采用多准直光束测量六自由度微位移新方法

为实现星载三线阵CCD相机的相机参数在轨测量,提出了一种六自由度微位移测量方法。高亮度LED输出光被准直并耦合到输入光纤。输出光纤末端固定在可移动的被测物体上。光纤输出由多个光纤准直器（ 4）准直,并由系统固定部分中的多个区域阵列的CCD相机（ 4）捕获。根据CCD图像中光点的位置变化来求解被测物体的六自由度位移。为了验证系统模型和六自由度位移计算程序,对该方法进行了理论分析和仿真。结果表明:当平移位移小于100 m且旋转位移小于6'时,典型的4准直测量系统求解误差小于10-5 m和10-4'。并且,当准直器的光斑位置的两个坐标方向上添加-0.5~0.5 m的随机量时,平移误差和旋转误差的3分别为0.9 m和0.012'。     

Noncontact measurement using line-scan cameras: Analysis ofpositioning error

A multiprocessor camera controller has been designed and developed for real-time operation of high-resolution industrial CCD (charge coupled device) line-scan cameras. A three-camera system is capable of measuring length, width, height, and volume of steel slabs. Data captured by one camera are made available to other camera processors. A computation scheme is developed to correlate information for accurate cooperative measurement. There are two major sources of measurement errors. Digitizing error has been examined elsewhere, and a 0.1 subpixel accuracy is achievable by appropriate processing. The authors consider positioning errors with emphasis on camera positioning. The cooperative measurement and computation scheme measures object translation and compensates its effect to a certain degree. It is shown that, with calibration, measurement errors caused by camera positioning can be kept error caused by camera positioning can be kept within 0.2%     

The impact of CMP and underlying back-end topographical features on losses in deposited dielectric waveguides

The bending losses in rectangular dielectric waveguides deposited on a chemical mechanical polished (CMP) surface above the metal interconnect/interlayer dielectric stack of a processed Si wafer are modeled and estimated. CMP efficiently removes local topography and microroughness, but leaves long-range surface profile undulations due to variations in the metal pattern density. These surface undulations are then transferred to the waveguides deposited on this surface. A beam propagation method (BPM) waveguide simulation program and an equation for bending loss developed by Marcuse have been used to examine the bending losses seen by waveguides deposited on such a surface. In order to simplify the simulation of the bending losses of the waveguides, the undulations are modeled as a series of arcs, which is shown to be a good approximation. It was determined that under typical conditions, the bending losses may be ignored as they are less than 0.1 dB/cm, which is below the range of typical propagation losses for a straight guide.     

大型风电叶片动态摄影测量网络优化

在大型风电叶片动态摄影测量中,为了对相机的站位进行优化,采用一种变异操作改进型遗传算法作为摄影测量网络优化方法,通过光线束前方交会的误差传递建立测量误差模型,以空间坐标测量误差的标准差为网络优化的目标,同时根据被测风电叶片几何结构和实际环境确定了相应的约束条件进行仿真实验,得到了最优的相机站位。结果表明,在以叶片长度为40m的风机为被测物的仿真实验中,最优站位的空间坐标测量误差标准差为2.7mm;通过对叶片长度为3.5m的风机模型进行实测实验验证,最优站位的相对测量误差为0.009%,最大误差为0.617mm。该研究为风电叶片摄影测量的网络优化提供了参考。     

基于距离约束的InSAR长基线高精度动态测量方法

为了获得高精度的高程信息,干涉SAR系统需要采用长基线结构,进而要求对长基线进行高精度的动态测量。该文针对单相机和激光测距仪组合基线测量系统,提出了一种新的基于距离约束的基线联合动态解算方法。该方法通过对空间后方交会模型增加距离约束条件,实现了对双天线干涉基线的高精度测量。论文对该方法进行了原理性分析和地面实验验证,该方法在约50 m的摄影距离处基线长度测量精度优于1 mm,姿态角精度优于60, 实验结果验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

A hardware in the loop simulation testbed for vision-based leader-follower formation flight

This paper proposes a hardware in the loop simulation testbed by using airborne seekers (an onboard visual tracking system) as a relative measurement sensor in the leader-follower formation flight. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on experimental applications of airborne seekers in unmanned aircraft formation flight. The proposed structure gives an effective method to study the effects of uncertainties such as the camera process delay and the seeker measurement noises on formation keeping. Compensation of errors in visual measurements is considered as well.     

