热加工对复合板不锈钢表层晶间腐蚀的影响

对压力容器用低合金钢/不锈钢复合板在热加工后的晶间腐蚀行为进行研究,主要针对三种常用表层不锈钢304,321及316L热加工后的晶间腐蚀特性进行探讨。结果表明:表层不锈钢中,321钢存在少量阶梯组织,接近凹坑组织,过多的热处理工序会引起其晶间腐蚀,但程度上轻于316L钢;304钢为明显的晶间腐蚀类型,受热处理的影响较大,严格控制热加工工艺可使其晶间腐蚀的倾向相对最轻;316L钢热加工过程中的晶间腐蚀倾向最为严重,应尽量减少热处理。合金元素较多的钢种(321和316L)在敏化温度热处理后,晶间腐蚀特征改变不大;低碳不锈钢(304)经热处理后,晶间腐蚀所受影响较大。     

Corrosion behavior of wire-arc-sprayed stainless steel coating on mild steel

The corrosion characteristics of a wire-are-sprayed stainless steel coating on mild steel have been investigated in regards to atomizing gases and sealing treatment. Salt spray test was performed. The corrosion behavior of the coating was observed under a microscope succesively through a cycling test of wetting and drying in a salt solution. The sealing-treated coating was found to rust faster compared with the non-sealing-treated coating; it protected the mild steel substrate against corrosion, but even it deteriorated the coating itself due to the interruption of the substrate as an anode. The air-atomized coating ruste more heavily than the nitrogen-atomized one. Four different phases were observed in the coating in regards to corrosion behavior; namely, chromium-based oxide, iron-based oxide, chromium-depleted metallic phase, and stainless steel matrix phase. It was found that the chromium-depleted metallic phase and the iron-based oxide are non-corrosion-resistant, whereas the chromium-based oxide and the stainless steel matrix phase are corrosion-resistant.     

Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel Exposed to a Simulated Salt Lake Atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere has been investigated by analyzing the evolution of surface morphologies and corrosion products, the initiation and development of pits, and the electrochemical characteristics. The results indicated that(Mg_6Fe_2(OH)_(16)(CO_3)(H_2O)_(4.5))_(0.25), a layered double hydroxide, has been detected for the first time in the corrosion products formed on stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere. The specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions were corroded more severely than those exposed to NaCl deposit conditions, which was attributed to the differences in the deliquescence relative humidity and efflorescence relative humidity values of MgCl_2 and NaCl. In addition, a special corrosion morphology consisting of a concentric circle of yellowish material was observed on the specimens exposed to MgCl_2 deposit conditions, which was attributed to the formation of Mg(OH)_2, inhibiting the diffusion and migration of OH~- ions to the anode region. The maximum pit depth followed a power function with respect to corrosion time. The corrosion mechanism of stainless steel exposed to a simulated salt lake atmosphere is also discussed.     

409型不锈钢在冷凝液中的缝隙腐蚀行为

运用冷凝液循环蒸发方法模拟汽车消声器内部腐蚀环境,对比研究了在有/无缝隙条件下409型不锈钢在冷凝液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:与无缝隙试样相比,有缝隙试样在循环试验过程中表现出相对较低的自腐蚀电位;20次循环试验后,腐蚀阻力较低,腐蚀深度较大;缝隙导致不锈钢局部腐蚀速率约增大2.4倍,这主要是由缝隙内部在蒸发过程中更容易保持电解液腐蚀环境、并不断酸化导致的。     

Stress corrosion cracking for 316 stainless steel clips in a condensate stabilizer

In one of the gas processing facilities in Abu Dhabi, UAE; a case of 316L stainless steel material failure occurred in the fractionating column due to stress cracking corrosion twice in a cycle of less than 2 years. This paper studies the stress corrosion cracking behavior of the 316L stainless steel in an accelerated corrosion environment and compares it with a higher corrosion resistant nickel alloy (Inconel 625). The experimental work was designed according to ASTM G36 standard, the samples were immersed in a boiling magnesium chloride medium which provided the accelerated corrosion environment and the tested samples were shaped into U‐bend specimens as they underwent both plastic and elastic stresses. The specimens were then tested to determine the time required for cracks to initiate. The results of the experimental work showed that the main mode of failure was stress corrosion cracking initiated by the proven presence of chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, and water at elevated temperatures. Inconel 625 samples placed in the controlled environment showed better corrosion resistance as it took them an average of 56 days to initiate cracks, whereas it took an average of 24 days to initiate cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples were longer, wider, and deeper compared to the cracks of Inconel 625.     

