以色列的水资源现状及发展方向

一、以色列的水资源并不丰富 以色列沙漠半沙漠地区约占国土总面积的三分之二,并集中在南部地区。以色列受地中海气候的影响,冬季湿润多雨,夏季高温干旱,从当年的11月份至次年的3月份为雨季,之后是连续7个月的干旱季节。以色列的降水量少且分布不均匀,多年平均降水量:北部约700-800毫米,中部平原400~600毫米,南部内盖夫沙漠平均只有20毫米,而且蒸发量极大,这也是南部地区地下水多     

北京缺水谁操心?

北京人均水资源年占有量 300立方米，仅为全国人均的八分之一，世界人均的三十分之一，比处在沙漠地带的以色列还低——     

以色列水资源管理实践及启示

位于地中海东部的以色列充满了神奇的色彩,沙漠变绿洲的奇迹让世界惊叹。人口快速增加和经济持续增长对这个水资源稀缺的国家构成了巨大压力。但是,以色列采取行政、法律、技术和经济相结合的手段,把水资源当作稀缺的公共资源统一管理,建立全国联网的输水系统,统一调配居民生活、工业、农业等行业用水,实施开源节流,计量供水,着力开发暴雨截流、中水利用、人工降雨、海水淡化和淡水进口等新的水源,减少了对传统自然水源的需求压力。大力推广农业节水灌溉和居民生活节水新技术。提高水资源的利用效率,通过水市场调节、阶梯水价和对农民进行水价补贴等经济手段,提高了水资源的利用效益。可以认为,以色列在水管理领域的很多方面都是世界上做得最好的国家之一。总结了以色列在水资源管理领域所做的努力及取得的经验,以期对我国的节水型社会建设提供参考。     

以色列引蓄污水灌溉沙漠

以色列是一个高度缺水的国家，原有大面积沙漠。他们从八十年代开始实施引蓄污水灌溉， 如今，昔日的荒漠已郁郁葱葱，一片生机。 这项工程首先是在中部工业和水源丰产地区 安装排污管道，将污水全部引向南部沙漠地区（直接保护了中部水源免受污染）。到沙漠区以后，沿途修建蓄积污水的封闭式水降和净化水处理厂，保证把污水净化到能用于灌溉的程度而不会污染农作物。在沙漠区修建的蓄污水库其底部和四周都铺设有塑料层，以防蓄积在水库中的污水和雨水渗至地下而污染水源。 以色列的上述做法是从全国水资源的利用和配置整体出发的，顾及两方面，相对降低了污水 净化的成本，也提高了二次利用的效益，已有好几处沙漠区成为出口农产品的生产区。以色列引蓄污水灌溉沙漠@张平     

沧州市利用小型咸水淡化工程解决农村饮水困难的调查

一、水资源状况 沧州市水资源十分匮乏,多年平均水资源量仅为12.9亿m3,人均水资源量192m3,亩均水资源量108立方米,分别占全国平均值的8％和6％,仅为河北省均量的50％左右,比世界上严重缺水的沙漠国家以色列还少一半多,年缺水量约5亿m3。沧州市水资源短缺已经成为严重制约沧州经济社会发展的“瓶颈”。     

以色列水资源管理对北运河水资源管理的启示

通过学习和总结以色列先进的水资源管理特点、措施,结合北运河水资源特点和存在的问题,从雨洪利用、污水处理后回灌地下水、加强流域集中管理、水资源管理立法4个方面阐述了以色列在水资源管理方面对北运河水资源管理的启示。     

以色列城镇水务管理经验与启示

以色列水资源严重匮乏,其水资源开发利用效率高,经验值得借鉴。介绍以色列水资源利用现状,从多方参与的管理机制、积极的财税激励政策等方面讨论了以色列水务管理的经验做法,从加强城镇水务精细化管理、充分发挥价格机制的刺激作用、适度提高城镇水务产业集中度等方面提出了推进我国城镇水务管理的建议。     

滴灌技术在我国的应用发展前景

自上世纪60年代以色列发明了世界上最省水的滴灌技术后,使灌溉水的有效利用率达到了90%。以色列修建了145公里管道,将水从北方引至南部的沙漠,并用滴灌在沙漠地区建成了发达的农业。而我国至今几乎95%的农业灌     

