喷涂距离对Fe基非晶涂层孔隙影响的研究

热喷涂涂层中孔隙的存在会降低涂层的耐蚀性,减少涂层寿命,而热喷涂工艺参数很大程度上影响涂层的孔隙率。本文采用计算机数值模拟和设计验证实验的分析方法,重点研究了JP-8000超音速火焰喷涂系统(HVOF)制备Fe基非晶涂层工艺参数中喷涂距离与涂层孔隙的关联性。利用商用计算软件Fluent计算平台,研究加入粉末粒子前,喷枪内火焰温度和速度的变化规律,以及加入非晶粉末后,不同喷涂距离条件下颗粒飞行过程的温度和速度的变化规律。仿真结果表明,喷涂距离为360~380 mm时,非晶粉末颗粒在撞击基板时处于半融化状态,颗粒在基板上具有良好的流动性,可获得孔隙率较低的涂层。验证实验结果与仿真结果一致。X射线衍射结果表明,粉末、不同喷涂距离所制备的涂层以及同成分的非晶条带均为完全非晶态结构。SEM和孔隙率统计结果表明,喷涂距离为370 mm时,涂层截面的孔隙较少,且孔隙率最低,为0.57%,验证了计算模拟优化的最佳喷涂距离范围。     

Microstructural characterization and properties of ZrO2/Al2O3 thermal barrier coatings by gas tunnel-type plasma spraying

Spraying condition plays an important role in the plasma-sprayed coating process and affects the final properties of the coatings. Zirconia, alumina and zirconia/alumina composite coatings were prepared on a stainless-steel substrate (SUS304) by the gas tunnel-type plasma spraying. Effects of different alumina mixing ratios on the coating properties were investigated. The results indicated that the mixing ratio of powders and the traverse number of substrate had an influence on the hardness, porosity and wear weight loss of composite coatings. The hardness increased while the porosity decreased with the increase in alumina mixing ratio. The porosity that was less than 10% and a hardness about Hv=1400 was obtained for the alumina coating. The adhesive strength and wear weight loss of the composite coatings were also clarified at different alumina mixing ratios.     

Characterization and comparison between APS coatings prepared from ball milled and plasma processed nickel–aluminium powders

Plasma spraying has wide range of applications which include corrosion, thermal and abrasion resistance coatings. In the present work, nickel and aluminium powders were ball milled and the same were thermal plasma processed to produce spherical nickel alumindes particles. Both ball milled and plasma processed powders were spray deposited on stainless steel (SS 304) substrate using atmospheric plasma spray technique (APS). The experiments were carried out for different plasma input power levels, torch to base distances and coating thicknesses. Microstructure, micro hardness, adhesive strength, and porosity of the coatings are reported and discussed. Effect of plasma processing parameters and plasma spheroidization of powders on coating properties has been evaluated and reported. High plasma power, low torch to base distance lead to high temperature supplied to in-flight particles which correspond to high hardness, low porosity and high adhesion. Spherical morphology and formation of nickel aluminide intermetallic were achieved by plasma spheroidization. Coatings prepared from plasma processed powders enhance the coating properties positively.     

Surface modification of implant materials and its effect on attachment and proliferation of bone cells

Osteoblast-like cell response in variation with the air plasma sprayed (APS) TiO2 coating process parameters correlated with coating properties were investigated to evaluate the durability and biocompatibility of the surface-modified implant. The Taguchi technique was used to determine the coating properties affected by plasma spraying parameters on Ti-6AI-4V alloy substrate. The coating properties were characterized by porosity and surface roughness using an image analyzer and surf analyzer, respectively. The MG-63 osteoblast like cell morphology and proliferation data on TiO2 coated substrate were measured by SEM observation and direct cell counting. It was demonstrated that surface roughness increased as spray distance decreased but gas flow rates and spray distance were major factors in the case of porosity. The osteoblast adhesion morphology and proliferation data indicated that osteoblast-like cell morphology was not influenced by process parameters, but cell proliferation was affected to some extent by surface roughness and porosity among TiO2 coated specimens. Specifically, the difference between those of substrate and coating layer was relatively more visible.     

High-velocity oxygen-fuel spray parameter optimization of nanostructured WC–10Co–4Cr coatings and sliding wear behavior of the optimized coating

In this paper, the Taguchi method was employed to optimize the spray parameters (spray distance, oxygen flow and kerosene flow) to achieve the highest hardness and, in turn, the best wear resistance of the high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) sprayed nanostructured WC–10Co–4Cr coating by investigating the correlation between the spray parameters and the hardness. The important sequence of spray parameters on the hardness of the coatings is kerosene flow > oxygen flow > spray distance, and the kerosene flow is the only significant factor. The optimal spray parameter (OSP) for the coating is obtained by optimizing hardness (330 mm for the spray distance, 2000 scfh for the oxygen flow and 6.0 gph for the kerosene flow). The coating deposited under the OSP with low porosity and high microhardness consists predominately of WC and a certain amount of W₂C phases. The coating deposited under the OSP exhibits better wear resistance compared with the cold work die steel Cr12MoV. The material removal of the coating is the extrusion of the ductile Co–Cr matrix followed by the crack and the removal of the hard WC particles.     