Model to Study the Effect of Composition of Seawater on the Corrosion Rate of Mild Steel and Stainless Steel

Mild steel and 304 stainless steel are the versatile materials of construction for various structures in ocean water, whose composition varies widely in the vast global marine environment. The major parameters influencing the rate are salinity, sulfate, bicarbonates, pH, and temperature and dissolved oxygen. Prediction of the rate of degradation is a challenging task for design and corrosion engineers for existing as well as new structures to be constructed. Endeavors have been made to model the corrosion rate of mild steel and 304 stainless steel as function of five parameters, namely chloride, sulfate, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature, based on laboratory experimental data. The number of experimentations and compositions of experimental artificial seawater were based on 2 ^k factorial design of experiment. The model was validated with additional generated experimental data as well as real field study from the literature. Three-dimensional mappings of corrosion behavior of mild steel and stainless steel reveal that the effects of these parameters are interrelated and influenced by one another.     

循环冷却水中 2507 双相不锈钢微生物腐蚀研究

目的研究2507双相不锈钢在循环冷却水模拟溶液(添加微生物SRB+IOB)中的腐蚀特征,确定其腐蚀机理。方法模拟某炼油厂循环冷却水溶液,采用SEM,EDS和电化学测试等手段分析2507双相不锈钢在SRB+IOB循环冷却水中浸泡不同时间后的腐蚀产物形貌及其电化学腐蚀情况。结果2507双相不锈钢的腐蚀速率很低,属于轻度腐蚀;在循环冷却水模拟溶液中的阳极极化曲线具有明显的钝化区,且钝化膜具有良好的自修复能力;腐蚀倾向随时间增加先增大后减小,腐蚀速率随时间增加先减小后增大。结论 SRB和IOB及其代谢活动与Cl-协同作用是点蚀的主要原因;2507双相不锈钢具有良好的钝化性和耐微生物腐蚀性能。     

水工钢结构件热喷涂锌-不锈钢阶梯涂层工艺及应用

介绍了热喷涂锌-不锈钢阶梯涂层的施工工艺及工程应用情况。与单独喷锌或喷不锈钢试样进行了水下对比试验，结果表明，喷涂阶梯涂层试样水下耐蚀和抗破坏效果显著。因防护期长，所以周期单位造价低。认为这种复合喷涂层有良好的应用前景。     

不同热处理态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀行为对比研究

目的 对比研究原始、固溶和敏化态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀（SCC）行为及机理。方法 将304和321奥氏体不锈钢经过热处理制备成固溶和敏化态试样,采用U形弯试样在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中浸泡的应力腐蚀试验方法对其进行研究,通过观察U形弯弧顶的腐蚀形貌和开裂时间,并结合腐蚀及裂纹的SEM照片和电化学测试结果进行分析。结果 原始和固溶状态304不锈钢U形弯试样在氯化铵溶液环境中开裂时间为25 d左右,断口形貌分别为穿晶断口和沿晶断口;敏化态试样18 d后发生开裂,断口形貌为穿晶和沿晶的混合断口。原始和固溶态321不锈钢U形弯试样在该环境中经过39 d均无应力腐蚀裂纹;敏化试样经30 d后产生宏观开裂。电化学测试结果显示,不同热处理态的304不锈钢在氯化铵溶液中均具有明显的点蚀敏感性,321不锈钢在该环境中耐点蚀和应力腐蚀的能力优于304不锈钢。结论 不同状态的304不锈钢在高温氯化铵环境中具有较强的应力腐蚀倾向,特别是敏化态试样;321不锈钢在该环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性相对较小,但敏化处理显著增加了其沿晶应力腐蚀倾向,而固溶态试样具有明显的沿晶腐蚀特征。     

Characterization of blasted austenitic stainless steel and its corrosion resistance

It is known that the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is deteriorated by blasting, but the reason for this deterioration is not clear. A blasted austenitic stainless steel plate (JIS-SUS304) has been characterized with comparison to the scraped and non-blasted specimens. The surface roughness of the blasted specimen is larger than that of materials finished with #180 paper. A martensite phase is formed in the surface layer of both blasted and scraped specimens. Compressive residual stress is generated in the blasted specimen and the maximum residual stress is formed at 50–100 μm from the surface. The corrosion potentials of the blasted specimen and subsequently solution treated specimen are lower than that of the non-blasted specimen. The passivation current densities of the blasted specimens are higher those of the non-blasted specimen. The blasted specimen and the subsequently solution treated specimen exhibit rust in 5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, while the non-blasted specimen and ground specimen do not rust in the solution. It is concluded that the deterioration of corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel through blasting is caused by the roughed morphology of the surface.     

