Evaluation of drilling parameters on thrust force in drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite laminates using compound core-special drills

Drilling is the mostly used secondary machining of the fiber reinforced composite laminates, while the delamination occurs frequently at the drill exit in the workpiece. In the industrial experiences, core drill shows better drilling quality than twist drill. However, chip removal is a troublesome problem when using the core drill. Conventional compound core-special drills (core-special drills and step-core-special drills) are designed to avoid the chip removal clog in drilling. But the cutting velocity ratio (relative motion) between outer drill and inner drill is null for conventional compound core-special drills. The current study develops a new device and to solve the problems of relative motion and chip removal between the outer and inner drills in drilling CFRP composite laminates. In addition, this study investigates the influence of drilling parameters (cutting velocity ratio, feed rate, stretch, inner drill type and inner drill diameter) on thrust force of compound core-special drills. An innovative device can be consulted in application of compound core-special drill in different industries in the future.     

Experimental studies of step drills and establishment of empirical equations for the drilling process

Various sizes of step drills were manufactured by a CNC grinder machine and used in the drilling process with different speeds and feed rates to produce single step holes in S1214 free machining steel. The performance of step drills was compared with that of conventional twist drills in the drilling of the free machining steel for the same task. The influences of drill size, feed rate and cutting speed on the performance of step drills were studied. Experimental results show that for better cutting performance, the small diameter should not be less than 60% of the large diameter. Also, most of the changes in the characteristics of the thrust force were influenced by the smaller drill of the step drill. On the other hand, the small diameter part of the step drill only contributed about 30% of the torque. From the experimental results, empirical equations for drilling thrust force and torque have been established for step drills.     

Magneto-abrasive machining for the mechanical preparation of high-speed steel twist drills

In this paper investigations of the influence of magneto-abrasive machining (MAM) on the micro-geometry of the tool cutting edges and the surface quality of high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills are presented. It is shown that MAM makes it possible to reproduce defined radii of the cutting edges and corner edges of the drills and improves the tool surface quality. The optimally rounded cutting corner edge of the drill makes it possible to avoid the run-in period of the drill and increases the stability of the cutting edge substantially. This results in an improved wear behaviour and higher tool life of the drill.     

Cutting performance of different coatings during minimum quantity lubrication drilling of aluminum silicon B319 cast alloy

Cutting performance of cemented carbide drills with various coatings was investigated in detail under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions. An advanced dual-channel Bielomatik MQL system was installed in an Okuma machining center. A specially designed Mapal drill was selected for the studies to eliminate voids between the tool and the MQL tool holder that can interfere with mist delivery. Using this design, a mist flow rate of 25 mL/min was achieved through the drills.Progressive frictional/wear studies were performed. Coated drills were tested in three stages (50, 500, and 7000 holes). During short term drilling tests (50-hole level), cutting performance was comprehensively evaluated for a range of coatings by measuring several in-situ frictional characteristics of the cutting process, such as cutting forces, and related characteristics including, chip type and undersurface morphology. Wear patterns of the cutting tools were indentified as well. Selected coatings were tested further. The best cutting performance based on the 500-hole testing was found with the diamond coating. However, excessive brittleness of the entire coating/substrate system led to premature failure of the drill after 4300 holes. The low-hydrogen DLC coating that also showed promising cutting performance based on the 500-hole test was selected as the next candidate for further testing. Drills with low-hydrogen DLC coating achieved 7200 drilled holes with a flank wear of only 110 μm and moderate intensity of workpiece material pickup. This results in a better surface finish of drilled holes.Based on this study, the Mapal drills with the low-hydrogen DLC coating provided comparable machining performance to that possible with traditional wet machining, but with the environmental and cost advantages possible with MQL.     

Electro-spark coatings for enhanced performance of twist drills

Surface engineering approaches are being increasingly employed for enhancing the effective life of twist drills with a view to reduce machining costs. The electro-spark coating (ESC) technique provides a promising means of depositing wear resistant coatings that can potentially enhance the performance of these tools. However, it is often necessary to also optimize the machining conditions for coated tools to achieve an enhanced tool life. In the present investigation, varying spindle speeds were employed at a fixed vertical feed to evaluate the performance of WC-8Co ESC coated HSS drills in comparison to bare HSS drills. The number of holes drilled before reaching a preset average flank wear (0.5 mm), or catastrophic failure of the drill, was taken as the measure of tool life. The drill flank wear, monitored at regular intervals, as well as the cutting torque and thrust measured for all holes, were considered to be the key criteria for optimizing the cutting conditions. Results indicate that the WC-8Co coated drill tool life can be increased by a factor of more than 5, depending on the machining conditions selected. Furthermore, flank wear of the drill was found to increase rapidly at the end of drill life. Cutting torque data was also found to provide a useful indicator for predicting the end of tool life.     

