Spacecraft borne long life cryogenic refrigeration status and trends

The status of cryogenic refrigerator development intended for, or possibly applicable to, long life spacecraft borne application is reviewed. Based on these efforts, the general development trends are identified. Using currently projected technology needs, the various trends are compared and evaluated. The linear drive, non-contacting bearing Stirling cycle refrigerator concept appears to be the best current approach that will meet the technology projection requirements for spacecraft borne cryogenic refrigerators. However, a multiple redundant set of lightweight, moderate life, moderate reliability Stirling cycle cryogenic refrigerators using high-speed linear drive and sliding contact bearings may possibly suffice.     

Application of micro-electronics to refrigeration and heat pump technology

Micro-electronics will have large effects on both the design and operation of refrigeration and heat pump installations. Developments of artificial intelligence will enable designers to draw on far more extensive data banks and to work interactively at each stage of the design using graphic displays and spoken instructions. In addition, computers will be used not only to achieve better control of plant but for diagnosis of faults and the scheduling of maintenance.     

单压吸收制冷技术的研究进展

单压吸收制冷是一种环保技术,能够使用多种能源,具备十分广阔的应用前景。对单压吸收制冷技术中气泡泵设计、系统运行参数调整、低品位热能的利用和工质的选取等方面的研究进展进行阐述,展望单压吸收制冷技术未来的研究方向。     

全封闭制冷压缩机技术发展趋势与动态

从政策、市场等需求的角度分析全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势,介绍有关的国内外研究现状、一些新的压缩机和新的压缩机结构。     

室温磁制冷研究进展

室温磁制冷技术是一项新的制冷技术,具有高效环保的特点,应用前景十分广阔,有望取代传统的蒸气压缩式制冷方法。阐述了磁热效应的原理,系统介绍了室温磁制冷中磁性材料、磁制冷循环、蓄冷器以及典型制冷机的发展情况,并对室温磁制冷的发展进行了展望。     

热回收技术在工业制冷系统中的应用

大型工业制冷系统在获取较大冷量的同时向外界环境释放大量的热量。本文描述工业制冷系统中的多种热回收应用方案及其选用方法,对具体案例中热回收技术的应用面临的控制问题进行描述并给出相应解决方案,该方案的实施获得了良好的效果。     

空间低温技术的进展

综合介绍国外，主要是美国、西欧空间低温技术的最新进展。论述超流氦冷却技术及空间飞行中的液氦再供给等在轨机载验证、低温风洞技术、氢浆的制备和应用前景等。重点讨论目前在空间探测过程中最具竞争性的斯特林制冷机和脉管制冷机的最新发展。对可望在空间中应用的毫开（ｍＫ）级３Ｈｅ—４Ｈｅ稀释制冷机和绝热退磁制冷机及其它制冷技术也作简要介绍。最后对发展我国空间低温技术提出了建议。     

非共沸工质自复叠制冷技术研究现状

回顾自复叠制冷技术的发展历史,介绍其原理和特点,并与单级压缩／双级压缩及复叠式制冷进行比较。总结自复叠制冷技术目前的研究概况,指出该技术在现阶段应用中存在的问题和缺陷,以及今后研究中应该着重考虑并改进的方面。     

几种环境友好制冷技术的比较

对热电制冷、磁制冷、吸附制冷几种环境友好制冷技术的原理、适用性以及前景进行比较。总体而言，热电制冷在一些特殊领域的应用是其他制冷技术不可替代的，在能源回收应用方面的优势越来越令人关注；磁制冷技术作为低温制冷技术比较成熟，而吸附制冷技术只在近期才开始被深入研究，被适用于近室温区域。     

制冷系统中过冷技术的应用与分析

针对不同过冷形式的应用领域和节能效果进行分析,并以新型过冷一体机组为例进行节能评价,为实际制冷工程中过冷技术的应用提供依据。     

热声制冷技术的研究状况

对国内外热声制冷技术的研究状况进行了综述 ,总结了热声制冷的各种特点与待解决的问题 ,并提出了目前该领域研究的几个热点方向。     

US Navy programme in small cryocoolers

If superconducting and cryogenic electronic instrumentation are to be deployed in future US Naval operational systems, there is a strong need for compact, highly reliable cryogenic refrigerators. Accordingly, several years ago, a programme was initiated to develop fractional-watt cryocoolers capable of operating below 10 K. Several varieties of Stirling coolers have been built and are under evaluation. In addition, helium gas compressors designed for use with small, closed cycle Joule- Thomson coolers are under development. An overview of the technical aspects of the programme are presented.     

