difference: direct competition for sites by p-DCB and pore constriction/blockage by PSS-1.8k. p-DCB was found to significantly reduce atrazine adsorption capacity but to have no effect on atrazine adsorption kinetics. In contrast, the effect of PSS-1.8k on atrazine adsorption capacity was very small. Furthermore, during simultaneous adsorption, PSS-1.8k had no effect on atrazine surface diffusion. However, preloading PAC with PSS-1.8k lowered the atrazine surface diffusion coefficient, D(s), by more than three orders of magnitude; D(s) decreased with increasing solid phase PSS-1.8k concentration. The pore size distribution of the PAC was found to play an important role in competitive adsorption. A high mesopore surface area could alleviate pore blockage significantly.