Drilling thick fabric woven CFRP laminates with double point angle drills

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have many desirable properties, including high strength-to-weight ratio, high stiffness-to-weight ratio, high corrosion resistance, and low thermal expansion. These properties make CFRP suitable for use in structural components for aerospace applications. Drilling is the most common machining process applied to CFRP laminates, and it is difficult due to the extremely abrasive nature of the carbon fibers and low thermal conductivity of CFRP. It is a challenge for manufacturers to drill CFRP materials without causing any delamination on the work part while also considering the economics of the process. The subject of this study is the drilling of fabric woven type CFRP laminates which are known to be more resistant to delamination than unidirectional type CFRP laminates. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of double point angle drill geometry on drilling performance through an experimental approach. An uncoated carbide and two diamond coated carbide drills with different drill tip angles are employed in drilling experiments of aerospace quality thick fabric woven CFRP laminates. Force and torque measurements are used to investigate appropriate drilling conditions based on drill geometry and ideal drilling parameters are determined. Tool life tests of the drills were conducted and the condition of the diamond coating is examined as a function of drilling operational parameters. High feed rate drilling experiments are observed to be favorable in terms of drill wear. Feed is observed to be more important than speed, and the upper limit of feed is dictated by the drill design and the rigidity of the machine drill. Hole diameter variation due to drill wear is monitored to determine drill life. At high feeds, hole diameter tolerance is observed to be more critical than hole exit delamination during drilling of fabric woven CFRP laminates.     

基于BTA原理的轴套深孔加工方法

介绍了基于BTA原理设计的轴套深孔加工方法,即钻杆外冷却、内排屑钻孔法,用于加工直径16~40 mm、深径比在100以内的的深孔。在使用普通车床的卡盘、中间支架和刀架滑板的基础上,设计了一套包括动力头、给液器等装置,解决了轴类零件中心找正、装夹固定、钻头定位和导向等难题,其结构简单,可以方便地在普通车床上使用。并且通过不同的方法组合,也可以用于板类零件加工深孔。给出了详细的加工方法和参数选用,经过实际生产使用表明,该装置运行可靠,操纵维护方便。     

Generalized groove-type chip breaker effects on drilling for different drill diameters and flute shapes

This paper proposes a generalized formulation to place chip-breaker grooves on drills of varying diameters. To verify the effectiveness of this generalization the groove is placed on the drill rake face of 6.35 and 3.18 mm diameter drills of standard and parabolic flute shapes using a fabrication process utilizing electro-discharge machining (EDM). The results indicate that chip size is reduced. The robustness of the placement of the groove is assessed with experiments validating effective distance from the cutting lip and groove depth thereby facilitating drill regrinding. Experiments are also conducted to study chip clogging when the chip-breaker groove is employed on small drill diameters.     

Effect of deviation on delamination by saw drill

Various cutting techniques are available to drill holes, but drilling is the most common way in secondary machining of composite materials owing to the need for structure joining. Twist drills are widely used in the industry to produce holes rapidly and economically. Since the twist drill has a chisel edge, increasing the length of a chisel edge will result in an increase in the thrust force generated. Whereas, a saw drill has no chisel edge; it utilizes the peripheral distribution of the thrust force for drilling. As a result, the saw drill can achieve better a machining quality in drilling composite laminates than twist drill. The deviation of cutting edge that occurs in saw drill would result in an increase of thrust force during drilling, causing delamination damage when drilling composite materials in particular. A comprehensive model concerning delamination induced by the thrust force of a deviation saw drill during drilling composite materials has been established in the present study. For a deviation saw drill, the critical thrust force that triggers delamination increases with increasing β. A lower feed rate has to be used with an increasing deviation saw drill in order to prevent delamination damage. The results agree with real industrial experience. A guide for avoiding the drill deviation during drill regrinding or drill wear has been proved analytically by the proposed model, especially when the deviation ratio (β) affects the critical thrust force. This approach can be extended to examine similar deviation effects of various drills.     

