V型导液槽对HFC245fa水平管束外冷凝换热影响

试验研究了HFC245fa在水平光管与强化管管束外的冷凝换热特性,提出在管束中加装V型导液槽来消除管束效应的方法,并通过试验研究了V型导液槽对管束冷凝换热特性的影响。试验管束由4列排深为5排的列管构成,带导液槽管束的前4排管下方加装了两段长度为450 mm的导液槽;试验换热管公称外径为19.05 mm、换热长度为1000 mm。试验中,以Wilson描点法获得强化换热管水侧对流传热系数,以对比试验方法研究了V型导液槽对水平管束外冷凝换热性能的影响。结果表明：传统的管束效应模型仅在较小的热通量范围适用;凝液在管间的迁移形态与流态随管上作用凝液量的系列变化是导致管束效应变化的主要因素;加装导液槽可有效控制凝液在管间的迁移,控制管束效应;加装导液槽使光管单管冷凝传热能力下降10%左右,使光管管束总体换热能力提升4.5%相似文献   

锚型导液器对HFC245fa水平管束外冷凝换热的影响

提出采用锚型导液器消除水平管束外膜状凝结换热管束效应的方法,通过对比试验研究了导液器对HFC245fa水平管束外膜状凝结换热特性的影响。设计了带锚型导液器的试验管束,试验管束由4列排深为5排的列管构成,试验换热管包括光管、二维肋管与三维肋管,试验换热管公称外径均为19.05 mm。结果表明：① 锚型导液器可有效控制管束效应对光管与三维肋管外膜状凝结换热影响,使排深为5处光管与排深为4处三维肋管冷凝传热系数分别提升33%与80%;② 锚型导液器对管束中单管冷凝换热性能的影响可忽略;③ 加装锚型导液器可使DN600卧式光管（或三维肋管）管束降低管材消耗20%（或30%）以上。     

The effect of air on condensation on a roped tube

With an increasing interest in the use of enhanced heat transfer surfaces being shown in connection with desalination, experiments have been carried out to compare the effect on different tubes of non-condensable gases. The tests were made on two roped and one plain tube each tube having a nominal length and inside diameter of 690 mm and 11 mm respectively. Cooling water velocities ranged from 0.8 m/s to 4.2 m/s and bulk air concentrations at inlet of up to 4.25% by weight were investigated.It was found that although the effect of air on the condensation process was greater on the roped tubes at low cooling water velocities, at the velocities commonly associated with desalination plants there was little difference between the effect of non-condensables on roped and plain tubes. It was concluded, therefore, that this type of fouling was no worse on roped tubes compared to plain tubes.     

带有中间分液结构的管壳式冷凝器实验研究

对于管内凝结而言,为保持蒸汽在换热管进口段的高效换热状态而进行中间分液,改变气液两相流的流型,以保持相对较高的换热系数是"短管效应"理论的技术举措。结合传统冷凝器的结构,本文设计了一种用于实验研究的气液分离卧式管壳式水冷冷凝器。通过布置在冷凝器两端分程隔板处的不同直径和数量的分液管来观察其换热效果,并与传统冷凝器进行整体换热系数、出口冷凝液温度及压力损失三方面的实验对比。结果表明:具有不同直径和数量的分液管的冷凝器具有相似的热力性能;具有不同直径和数量的分液管的冷凝器整体换热系数比传统冷凝器要高,出口冷凝液温度比传统冷凝器要低,且具有较小的压力损失;在测试工况下,右侧开启1个0.5mm、1个1mm,左侧开启2个1mm、1个0.5mm分液管的冷凝器表现出较好的综合换热性能。     

HFC245fa水平光管与强化管管束外冷凝换热

试验研究了新型环保工质HFC245fa在光管与强化换热管管束上的冷凝换热特性。试验管束由4列排深为5排的列管构成,换热管公称外径为19.05mm、有效换热长度为1000mm。试验中,通过改进的Wilson图解法获得强化换热管水侧对流传热系数,利用2接点温差电偶测试蒸气与冷却水温差(±0.025℃),利用热电偶通过小周期标定法获取试验管进出水温差(±0.01℃);考察了冷凝温度、热通量对冷凝换热的影响。研究结果表明:HFC245fa在光管单管外冷凝传热系数与Nusselt模型预测值一致性较好;同热通量下,强化换热管单管上的冷凝传热系数为光管的13.5倍;光管管束上的试验结果比Nusselt管束模型预测值高20%～50%;强化管冷凝换热性能受作用热通量的影响较大。试验结果对工质与新管材推广、应用具有指导意义。     