水资源及其可持续利用问题探讨

首先阐述水资源评价的概念,继而讨论水资源的可持续利用问题。引述了根据河流的纳污能力而提出的河流水资源所利用数量限于总水量的40%的概念。作者提出根据我国西部的实际情况,应实事求是,从实际出发,权宜应用,并不一定要遵循上述理论。并举出以色列、咸海流域、石羊河流域以及塔里木河流域,当前水资源实际所用的情况。指出以色列水资源利用可概括为"污水0排放,滴水用干净"。对于塔里木的问题争论很大,比如专家们提出"生态用水和生产用对半分成"。新疆的意见为1∶3,我个人提了6点意见,核心思想是400亿m3水量,目前仅灌溉2 000多万亩地,大量的水白白流入沙漠,发展余地很大。应发展灌溉面积6500万亩。其中棉田4 000万亩,产棉花400万t,达到全国的80%。彻底解决我国用棉安全之虞,实现人工绿洲与维护外围天然生态平衡的有机结合。     

浅谈以色列水资源管理

一、以色列基本国情 以色列位于沙漠地带的边沿,自然条件差,资源贫乏。最北端,由黎巴嫩境内蜿蜒南下的山脉形成了加利利山地,在加利利以东有全国唯一的淡水湖伽利略湖和约旦河谷,以西为狭长的沿海平原,西南的耶路撒冷和希伯伦及东南地带多为沙漠地区。以色列国人口约600万,国土面积2.78万平方公里(实际占领控制地域近4万     

Modelling Sectorally Differentiated Water Prices - Water Preservation and Welfare Gains Through Price Reform?

This study simulates the economy-wide effects of introducing new water pricing systems in Israel. A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, STAGE_W, is used that includes multiple water commodities produced from different water resources. The current water pricing scheme supplies potable water to municipalities at fees above the supply costs and subsidizes water delivered to the agricultural and the manufacturing sectors. Due to limited freshwater resources, climate change and population growth, water scarcity is an increasing problem in Israel. Therefore, pricing systems which lead to a more efficient allocation of water are intensely debated. This study analyzes two alternative pricing schemes under discussion in Israel: price liberalization, which unifies the prices for all potable water consumers at cost recovery rates, and marginal pricing that lifts the potable water price to the cost of desalination. Both schemes reduce water demand with limited economic costs. Price liberalization is the more favourable option from a national welfare perspective, while marginal pricing allows for larger water savings and, in the long run, independence from fresh water resources.     

世界供水安全现状及其主要经验对我国供水安全保障的启示

根据世界各地水资源本底条件、20世纪世界供水发展规律、各类用水需求满足度,分析世界供水安全现状。从美国转向需水管理遏制供水无限制增长、新加坡多渠道开源努力提高供水自给比例、以色列建设高效用水体系和置换虚拟水并举、日本设计应急供水体系抵御地震后次生灾害等案例,总结出4条经验：①需水管理是保障水资源支撑可持续发展的根本途径;②多元组合供水是增强水资源系统稳定性的有效方式;③提升供水效率与效益是破除水资源约束的重要手段;④建设应急供水体系是减小极端突发灾害损失的有力措施。这些经验可为我国供水安全保障提供启示。     

Groundwater Resources and International Law in the Middle East Peace Process

Abstract

Next to issues of land, water resources are the major bone of contention in the peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Arabs. The objective of negotiations is de facto setting the clock back to the eve of the Israel War of Independence, when the Jews accepted the 1947 UN resolution of partition, while the Arabs rejected it. The Arabs now accept the principle of territorial partition, but at the same time, they demand re-apportioning of resources, mainly of water. The Palestinians contend that the facts created on the ground unilaterally by Israel during the last 50 years, namely the agricultural development and the high water consumption by the Israeli urban sector, leave them without resources necessary for their development as a modern society. Per capita annual renewable freshwater resources in the region is among the lowest in the world. Approximately 600 million m³, or about one-third of the regional fresh groundwater consumption, is annually abstracted from aquifer systems recharged at the uplands of the Upper Cretaceous partly karstified carbonate formations of Judea and Samaria, terrenes often referred to as the West Bank. Israel and the Israeli agricultural settlements established within Judea and Samaria use 495 million m³/year (or 82.5 percent) of the abstracted water, leaving to the Palestinians the remaining 105 million m³/year. Thus, while the recharge zone to the Judean and Samarian aquifer systems are within the territories with an overwhelmingly Palestinian majority, most of the discharge occurs through water wells within the Israeli administration. The situation is reversed in the Gaza Strip, where Israel allows underflow of only 7 million m³/year of groundwater across the border, a less than 10 percent contribution to the nearly 80 million m³/year overdrawn water budget of the area. The issue of water is complicated by glaringly wide disparity in per capita water consumption between the two nations. While lines on the ground may separate two nations with conflicting territorial ambitions, apportioning of groundwater between Israel and the future Palestinian State proves to be one of the most intractable issues in the Middle East Peace Process. Moreover, neither international nor domestic law provides an adequate answer to questions of ownership or rights.     