爆炸喷涂Cr3C2-25NiCr涂层的微观结构及性能

为了使Cr_3C_2-NiCr涂层能够应用于水力机械表面,采用爆炸喷涂技术在0Cr13Ni4Mo不锈钢基材表面制备了Cr_3C_2-25NiCr涂层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相分析仪、拉伸试验机、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、电化学工作站等手段研究分析了该涂层的微观形貌、孔隙率、结合强度、显微硬度、耐磨性能、耐蚀性能等。结果表明:爆炸喷涂Cr_3C_2-25NiCr涂层具有高致密结构,平均孔隙率仅为0. 76%,并且其结合强度高达82 MPa;涂层平均显微硬度为1 026 HV2 N,远高于基体;且在相同试验条件下,涂层的磨损量仅为基体的1/72;同时涂层还具有远高于基体的耐腐蚀性能。     

等离子沉积氧化锆涂层显微组织及性能研究

目的以氧化锆粉末作为喷涂材料,使用等离子喷涂的方式制备出性能优异的氧化锆涂层。方法通过不同的工艺参数来对涂层的显微组织及性能进行优化,分别利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)等方法,研究了工艺参数对涂层显微组织影响,并通过高温氧化测试来研究涂层的抗高温性能。结果在其他喷涂条件固定的情况下,涂层的厚度与喷涂时送粉量有关,送粉量越高则涂层厚度越大;当改变喷涂距离时,涂层的致密度则随着喷涂距离的增加而降低;在高温氧化40h后,涂层表面没有发生明显变化。结论通过等离子喷涂制备的氧化锆涂层具有较好的致密度,孔隙率最低仅为3.24%;涂层具有良好的热稳定性,能够长时间在高温下稳定使用。     

On the role of particle state and deposition procedure on mechanical,tribological and dielectric response of high velocity oxy-fuel sprayed alumina coatings

It is well known that the high velocity oxy-fuel based thermal spray process impart high density and reduced porosity in coatings compared to those produced by other ambient thermal spray processes. The benefits of HVOF have largely remained in the domain of metals and cermets and limited investigations have been carried out in ceramic coatings. The ability to produce high density ceramic coatings (e.g. alumina) offers potential in high performance applications in the field of wear, corrosion resistance and dielectric coatings. However, due to extreme operational limits of the HVOF process, the fundamentals of process–structure–property relationships are not fully understood.In this paper, we report an integrated approach to establish processing–microstructure–property correlations in order to optimize coatings for such applications. This approach involves diagnostic studies, microstructure development and its resultant influence on properties of high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed alumina coatings. The diagnostic studies were aimed to investigate the effects of fuel gas/oxygen ratio and amount of total gas flow on the particle temperature and velocity. Furthermore, splats and coatings were deposited to investigate the relationship between diagnostic data, melting behavior and droplet substrate interactions. Such a comprehensive study, coupled with property measurements of the coatings, demonstrates critical operational variables among deposition procedure, coating microstructure and the deposit properties.     

Numerical simulation of coating growth and pore formation in rapid plasma spray tooling

Rapid plasma spray tooling (RPST) is a process that can quickly make molds from rapid prototyping or nature patterns without limitation of pattern's size or material. In this paper, the process of coating growth and pore formation in RPST has been analyzed by numerical simulation. The objective of this work was to determine the porosity in plasma sprayed coatings and verify the developed computer model, which might serve for future thermal residual stress studies of plasma sprayed coatings. The analysis was divided into two steps: particle flattening and coating growth. In the analysis, a ballistic model was used for modeling the in-flight powder particles. The method allows for the calculation of off-normal spray angle, which is common in plasma spraying of engineering components. Also, a set of rules for coating growth as well as pore formation in the coating has been proposed. Based on these works, a computer program was developed to calculate the effects of process parameters, such as gun scanning velocity, spray angle, etc., on the porosity of the coating. Finally, an experiment was carried out to verify the effects of spray parameters on the porosity. The results agree with the prediction of the model.     