基于机器视觉的螺纹参量测量系统

为了高精度测量螺纹的各项参量,建立了基于机器视觉技术的螺纹参量测量系统。采用螺纹工件旋转、相机跟随拍摄的方式采集螺纹在平行背光下的轮廓数据,实现了螺纹的各项参量测量,扩大了系统的测量范围,并且降低了相机标定误差的影响。推导了坐标系统转换方程,通过标定实现了坐标统一,并推导了螺纹参量计算公式;针对CCD相机光轴和螺纹轴线垂直时螺旋线对螺纹牙投影产生遮挡失真情况建立了数学补偿模型。结果表明,得到的测量不确定度小于2m,重复性优于4m。该系统可以完成螺纹的各项参量测量。     

某大视场机载摆扫红外扫描仪几何成像仿真与误差分析

为了分析大视场高空间分辨率红外多光谱扫描仪系统误差的影响，为检校方案的确定提供依据，通过利用严格成像模型对机载摆扫红外扫描仪进行成像仿真分析。针对红外扫描仪摆扫系统中相机投影中心与稳定平台回转中心不重合的设计特点，重点研究相机安置误差与POS系统安置误差的相关关系。仿真实验表明:相机安置误差与POS系统安置误差对定位精度影响规律基本一致，两者存在较强相关性但随着摆扫角度增大而减小；在摆扫幅度小于20 时，相机安置误差可合并到POS系统安置误差。该结论可为后期的检校方案设计提供参考。     

基于线性激光三角法的圆柱对象定位测量研究

为了实现圆柱对象定位点在竖直高度与水平横向两方向位置坐标的一次性准确测量, 采用线性激光三角法建立了线性激光三角法定位测量模型, 并进行了理论分析, 同时依据此方法设计了一套定位测量实验系统。使用工业相机采集被圆柱对象曲面反射的线性激光光斑图像, 选用blob算法根据图像中激光光斑几何特性提取光斑顶点像素坐标, 结合系统标定参量计算了圆柱对象定位点位置坐标。结果表明, 该测量方法在竖直高度与水平横向两方向的最大相对测量误差分别为0.14%与0.89%。该研究成果可用于工业生产中机械手对不同尺寸圆柱对象的抓取定位测量。     

The role of photomask resolution on the performance ofarrayed-waveguide grating devices

The crosstalk performance of an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) multiplexer or demultiplexer is primarily caused by random optical phase errors introduced in the arrayed waveguides. Because the layout of waveguides on a wafer is patterned via photomask through the photolithography process, the resolution of a photomask has a direct influence on the phase errors of an AWG. The paper presents a theoretical analysis on the phase error caused by photomask resolution and other basic design parameters. Both calculation and measurement results show that a high-resolution photomask (better than 25 nm) is a critical requirement to produce low-crosstalk (less than -30 dB) AWG demultiplexers. We also investigate the effect of nonideal power distribution in the arrayed waveguides because it contributes considerable phase errors when material impurity is not well controlled during wafer fabrication. Basic criteria of power profile truncation, number of grating waveguides, and material index variation are also summarized     

大尺寸空间角测量系统光轴指向不确定度评定

由于被测对象相距较远,高精度的公共测量基准难以建立,因此大尺寸空间角测量的难度较大。为了解决大尺寸条件下空间角的现场测量问题,提出一种基于惯性基准的大尺寸空间角测量方法。首先,阐述了大尺寸空间角的测量原理并且设计了测量系统。然后,对测量系统中基于二维振镜的光轴指向不确定度进行了研究,重点分析了各类误差对光轴指向不确定度的影响。最后,利用蒙特卡洛仿真对各项误差所引起的光轴指向不确定度进行评定,为光轴跟踪装置的误差分配及其指向精度的现场评估等工作奠定了基础。     

单目视觉障碍物测距精度分析

在单目视觉障碍物测距模型中,分析了可视距离与安装高度和俯视角度的关系,研究了影响测距精度的因素：摄像机的安装高度、俯视角度和障碍物检测的图像位置,建立了误差的数学模型并进行了仿真,定量计算了在一定的条件下引入的误差。根据摄像机的内参数和摄像机视距的影响因素确定了合适的安装参数,在此安装参数下,对摄像机视距随障碍物像素位置的变化及测距精度随影响因素的变化情况进行了仿真,仿真结果有助于选择误差小的区域,从而提高测距的精度。     

Near-field qualification methodology

A methodology that is a combination of analysis, computer simulation, component certification, self-tests, and comparison tests is presented for the accuracy qualification of near-field antenna measurement ranges. The analysis uses closed-form equations to establish upper-bound far-field determination errors due to near-field measurement errors. Computer simulation is used to model the specific near-field measurement errors associated with the near-field measurement system components. The closed-form equations and computer simulations are used to form a near-field error budget for each of the near-field measurement system components. A near-field system component certification is undertaken to measure the near-field measurement system component error and establish that they are within the error budget     