Marine refrigeration and container ships

A review of refrigeration in container ships, with details of the types of ship, the containers, their construction, insulation and systems of refrigeration for different cargoes. Heat transfer is discussed.     

制冷空调系统钎焊工艺和常见问题

合理设计钎焊接头间隙,掌握正确的施焊方法,控制施焊温度,了解引发焊接问题的各种因素,减少泄漏,提高焊接质量。     

变负荷下制冷系统容量调节技术研究

针对高精度恒温恒湿制冷系统绝大部分时间运行在可变负荷条件下的现状,提出一种基于关键阀件联调变容技术的制冷系统。通过分析制冷系统负荷率与制冷剂流量的匹配关系,设计制冷剂流量自动分配方法,调节制冷剂在蒸发器中的蒸发量,使之与负荷变化相适应。与典型制冷系统开展性能对比试验研究,结果表明,采用关键阀件联调变容技术改造的制冷系统比改造前节能25%以上,控温精度高（〈0.2℃）,可以有效延长压缩机的使用寿命。     

一种极具发展潜力的制冷技术--磁制冷

介绍了一种历史悠久但又极具发展潜力的制冷方式-磁制冷技术.从磁制冷的基本原理-磁热效应(MCE)出发,分别从熵和热力学的角度分析了MCE,给出了MCE的表征参数及常用测试方法,列举了常见的磁制冷循环及几种典型的磁制冷机,总结了磁制冷技术的研究历史,并对其进行了展望.     

家用制冷器具需求响应技术的发展

空调制冷、采暖以及食品冷冻、冷藏等器具耗电在家用电器耗电中所占比例较高,而需求响应是家用电器低碳技术的重要发展领域。家用电器按照电网优化运行的要求对运行状态进行适当调整可以实现提高电网运行效率和可靠性。同时,需求响应技术能够减少电力系统备用电源以及输配电系统备用容量的投资,并能够促进可再生能源利用和有效降低电费支出。     

Simulation of industrial refrigeration plants under variable load conditions

A method to simulate industrial refrigeration systems with several independent, time-variable heat loads is described. The method uses a combination of ordinary differential and algebraic equations to describe both the refrigeration plant, and its interaction with the product in each application. Numerical integration of the differential equations with respect to time allows the various processes to be simulated. Models for freezers, chillers, cold stores and controlled atmosphere work areas are discussed. Assumptions made in these models are realistic from a practical viewpoint, so provided accurate data are available close correlation between predictions and measurements would be expected. The simulation could have applications in both refrigeration system and control system design as it will predict the interactions between different parts of a plant when operating under time-variable conditions. When considering system changes or changes to product specifications the suitability of particular alternatives can be assessed by simulating each in turn.     

Measurement of the heat transfer characteristics of gas flow in fine channel heat exchangers used for microminiature refrigerators

The heat transfer characteristics have been measured for the flow of gas in the fine channels of the heat exchangers used for microminiature J-T refrigerators. The test channels were fabricated using a photolithographic technique similar to that used for the fabrication of the refrigerators. The unique features of such channels are their asymmetric roughness, their large relative roughness and a large variation of the heat flux and temperature over the walls of the channels. The tests involved both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The results we have obtained are useful for designing heat exchangers in microminiature refrigerators.     

混合工质在脉管制冷机中的可能应用

提出了采用合适的混合工质代替纯质氦以提高脉管制冷机在８０Ｋ温区制冷量的新构思。概述了国外在制冷循环，天然气液化及Ｊ－Ｔ节流制冷中应用混合制冷剂从而提高了系统热力学效率的研究成果，及国内对混合物低温制冷物质的研究进展情况，进一步论证了混合工质应用于脉管制冷机的可行性。