复合多孔表面管竖直管束在液氮中的沸腾传热

复合Gewa-T多孔表面管是在机械加工Gewa-T表面上再覆盖一层烧结多孔层而形成的强化传热管,针对复合Gewa-T多孔表面管竖直单管和管束在液氮池中的核态沸腾进行了实验研究,通过改变管束管间距、热负荷等得到了不同情况下的管束沸腾传热特性.沸腾的最佳管间距与管外径比为1.2,此时管束沸腾特性优于单管.     

扭曲椭圆管强化传热研究进展及应用

扭曲椭圆管因结构简单、强化传热及阻垢性能优异,近年来成为被动强化传热领域研究热点之一。虽已有文献对扭曲椭圆管换热器技术进行了综述,但对扭曲椭圆管强化传热特性的归纳和工程应用研究脉络的梳理存在不足,本工作着眼于扭曲椭圆管内外传热及流阻性能研究、扭曲椭圆管换热器研发和工程应用两方面内容,概括了扭曲椭圆管(束)结构、工质、流动状态对传热性能及流阻特性的影响规律;回顾了扭曲椭圆管换热器工程应用案例,总结了有关扭曲椭圆管研究尚待完善之处,并对扭曲椭圆管强化传热研究的发展趋势进行展望,为深化扭曲椭圆管理论研究和工程实践提供指导和参考。     

Enhancement Boiling Heat Transfer Study of a Newly Compact In‐line Bundle Evaporator under Reduced Pressure Conditions

For common flooded‐type evaporators, nucleate boiling heat transfer cannot occur on the heated tubes since heat fluxes and wall superheats of heated tubes are generally quite low. However, when the tube spacing is very small, nucleate boiling in restricted spaces can occur easily under low heat flux or low wall superheat conditions. The generation of nucleate boiling can effectively enhance the heat transfer performance of bundle evaporators. This study investigated experimentally the boiling heat transfer enhancement effects of the restricted space in compact in‐line tube bundles with smooth tubes under various reduced pressures. The experimental results show that the compact in‐line tube bundles have a significantly enhanced heat transfer compared to those of the common tube bundles, and there is an optimum tube spacing that provides the greatest heat transfer enhancement effect. The test pressures have a marked influence on the boiling heat transfer enhancement in the compact bundles. The heat transfer enhancement effect decreases with decreasing test pressure. In addition, the heat transfer enhancement effects of the in‐line tube bundles are also compared with those of the staggered bundles. Under reduced pressure, there is no significant difference between the heat transfer enhancement effects for the two types of bundles.     

合成氨冰机冷凝器的强化传热研究及应用

针对现行合成氨冰机冷凝器的不足,设计了适用于冷凝传热的改进型折流杆冷凝器的壳程内部结构,并分析了其传热强化机理。在重力控制条件下,对不同内部支承结构与管束组合的冷凝器进行了传热实验研究,得到了水蒸气在冷凝器壳侧的冷凝传热特性曲线。采用冷凝传热强化因子的概念,建立了预测该种折流杆冷凝器壳侧冷凝传热膜系数的计算公式,为折流杆冷凝器在冰机系统中的设计应用提供了理论依据。     

Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement of Water/Salt Mixtures on Roll‐Worked Enhanced Tubes in Compact Staggered Tube Bundles

An experimental study was performed for the boiling heat transfer enhancement of water/salt mixtures on both plane and roll‐worked enhanced tubes in compact staggered tube‐bundle evaporators under atmospheric and increased pressure conditions. The effects of tube spacing, position of tubes, test pressure and salt‐water concentration on the boiling heat transfer characteristics in restricted spaces of compact tube bundles consisting of plane and roll‐worked tubes were investigated. The experimental results indicate that the single roll‐worked tubes in a bulk liquid have a greater boiling heat transfer promotion than the single plane tubes. For the plane tubes in compact tube bundles, the effect of tube spacing on the boiling heat transfer is very significant. The boiling heat transfer has a maximum enhancement when the optimum tube spacing is selected. For the roll‐worked tubes in compact bundles, the effect of tube spacing on the boiling heat transfer is also significant as the tube spacing is small. The boiling heat transfer still has a maximum value and a compound enhancement effect of the boiling heat transfer from both the optimum tube spacing and the surface treatment is observed for the enhanced tube bundles.     