后向散射法测量蒸汽湿度中理论计算模型的优化

基于Mie散射理论和Lambert-beer定律,利用CCD相机接收湿蒸汽水滴微粒的散射光强,建立了蒸汽湿度测量系统。对于该系统的理论计算模型,分别采用对数正态分布(LN分布)和Rosin-Rammler分布(R-R分布)来描述模拟器缸汽中的水雾粒径分布,对散射光强进行仿真计算,将得到的仿真结果同实验数据进行对比分析。结果表明:后向散射法测量蒸汽湿度中,采用对数正态分布(LN分布)建立的理论计算模型更合适。     

基于改进LK光流法的MEMS面内运动分析技术

为获取微机电系统(MEMS)面内运动过程中的动态 特征,文中提出了一个MEMS面内运 动测量系统．该系统通过FPGA产生相机外触发和频闪光源两路时钟同步驱动脉冲,利用频闪 成像的原理对谐振状态下的MEMS器件进行图像采样．对图像序列进行Canny边缘检测后,引 入Shi-Tomasi角点和Lucas-Kanade光流追踪的方法进行运动分析,获取器件的幅相信息参 数 ．使用该系统对一个定制的微陀螺仪进行实验测量,实验证明该技术可实现MEMS面内运动的 亚像素精度测量,与传统的LK光流法匹配相比,能够减少由图像灰度值变化带来的测量误差 ,同时该方法具有较好的测量精度,测量重复性可达10 nm。     

基于双目视觉的硅棒直径测量方法

提出了一种在实验室环境下模拟工业现场在线测量多晶硅还原炉内硅棒直径的检测系统。该系统采用双目立体视觉测量的方法,首先采用双CCD获取硅捧模型的实时图像,并依次进行摄像机的标定、特征点的提取、立体匹配、然后通过特征点的三维坐标计算硅棒模型的直径。实验结果表明,硅棒直径的测量结果达到了还原炉工艺参数自动化控制所需的精度,并且该测量系统有效地避免了人工长时间目测造成的劳动强度大以及由于主观因素造成误差较大的缺点。     

直线型激光测量系统中摄像机的标定方法

针对用于逆向工程的直线型激光测量系统,提出一种新的CCD摄像机标定方法.该方法首先调整摄像机镜头角度,使摄像机坐标系平行于世界坐标系,从而简化标定过程,然后对测量系统中的参数进行标定.     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of live embryos using roboticmacroscope images

To determine the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of a live embryo is a technically challenging task. The authors show that reconstructions of live embryos can be done by collecting images from different viewing angles using a robotic macroscope, establishing point correspondences between these views by block matching, and using a new 3-D reconstruction algorithm that accommodates camera positioning errors. The algorithm assumes that the images are orthographic projections of the object and that the camera scaling factors are known. Point positions and camera errors are found simultaneously. Reconstructions of test objects and embryos show that meaningful reconstructions are possible only when camera positioning and alignment errors are accommodated since these errors can be substantial. Reconstructions of early-stage axolotl embryos were made from sets of 33 images. In a typical reconstruction, 781 points, each visible in at least three different views, were used to form 1511 triangles to represent the embryo surface. The resulting reconstruction had a mean radius of error of 0.27 pixels (1.1 μm). Mathematical properties of the reconstruction algorithm are identified and discussed     

无氧铜和铁镍钴合金太赫兹波导传输损耗

对无氧铜、铁镍钴合金和镀金铁镍钴合金制作的WR2.8太赫兹波导进行了传输损耗的研究。通过对比实验测得的传输损耗值,计算出340 GHz频段,无氧铜电导率为1.6×107 S/m,铁镍钴合金电导率为1.0×106 S/m,相对磁导率为2.1,损耗参数的设置对正向设计具有指导作用。实验中,通过镀金工艺降低了铁镍钴合金波导的传输损耗,进而明确波导内壁镀金工艺可以有效降低传输损耗,对降低太赫兹标准窗的传输损耗有着实际意义。     

用于交通事故处理的图像测距研究与实现

利用计算机及数码相机实现交通事故现场测量,是交通事故模拟再现系统实现的重要前提。根据交通事故现场测量需要快速的特点,分析相机成像线性模型和标定原理,并基于OpenCV实现角点提取,给出相机标定算法,最后实现了一个用于交通事故处理的图像测距系统。相对于Matlab实现方式,该系统使用更加方便、快捷。实验数据证明该测距系统适用于交通事故处理。