鸡蛋安全快递包装结构设计

目的设计一种适用于小批量多批次运输的鸡蛋快递安全缓冲包装。方法通过经典的缓冲包装六步法,设计拉伸形式的缓冲结构,计算了缓冲垫的面积与厚度,对包装件进行了强度校核,并根据ISTA3A标准对包装件进行了跌落与随机振动试验,以验证包装件的缓冲效果。结果对5箱鸡蛋进行了不同面跌落、楞跌落和角跌落的3组重复测试,结果表明其破损率远远低于目前市场上的鸡蛋缓冲包装的破损率(10%),具有良好的保护效果;随机振动试验显示,缓冲包装中鸡蛋无一破损。结论该结构具有良好的缓冲性能,能保证鸡蛋在快递运输环境下得到有效保护,具有较好的应用前景。     

基于 ANSYS Workbench 的路由器风扇组包装的包装动力学应用研究

对大型路由器风扇组进行了运输包装设计,并针对运输过程中的随机振动以及跌落2种工况,对大型路由器风扇组的运输包装进行了包装动力学的应用研究。通过ANSYS Workbench软件的模拟,对仿真的结果进行了分析,验证了包装设计的可行性。该结果对各种产品的运输包装的设计及验证具有一定的指导意义。     

长虹某型电视机包装的跌落冲击响应分析

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,建立长虹电视带包装的参数化有限元模型,对电视裸机与带包装两种工况下的跌落仿真模拟和跌落实验;获得两种工况下跌落冲击地面时的等效应力分布和独立部件加速度峰值曲线;分析跌落冲击时包装对电视机独立部件加速度峰值的弱化程度.为产品结构改进和包装设计提供可靠的参数.     

全瓦楞纸板的红酒包装内衬设计及跌落分析

目的为了更加便捷地运输和包装红酒等易碎玻璃制品,赋予其运输安全性、销售展示的美观性和一体性的功能。方法以750 mL溜肩红酒瓶为例,选择A型和B型瓦楞纸板,利用瓦楞纸板的挺度和折叠性对内衬结构进行造型设计,从而实现内衬结构的一板折叠成型。对红酒运输包装件进行跌落试验,得到红酒瓶的最大加速度曲线,然后利用Pro/E软件建立实体模型,导入有限元软件ABAQUS进行跌落仿真,得到包装件响应加速度曲线。结果 z方向最大加速度为215.33 m/s~2,比水平方向的冲击加速度低很多,即z方向跌落冲击缓冲性能好于水平方向。与跌落试验结果相比,误差均在可接受的范围内,表明有限元模型的建立是合理的,能够较好地反映所设计的红酒包装件在跌落过程中的动态缓冲特性。结论内衬结构全部采用环保的瓦楞纸板材料,易于加工成型。瓦楞纸板良好的缓冲性能和包装特性降低了红酒在运输过程中的破损率,这种全瓦楞纸板的内衬结构设计不仅克服了红酒传统运输包装的缺陷,而且弥补了纸质红酒包装结构单一的缺点,对产品最大响应加速度的分析表明该结构设计能够满足红酒瓶直立放置时的冲击防护要求。     

基于不同防护材料易碎品运输可靠性结构设计

目的研究易碎品在运输包装过程中不同防护材质缓冲包装结构的防护性能。方法通过Ansys Workbench中的模态分析(Modal)和随机振动分析模块(RandomVibration),对模型进行模态和随机振动仿真分析,得到易碎品的各向应力、位移、总应力等,分析对比2种防护材质的仿真结果,选取最优的缓冲方案,并进行随机振动和跌落实验。结果 2种防护材质下缓冲结构都具有良好的防护性能,选择设计的EPE缓冲结构更具有经济环保性,且在随机振动和跌落试验中,包装件没有发生变形和损坏,内容物完好。结论为易碎品低成本、高可靠性的结构设计提供了思路,也为产品性能的预测和运输方案的检测提供了一种分析手段。     