Corrosion testing of phosphatized steel samples

A method for corrosion testing of phosphatized steel samples has been described. The specimens, treated with different phosphatizing, solutions and covered by a chemically inert paint film, have been exposed in a sulphur-dioxide-polluted atmosphere with 90% relative humidity at 22.0°C. The corrosion rate has been measured as an increase in weight. The corrosion resistance shows a good correlation with the crystal coverage of the zinc phosphate layers. Filiform corrosion can be inhibited by zinc phosphate as well as iron phosphate coatings. However, underfilm corrosion is more frequent on the iron phosphatized samples.     

Corrosion behaviors of arc spraying single and double layer coatings in simulated Dagang soil solution

Three kinds of single layer coatings of Zn, Zn15Al, 316L stainless steel and two kinds of double layer coatings with inner layer of Zn or Zn15Al and outer layer of 316L stainless steel by arc spraying were developed to protect the metal ends of prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe piles against soil corrosion. The corrosion behaviors of the coated Q235 steel samples in the simulated Dagang soil solution were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and natural immersion tests. The results show that the corrosion of the matrix Q235 steel is effectively inhibited by Zn, Zn15Al, Zn+316L and Zn15Al+316L coatings. The corrosion rate value of Zn15Al coated samples is negative. The corrosion products on Zn and Zn15Al coated samples are compact and firm. The corrosion resistance indexes of both Zn and Zn15Al coated samples are improved significantly with corrosion time, and the latter are more outstanding than the former. But the corrosion resistance of 316L coated samples is decreased quickly with the increase in immersion time. When the coatings are sealed with epoxy resin, the corrosion resistance of the coatings will be enhanced significantly.     

Sintered Cu Alloyed Stainless Steels and Their Corrosion Behavior

Copper is an effective element to activate the sintering process of stainless steels and to enhance corrosion resistance of the sintered specimens. Ways of introducing Cu into stainless steel powders lead to different consequence in the microstructure and corrosion behavior of sintered Cu alloyed stainless steel. In the present work, two methods, mixing Cu with stainless steel powder and coating stainless steel powder with Cu by electroless plating, were introduced in order to investigate their influence on the sintered specimens. It was found that the sintered specimens from Cu-coated stainless steel powders (1-5 wt.%Cu) produce less porous surfaces with isolated pores than the specimens from mixed powders and the former have obviously high density and relatively even Cu distribution. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicate that Cu-electroless plating of 1-5 wt.%Cu improves the corrosion resistance of sintered stainless steel due to the lowering of passivation current density.     

钢铁材料在武汉长江中的现场腐蚀试验结果

通过现场暴露试验,获得了7种典型钢铁材料、碳钢/不锈钢、碳钢/铜偶对在武汉长江中的腐蚀结果,总结了它们的腐蚀行为。HT200、QT500-7、Q235、16Mn在武汉长江中有较高的腐蚀速率和较重的点蚀。QT500-7的耐蚀性好于HT200。在武汉长江中暴露4年,304、316L没有明显的腐蚀,430有较轻的点蚀。在长江水中Q235与304或T2偶合,电偶腐蚀较重。     

Corrosion resistance of stainless steel pipes in soil

To be able to give safe recommendations concerning the choice of suitable stainless steel grades for pipelines to be buried in various soil environments, a large research programme, including field exposures of test specimens buried in soil in Sweden and in France, has been performed. Resistance against external corrosion of austenitic, super austenitic, lean duplex, duplex and super duplex steel grades in soil has been investigated by laboratory tests and field exposures. The grades included have been screened according to their critical pitting‐corrosion temperature and according to their time‐to‐re‐passivation after the passive layer has been destroyed locally by scratching. The field exposures programme, being the core of the investigation, uses large specimens: 2 m pipes and plates, of different grades. The exposure has been performed to reveal effects of aeration cells, deposits or confined areas, welds and burial depth. Additionally, investigations of the tendency of stainless steel to corrode under the influence of alternating current (AC) have been performed, both in the laboratory and in the field. Recommendations for use of stainless steels under different soil conditions are given based on experimental results and on operating experiences of existing stainless steel pipelines in soil.     