铝基粉芯线材电弧喷涂工艺参数优化研究

为了使铝基粉芯线材电弧喷涂涂层获得优良的涂层性能,选择涂层孔隙率为判据,通过正交试验和OLYC IA m3金相图像分析系统对铝基粉芯线材电弧喷涂工艺进行了优化,同时采用SprayW atch热喷涂监控系统对喷涂过程中粒子的飞行速度和温度进行了测定.经研究得到了铝基粉芯丝材电弧喷涂的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,影响铝基涂层致密性的工艺因素按主次顺序分别为喷涂气压、喷涂电压和喷涂距离;在所选试验范围内,随气体压力和喷涂电压的增大、喷涂距离的减小,涂层的孔隙率降低;在优化的喷涂工艺参数条件下,铝基涂层最小孔隙率可达1.3%.     

等离子喷涂 AP40生物活性玻璃陶瓷涂层的结构和性能

采用大气等离子喷涂技术，在TiA16V4基体上制备了AP40玻璃陶瓷涂层．利用光学显微镜、SEM和XRD分析技术对涂层形貌、显微组织结构和相组成进行了研究．探讨了热处理工艺对涂层组织结构及其性能的影响，并按德国DIN 50160标准进行涂层的拉伸强度试验．结果表明：等离子喷涂AP40玻璃陶瓷涂层在喷涂态，只有较低的结晶度．喷涂工艺对涂层的孔隙率和粉末沉积率有较大的影响．合适的热处理工艺可提高涂层的结晶度，减少孔隙以及提高结合强度．     

低压等离子喷涂氧化铝涂层的特性

以细小的氧化铝为热喷涂粉末,采用低压等离子喷涂制备了沉积率高于50%,孔隙率低于2%的氧化铝涂层.研究了不同工艺下低压等离子喷涂氧化铝涂层的沉积率、相组成和显微结构,并对低压等离子功率和真空室压力工艺参数对涂层的影响进行了分析.研究结果表明,所制备的涂层以α-Al₂O₃和γ-Al₂O₃相并存;随着功率和压力提高,涂层的孔隙率有明显的降低,但压力达到23.7kPa时功率影响较小.此外,还对等离子焰流中的粒子温度和速度进行了计算.结果表明,在23.7kPa压力下保证粒子充分熔融的前提下使粒子具有较高的运动速度.     

Effect of parameters on adhesion strength for slurry spray coating technique

In this article, slurry spray technique (SST) has been adopted for depositing mullite–nickel based environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) on some ASTM 1018 low-carbon steel. Considerable value of adhesion strength of a deposited cermet is critical for the coating to comply with service condition. The effect of identified process parameters like stamping pressure, fly ash content, sintering additive, sintering time, and sintering temperature on optimizing adhesion strength is evaluated. Parametric assessment of the developed coatings is done utilizing Taguchi L₁₈ orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the analytical study of the experimentation, the dependence of adhesion strength of slurry sprayed coatings on the process parameters has been studied. Maximum adhesion strength value of 18.15?MPa was attained during experimentation within the range of the selected control parameters. The enhanced adhesion strength was found for increased sintering temperature up to 950°C which may be attributed to the improved sintering of mullite mixed fly ash due to lowering of secondary mullitization temperature. Furthermore, it has been proven experimentally that the quality of coatings achieved in this work is acceptable and approaching to the quality of thermal coatings manufactured with commercially available fabrication methods.     

微束等离子喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层特性

采用轴向中心送粉式微束等离子喷涂系统在2kW级的小功率条件下制备了Al2O3陶瓷涂层.研究了电弧功率、工作气体流量和喷涂距离对粒子速度与涂层组织结构和性能的影响.采用光学显微镜观察涂层的组织结构,采用X射线衍射分析涂层的相结构,采用磨粒磨损质量损失表征涂层的性能,用热辐射粒子速度温度测量系统测试工艺参数对喷涂粒子速度的影响.结果表明,电弧功率、工作气体流量和喷涂距离对粒子速度的影响都比较明显,粒子速度随着电弧功率和工作气体流量的增加而增加,随着喷涂距离的增加而下降.涂层的磨粒磨损质量损失随电弧功率的增加而减少,而随工作气体流量和喷涂距离的增加而增加.分析表明粒子的温度对涂层磨粒磨损质量损失有较大的影响.采用微束等离子喷涂可以制备磨粒磨损性能与传统等离子喷涂在38kW下制备的涂层相当的Al2O3涂层.     