基于Ansys Workbench的投影仪运输包装仿真分析

目的为某型号投影仪设计运输包装,并检验该方案的防护性能和安全性能。方法运用有限元软件并进行相关试验,对投影仪包装件进行模态分析、随机振动分析和跌落分析。结果在随机振动仿真分析中,包装件前6阶固有频率均大于25 Hz,避开了公路和铁路运输的共振频率范围,不会发生共振;最大等效应力为4.628 MPa,最大变形量为1.526 mm,各部件应力和变形量均在安全范围内,符合抗振强度要求。在跌落仿真分析中,投影仪裸机跌落时的镜片等效应力最大值为123.49 MPa,超过了玻璃的许用应力(28 MPa),镜头发生破裂;投影仪运输包装跌落时,镜片上等效应力最大值降低为2.1728 MPa,其余部件应力值均未超过对应材料的屈服强度,符合抗冲击强度要求。结论根据分析结果,采用EPE发泡塑料和E型瓦楞纸板的运输包装方案结构设计合理,能够在运输过程中对投影仪起到保护作用,具有一定的可行性。     

手机屏幕跌落安全性研究

目的研究智能手机以不同方式跌落时屏幕的安全性,根据跌落时力的传递方式和主要应力集中部位设计简单有效的防护措施,节约包装成本。方法基于Solid Works和Ansys Workbench软件对无防护智能手机水平跌落、竖直跌落和倾斜45?跌落等3种极限情况进行仿真,根据结果设计防护措施,并进行仿真验证。结果在水平、竖直、倾斜45?等3种跌落工况下,手机屏幕均会发生应力集中,应力大小分别为80,800,120 MPa,屏幕出现破碎,在手机的4个角安装三脚形泡沫能够使冲击应力小于屏幕的强度极限。结论在手机屏幕材料的选择时,要选择强度高、弹性好的玻璃材料,对手机进行包装运输时,对4个角安装三角形泡沫防护垫可以有效地保护手机。     

某型号锂电池全纸化包装件跌落仿真分析

目的 验证锂离子电池全纸化运输包装件的防护性能。方法 依据锂离子电池的产品特性、流通环境以及包装防护等多方面要求，选用合适的纸质包装材料得到全纸化的包装方案，选用仿真分析软件对包装件进行跌落模拟，得到其应力、应变等相关数据。结果 由跌落仿真分析可知，最大应力出现在外壳上盖凸台位置，其应力值为346.06 MPa，超过外壳最大许用应力值(325 MPa)，外壳发生破损。锂电池包装件跌落时，外壳等效应力值为1.211 MPa，仿真得到的应力值均未超过材料的许用应力，不会发生损坏。结论 该包装结构能够在运输过程中吸收大部分的冲击能量，能很好地保护内部产品不受损伤，具有良好的防护性能。     

新型悬浮包装的设计与实现

目的针对现有悬浮包装价格昂贵、难以回收利用的问题,设计一种新型悬浮包装。方法以性能良好的PE薄膜为缓冲材料,以高强度的瓦楞纸盒为缓冲结构,制作新型悬浮包装,并将白炽灯紧固于该悬浮包装中,进行跌落试验,验证其缓冲性能。跌落高度为800 mm,包括1次角跌落、3次棱跌落和1次面跌落。结果试验结果显示试样外包装箱的1个角发生形变,缓冲衬垫完好,产品外观和功能无损,说明该包装件对跌落冲击的防护能力达到设计要求。结论该新型悬浮包装具有结构简单、性能良好、生产成本低、可回收利用等优点,能够满足运输过程对缓冲包装性能的要求。     

真空平板玻璃托盘集装包装系统设计与跌落测试验证

目的 对真空平板玻璃进行托盘集装包装系统设计,并进行跌落仿真测试,验证包装方案的可靠性。方法 提出运输包装设计五步法。第1步产品及流通环境调研,得到相关信息;第2步包装方案设计及建模,选用瓦楞纸板、胶合板、EVA泡沫和捆扎带等包装材料,利用SolidWorks软件进行三维建模,建立各跌落工况下的几何模型;第3步有限元模型建立,对各包材选用合适的材料模型,并利用试验测得相关性能参数,在所建几何模型的基础上进行接触设置、网格划分和载荷设置;第4步有限元模型可靠性验证,对模型进行实际试验和相应仿真测试,两者结果对比分析;第5步多工况下仿真测试,涉及跌落、冲击、振动等。结果 展示最具代表性的角、面和棱跌落仿真测试与相应试验结果,最大误差小于10%,验证了有限元模型的可靠性。进一步展示了跌落下各块玻璃的响应加速度,其中峰值加速度远小于真空平板玻璃脆值所允许的加速度,满足防护要求。结论 基于上述运输包装设计五步法,所提出的包装方案满足跌落防护要求,也证实了基于该五步法进行包装防护设计的可行性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...