304不锈钢在人工海水环境中的腐蚀磨损行为研究

目的阐述304不锈钢在人工海水环境中的腐蚀磨损行为及其力-电化学耦合作用下的损伤机理,为海水服役环境中海洋装备的开发和利用提供理论支持。方法利用腐蚀磨损试验仪研究了304不锈钢在人工海水环境中的摩擦学性能和电化学性能及其交互作用下的腐蚀磨损行为,并利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、激光共聚焦显微镜等仪器对磨痕表面进行表征与分析。结果在载荷作用下,304不锈钢的腐蚀电位从静态腐蚀的-0.310V变为-0.368V,腐蚀电流密度也增加了约1个数量级。阳极恒电位下,304不锈钢和Al_2O_3陶瓷球摩擦副的摩擦系数比阴极保护下的小。载荷为5N时,304不锈钢的腐蚀磨损率为0.195mm~3/d,其中,腐蚀加速磨损速率占68.7%;载荷为15N时,总磨损速率明显增加,其中,纯磨损率所占比例最大,为60.1%,此时腐蚀加速磨损速率占比为39.1%。结论 304不锈钢的腐蚀磨损行为是"机械去钝化-化学再钝化"的动态过程。腐蚀和磨损过程存在明显的交互作用。在磨损过程中,304不锈钢表面发生马氏体相变,通过电偶腐蚀进一步加强腐蚀作用;同时,腐蚀过程的反应产物使304不锈钢的耐磨性能下降。随着载荷的增加,对总腐蚀磨损速率贡献最大的由腐蚀加速磨损速率逐渐变为纯磨损率,载荷对304不锈钢的机械磨损影响更大。     

Effects of Leptothrix discophora on the potential behavior of stainless steel

Biofilm formation and electrochemical behavior of stainless steel have been studied in well water, in tap water and in water taken from fire extinguishing system. Some of the waters have been modified by adding manganese ions as well as in some cases acetate and yeast extract as a nutrient. Manganese oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix discophora has been used in these studies. To eliminate crevices in the specimen holder and to simulate reasonably well the conditions in fire‐extinguishing systems where the water is stagnant most of the time, a tape test arrangement with very slow flowing rate has been used in most of these studies. Also specimens with heat tint areas produced by heating inductively a small section of the specimen under flowing argon shielding gas were used in these studies. The results of these tape tests show that manganese oxidizing bacteria are able to increase the potential of both the base material (stainless steel UNS S30400) and of specimens with heat tint areas in well water, in tap water and in water taken from fire extinguishing system. Manganese oxidizing bacteria are also able to increase the cathodic reaction and thus enhance the initiation of corrosion. However, the increase of potential is not alone enough to start the corrosion. In these tests corrosion was initiated only in the specimens with heat tint areas in one of the waters taken from fire extinguishing system. No corrosion was detected in the specimens exposed to the well water or to the tap water used in these tests.     

316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀行为

通过腐蚀失重试验,获得了316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀失重曲线及均匀腐蚀速率;采用XPS、XRD、SEM等手段对腐蚀产物的组成元素、物相、形貌进行了分析。结果表明:316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的平均腐蚀速率为0.05mm/a,远小于304NG不锈钢和321不锈钢的;腐蚀产物膜主要以耐蚀性强的磁铁矿Fe_3O_4、尖晶石类氧化物FeCr_2O_4和NiFe_2O_4、镍和铬氧化物及氢氧化物等形式存在,且(铬+镍)与铁的原子比高于基体的,说明316NG不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。     

Inhibition von Niedertemperaturkreisläufen in Kraftwerken mit Lithiumhydroxid

Inhibition of low temperature circulating systems with lithium hydroxide in power stations Corrosion current density measurements of mild steel St 37 in deionized, air-saturated water between 20 and 60°C showed that addition of small quantities of lithium hydroxide (ca. 25 ppm) protects against corrosion attacks similar to pitting corrosion and is found adequate even up to 5 ppm chloride ion concentration. Constant strain rate tests of mild steel St 37 showed no indication of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at 70°C, up to 500 ppm lithium hydroxide, and 100 ppm chloride ion concentration. Metallographic examination of specimens indicated intergranular stress cracking with cracks of 1–30 m?m depth in environments containing 2%, 4%, and saturated lithium hydroxide (with solid excess salt) at 70°C. Accumulation of lithium hydroxide should therefore be avoided. No SCC was observed in austenitic stainless steel X 5 CrNi 18 9 specimens in the above environments.     

Electrochemical behaviour enhancement of stainless steels by a SiO2 PACVD coating

Amorphous silica coatings have been deposited by plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) process on M2 steel and 304 stainless steel substrates. The chemical inertia of the coating has been established by resonant quartz crystal microbalance (RQCM), and no porosity has been observed at the AFM scale. The barrier effect has been evaluated on M2 steel by applying the concept of dipolar relaxation. The protection is very efficient, and no deleterious galvanic coupling with the uncoated metallic surface can occur.

A coated stainless steel was also investigated in NaCl solution in order to understand how the passive properties are influenced by such a barrier coating. When deposited on stainless steel, coated part keeps the beneficial passive behaviour inherent to the substrate. They evidence almost no corrosion. The silica based layer behaves as a quasi perfect dielectric. The corrosion rate is then greatly reduced, and the pitting resistance is improved. The excellent localized corrosion protection has been explained by a tiny porosity rate, and a limited access of chloride ions through open pores.