Turbulent heat transfer and pressure drop in plain tube bundles

The influence of turbulence intensity on heat transfer and pressure drop in tube bundles was measured in an open wind tunnel. The bundles consisted of one to three rows of plain tubes with in-line and staggered tube arrangements. The vertically arranged tubes were heated by saturated steam, condensing inside, and cooled outside with air in cross-flow. The turbulence intensity behind different grids varied in the air stream between 0.8% and 25%, and the air-side Reynolds numbers ranged from 1.5 × 10⁴ to 1.5 × 10⁵. The enhancement of the heat transfer coefficients for the bundles is due to an increase in the level of turbulence and also to a decreasing number of rows. The increase in the Nusselt number is about 42% for a single row and about 14% for a tube bundle with three rows.

From the pressure drop experiments it follows that over a wide range of Reynolds numbers the drag coefficient is almost independent of the inlet turbulence intensity.

In this paper the experimental results for single rows and for bundles with three rows are presented. The influence of the transverse and longitudinal pitch to diameter ratio on heat transfer and pressure drop is discussed.     

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CHANNELS OF PLATE CONDENSERS

An analysis is presented for the main factors which control the intensity of vapor condensation in plate condenser channels, such as heat transfer both in single-phase stream of the coolant and in the condensate film, heat and mass transfer in gas-vapor phase, thermal resistance of fouling at heat transfer surface and pressure drop in condensing stream. On the basis of a relationship between the heat transfer and the wall shear stress, an approximate equation is obtained for calculating heat transfer from the pressure drop data. For calculation of heat transfer in condensate film during the condensation of high speed vapor, an analogy between heat and momentum transport has been used. An analysis of fouling deposition on heat transfer surface has been performed and an equation is presented for calculating the reduction of the fouling thermal resistance as compared with shell and lube heat exchangers. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical results. These data have shown the improvement of all the mentioned factors, which determine the intensity of the whole condensation process compared to the same factors in shell and tube condensers. Under the equal conditions, the required area of the heat transfer surface is reduced by 1.6 to 3 limes for the plate condenser, as compared with conventional shell and tube units.     

管间支撑物的结构对横纹槽管管束传热强化性能的影响

通过对壳程流体纵向冲刷型管壳式换热器的传热与流体阻力实验,比较了横纹槽管管束在折流杆支撑和空心环支撑两种情况下的传热强化特性,发现空心环管间支撑物比拆流杯管间支撑物有较好的性能.此外,还报道了用激光测速测量壳程流体在管间支撑物条件下的流速分布,分析了管间支撑物结构对传热性能的影响.     

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CHANNELS OF PLATE CONDENSERS

An analysis is presented for the main factors which control the intensity of vapor condensation in plate condenser channels, such as heat transfer both in single-phase stream of the coolant and in the condensate film, heat and mass transfer in gas-vapor phase, thermal resistance of fouling at heat transfer surface and pressure drop in condensing stream. On the basis of a relationship between the heat transfer and the wall shear stress, an approximate equation is obtained for calculating heat transfer from the pressure drop data. For calculation of heat transfer in condensate film during the condensation of high speed vapor, an analogy between heat and momentum transport has been used. An analysis of fouling deposition on heat transfer surface has been performed and an equation is presented for calculating the reduction of the fouling thermal resistance as compared with shell and lube heat exchangers. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical results. These data have shown the improvement of all the mentioned factors, which determine the intensity of the whole condensation process compared to the same factors in shell and tube condensers. Under the equal conditions, the required area of the heat transfer surface is reduced by 1.6 to 3 limes for the plate condenser, as compared with conventional shell and tube units.     