Characterisation of detonation sprayed Mo–Co–Cr–B alloy coatings

Abstract

A novel thermal spray material of Mo–Co–Cr–B with high durability in molten alloys has been developed to utilise for die casting parts and for galvanising bath parts. In the present paper, detonation gun (D gun) spray technique was used to deposit a Mo–Co–Cr–B alloy coating onto 316L stainless steel substrate, and the microstructures and mechanical properties of the coating system were studied using XRD, SEM, tensile test and Vickers microhardness. The results show that the microstructures of the coating consisted of ternary transition metal borides matrix CoMo₂B₂, CoMoB, as well as a little amount of binary borides, MoB and CrB. The ternary borides matrix contained both amorphous phase and nanocrystalline grains with a size of 60±35 nm. The bond strength of the coating decreases with increasing thickness of the as sprayed coatings. The anisotropy in the mechanical properties between the cross-section and plan section of the coatings is examined. Comparing the microhardness and bond strength of detonation sprayed Mo–Co–Cr–B coating with those of HVOF sprayed Mo–Co–Cr–B coating, it can be concluded that the detonation spray process has a better performance than HVOF spray process.     

超音速电弧喷涂Ti-Al涂层抗滑动磨损性能研究

采用二次正交回归试验设计原理和钛铝双丝超音速电弧喷涂Ti-Al合金复合涂层方法，对LY12铝合金进行了表面强化研究，并采用金相、XRD、SEM、硬度和磨损试验方法，对涂层的组织结构及力学性能进行了表征，考察了喷涂工艺参数对涂层孔隙率、显微硬度和耐滑动磨损性能的影响，研究结果表明：在本文的实验条件下，涂层的体积磨损量、孔隙率、显微硬度与喷涂电压和喷涂距离之间的变化规律，可用回归模型进行描述；随喷涂电压的增大，涂层磨损量逐渐下降；喷涂距离小于220mm时，随喷涂距离的增大涂层磨损量逐渐增大；喷涂距离为220mm时，磨损量达到最大，继续增加喷涂距离，涂层的磨损量逐渐下降；在干摩擦条件下，Ti-Al合金涂层的磨损机制主要以化合物相剥落引起的磨粒磨损和氧化磨损为主。     

Plasma Sprayed NiAl Intermetallic Coating Produced with Mechanically Alloyed Powder

In the present research, mechanically alloyed Ni-Al powder was utilized to develop plasma sprayed coatings, and the effect of the spray distance and heat treatment on the phases, microstructure, and hardness of the coat- ings were examined. Coatings were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and through microhardness measurements. Although mechanically al- loyed Ni-Al powder showed no intermetallic phases, the coatings did. Different spray distances from 5 to 19 cm were employed for plasma spray and the specimens were heat treated at different temperatures, then the amount of oxides, porosity and hardness of the coatings were changed according to the spray condition. The thermal energy of the plasma spray caused the formation of NiAl phases while particles flew to the substrate or after that. Extreme increase in heat treatment temperature and spray distance resulted in oxidation and reduction in the quality of the coating. Furthermore, the best spray distance and heat treatment temperature to gain the NiAl intermetallic coating were established.     

铝合金表面Ti-Al双丝超音速电弧喷涂涂层的组织与性能研究

利用SAS－1型超音速电弧喷涂设备和钛、铝丝在适当的工艺条件下，在LY12铝合金表面制成了钛铝合金复合涂层。并利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪、电子探针等，对涂层的成分、相结构、显微结构、孔隙率及其结合强度、显微硬度和耐磨性进行了研究。结果表明，利用超音速电弧喷涂设备，可以在铝基表面形成低孔隙率小于2.8%，结合强度为29MPa，显微硬度HV0.2为631和干滑动磨损体积仅为LY12基体1／7的TiAl合金涂层。显微组织观察发现，涂层与基体间有冶金结合的迹象，组织结构分析表明，涂层由TiN（TiO)，Al,Ti,TiAl,Ti3Al等相组成。涂层的磨损机制可能以化合物等硬质相的剥落引起的磨粒磨损和氧化磨损为主。     

曲面响应法在等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层工艺优化中的应用

为了提高WC-12Co涂层质量,采用曲面响应法对等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层的工艺参数进行优化,以涂层显微硬度为评价指标,设计了以电流、氩气流量和喷涂距离三因素的Box-Behnken实验模型.利用方差分析三因素的显著性及交互作用,采用BP神经网络建立3×9×1的神经网络模型,并与回归模型预测结果进行比较.通过实验方法对优化参数进行验证,同时分析了不同喷涂距离对涂层组织与性能的影响.研究表明:回归模型复相关系数R2为0.979 9,BP神经网络的复相关系数R2为0.999 1;神经网络的平均相对误差为0.46%,低于多项式回归模型的平均相对误差1.56%.喷涂距离对涂层显微硬度影响最为显著,最优工艺参数为:电流I=390 A,氩气流量QAr=2 500 L/h,喷距d=130 mm,能够预测的最大硬度为1 336.9HV0.5.