The Jordan River Basin: 2. Potential Future Allocations to the Co-riparians

Abstract

The Jordan River drains parts of four States and one territory (Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine), and is an important regional source of water. A previous paper in this series discussed the flow allocations from the Jordan River to the co-riparians which were proposed in the Johnston Plan of 1955, noting that recently declassified documents shed new light on the allocation proposed for Israel. The present paper discusses potential future allocations of water from the Jordan River basin to the co-riparians, providing alternative methods of calculating these using basic principles which are considered to generally reflect customary international water law. It is concluded that whilst certain of the downstream co-riparians are undoubtedly “water-stressed” an acceptable solution to the allocation of water within the region is attainable. However, this will depend on coupling the allocation of the existing resources to the strategic development of additional fresh water resources in the region, which will also encourage the joint management of the resulting system.     

以色列水资源管理实践及对我国的启示

以色列位于地中海东岸，人口快速增加和经济持续增长对这个水资源稀缺的国家构成了巨大压力。但是，以色列采取行政、法律、技术和经济相结合的手段，把水资源当作稀缺的公共资源统一管理．建立全国联网的输水系统，统一调配生活、工业、农业用水，开源节流，计量供水，着力开发暴雨截流、中水利用、人工降雨、海水淡化和淡水进口等新型水源，减少了对传统自然水源的需求压力。以色列水资源管理经验对我国的节水型社会建设具有启示作用。     

National and International Water Law

Abstract

The exchange of data and information relating to transboundary water resources is widely accepted as being an appropriate starting point for more comprehensive cooperation. This paper examines under what conditions data and information exchange occur in relation to shared water resources, and hence examines when it can be used as a confidence building measure. An overview of several major international river basins together with more detailed case studies of the Mekong. Rio Grande, and Rhine River basins suggest that factors that promote data and information exchange include the presence of compatible needs, absence of legacies of mistrust, increasing water resources stress, perceptions that cooperation is of mutual benefit, external pressure and funding, comparable levels of institutional capacity, popular and political concern about water resources management, and functional formal or informal cooperative arrangements. Analysis of the situation prevailing between Israel and the Palestinians with regard to shared water resources suggests that data and information exchange does not seem likely in the short term, even though other forms of cooperation have been established with mixed results. This suggests that in some situations, at least, data and information exchange relating to shared water resources may not be useful as a first step in establishing more comprehensive cooperation.     

我国水资源资产管理制度建设的探讨

作为一种自然资源,将水资源作为资产管理在我国还是一个新课题,意义重大,值得深入研究。在对水资源资产属性和资产管理内涵进行讨论的基础上,分析了水资源资产产权的管理方向,对其主要制度建设及完善措施进行了探讨。最后,从理顺现有水资源资产管理体制及其核算体系的建立和分类管理,完善水资源价格政策,培育和规范水权交易市场,健全相关法律法规等方面提出了对策及建议,可为我国进一步开展水资源资产化管理提供理论基础。     

Real and Ideal Institutional Frameworks for Managing the Common Arab-Israeli Water Resources

The Oslo A and B agreements of September 1993 and September 1995 were the beginning of a process aimed at a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Israeli-Jordanian Treaty of 1994 addresses issues of water sharing between the two parties. In 1995, Israel and the Palestinians signed an Agreement on Water and Sewage as part of their Interim Agreement. In February 1996, Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians agreed to a “Declaration of Principles for Joint Development of Water Resources.” The purpose of this paper is to compare the components of the two Agreements with an “ideal” institution for management of shared water resources. The “ideal” institution was formulated by 23 water experts who were interviewed on this issue. The main finding is that in most respects, expert opinions did not differ significantly from the Israeli-Jordanian Treaty of Peace and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement.     

水能资源系统与生态系统互动关系的理论分析

在对水能资源系统与生态系统相互关系分析的基础上,分别从生态系统角度、水能资源系统角度提出了水能资源系统与生态系统互动关系的表现层面。从生态系统角度来看,生态系统对水能资源系统起到要素限定、功能保障、价值引导、生态约束等效应;从水能资源系统来看,水能资源的开发对生态系统起到景观改造、空间阻隔、效应干扰效应。以这些功能和效应为基础,水能资源与生态系统的协调应从要素层面、功能层面、效应层面及价值层面进行,综合协调体系的构建是提高二者协调度的重要保障。