旋流片支撑缩放管管束传热与流动的数值模拟

通过数值模拟,以水为工质,研究了湍流时旋流片支撑缩放管管束管间的传热综合性能,并与无支撑光滑管管束、无支撑缩放管管束及旋流片支撑光滑管管束的传热性能进行了对比,分析了不同结构参数对其传热综合性能的影响;揭示了旋流片支撑缩放管管间流体速度场与温度场之间的协同性。结果表明:旋流片支撑急扩慢缩型缩放管管束相对急缩慢扩型具有更好的传热综合性能,且都比旋流片支撑光滑管管束的传热综合性能好,但二者都没有对应的无支撑缩放管管束综合性能好;具有小角度跟大扭率结构的旋流片更有利于旋流片支撑管束传热综合性能的提高;相对旋流片支撑光滑管管束与无支撑缩放管管束,旋流片支撑缩放管管束强化传热的原因在于传热场协同的增强作用更为明显。考虑管间支撑物支撑管束与抗振的必要性,旋流片支撑缩放管管束是一种高效的壳程强化传热措施,文中条件下通过优化,最大传热综合性能能达到1.057。     

基于扁管的蒸发式冷凝器管外传热传质特性研究

强化蒸发式冷凝器管外传热传质可有效降低系统能耗，利用Fluent软件，结合自编译程序及组分输运模型对扁管蒸发式冷凝器管外传热传质过程建模，选取了等周长圆管模型进行比较，研究了二者传热传质性能的差异。通过研究管外液膜厚度及速度，以及管外温度分布和含湿量的变化规律，对比了扁管和圆管的平均表面传热系数，结果表明扁管的平均表面传热系数于圆管提升了9.04%。模拟了风速从1.5 m·s^-1变化至3 m·s^-1以及喷淋密度从0.15 kg·m^-1·s^-1增加至0.3 kg·m^-1·s^-1时对扁管式蒸发式冷凝器换热的影响，得到随着风速及喷淋密度的增加其平均表面传热系数分别增加了5.68%和30.26%。对扁管式蒸发式冷凝器管外的传热传质特性的研究为其应用提供了理论指导。     

基于流型的小直径圆管内流动凝结换热机理

通过流型的可视化观察和传热实验 ,探讨不同管径下小直径圆管内流动凝结过程中流型的演化规律以及不同流型的凝结换热特性 .分析表明 ,随着管径的减小 ,以凝结液沿管壁周向均匀分布为主的环状流型在流型图上的面积增加 ,相应地换热温差对凝结换热数Nu的影响降低 .本研究深化了对小尺度下凝结换热机理的认识 ,为推动相关技术的进一步发展提供了理论依据     

蒸汽在扁平管内逆流流动凝结实验与理论分析

针对火电机组直接空冷凝汽器扁平管内蒸汽凝结换热过程,设计并搭建了水冷扁平管内可视化流动凝结实验台,开展管内凝结换热研究。建立涵盖壁面薄液膜和圆弧段液池的流动凝结分析模型,得到凝结液膜发展相关方程。特别对于壁面液膜双曲型发展方程,考虑其对流特征和物理守恒特性,提出共轭梯度法-牛顿法-模拟退火相结合的稳态求解算法,避免传统非稳态方法的复杂性。可视化实验结果表明,管内汽液两相分层流动,扁平管圆弧底部形成了液池。对应的理论分析结果更加细致地表明,管内凝结换热为分层流型,液池液膜厚度为1 mm量级,壁面液膜相比液池液膜薄很多,因而具有较高的凝结传热系数。分析结果为判断冬季低温环境运行时管内冻结起始位置提供了依据。     

釜式再沸器壳侧循环流动与管束传热的分格模型

通过对管束壳侧循环流动沸腾传热的分析，提出了管束沸腾传热的薄层蒸发传热增强贡献的计算公式，建立了釜式再沸器壳侧循环流动与管束传热的分格模型，利用此模型，对管束传热系数及循环流速进行了模拟计算。验证结果表明，由本模型计算所得管束沸腾传热系数与实验结果吻合较好。     

椭圆管束对流换热性能的数值模拟研究

运用计算流体力学(CFD)FLUENT软件,对水横掠叉排椭圆管束时管外流动和换热性能进行了二维数值模拟。结果表明,增加纵向或横向管间距,管束尾部的漩涡数量和大小都会有所增加,换热性能降低;纵向或横向管间距的减小,都会对尾部漩涡产生抑制作用,使换热性能提高。来流速度的增加会使管束换热效果增强。综合考虑管束换热性能以及阻力因素,纵向管间距与管束特征尺度的比值为3.0~3.5、横向管间距与管束特征尺度的比值为1.75,来流速度为4m/s时,可以实现低压损的情况下换热效果的显著提升。