Ultrasonic deep hole drilling in electrolytic copper ECu 57

At present the machining of highly ductile electrolytic copper ECu 57 with gun drills is carried out at very low feed values, as the material tends to form very long and unfavourable chips. In addition, high frictional forces on the guide rails cause high torsional strain on the gun drill. This paper first reports on the results of ultrasonically assisted deep hole drilling in ECu 57 with tools of 5 mm diameter. The actuator system for exciting axial vibrations in the ultrasonic range is described and experimental results which were obtained from cutting tests are reported. Particular emphasis is put on the improvements compared with the conventional drilling technology without superimposed vibrations. The effect of different input amplitudes is investigated in detail. The performance criteria are drilling moment, surface quality, chip form as well as the surface zone. By optimising the vibration amplitude, cutting speed and feed, the machining result was improved compared with conventional machining, and at the same time the stability of the machining process was simultaneously increased.     

麻花钻几何参数对不锈钢钻削性能影响的研究

采用ProE和Deform-3D软件分析了影响麻花钻钻411性能关健的几何参数,主要研究麻花钻横刃和顶角对不锈钢钻削过程中切削力、扭矩、刀具磨损的影响.介绍了缩短横刃长度和采用S形横刃螺旋面钻尖对不锈钢钻削力和扭矩的影响.重点分析了顶角影响主切削刃的长度、单位刃长的切削负荷、切削层中切削宽度与切削厚度的比例、切削中轴向力与扭矩、切屑形成与排屑情况.对于在钻削中,如何提高钻头的寿命,提高钻削加工的生产率和孔的加工质量具有重要的指导意义.     

精密数控机床闭式静压导轨结构设计及油腔流场研究

针对精密数控机床对导轨精度的要求,设计一种基于薄膜反馈节流器的闭式静压导轨系统,并根据无穷大刚度原则计算了导轨的结构参数。利用三维软件SolidWorks建立静压导轨油腔的三维模型,导入流体力学软件FLUENT的前处理器Gambit进行网格划分;在设定一定进口压力条件下,给定导轨在静止状态和移动状态下的静压腔流场与温度场的变化规律。通过FLUENT的数值分析得到:在相对静止状态下,静压腔的流场成对称分布;相对速度变大时,静压腔流场在边缘区域压力成不规则的下降,温度在此区域急剧上升,容易出现"气穴"现象,致使油液发热,从而导致导轨运动精度降低。     

Effects of special drill bits on drilling-induced delamination of composite materials

Drilling is the most frequently employed operation of secondary machining for fiber-reinforced materials owing to the need for joining structures. Delamination is among the serious concerns during drilling. Practical experience proves the advantage of using such special drills as saw drill, candle stick drill, core drill and step drill. The experimental investigation described in this paper examines the theoretical predictions of critical thrust force at the onset of delamination, and compares the effects of these different drill bits. The results confirm the analytical findings and are consistent with the industrial experience. Ultrasonic scanning is used to evaluate the extent of drilling-induced delamination. The advantage of these special drills is illustrated mathematically as well as experimentally, that their thrust force is distributed toward the drill periphery instead of being concentrated at the center. The allowable feed rate without causing delamination is also increased. The analysis can be extended to examine the effects of other future innovative drill bits.     

针型喷嘴射流特性研究

运用FLUENT流体仿真软件的VOF两相流模型对针型喷嘴在不同入口压力、不同打击距离的喷嘴射流流场进行数值分析,得到针型喷嘴射流流场的速度和被清洗件承受的压力分布云图和压力分布曲线,研究针型喷嘴射流参数的变化对射流流场速度及压力的影响规律。结果表明:随着入口水压的增加,射流最大速度和被清洗件上承受的压力值增加,但增加趋势逐渐减小;随着打击距离的增加,清洗范围略微增大,被清洗件上承受的压力值减小,但减小程度逐渐下降;进而得出当入口压力为30 MPa,打击距离在90～100 mm范围内的针型喷嘴具有最佳清洗效果。     

机械密封系统流场气穴特性数值分析

针对机械密封腔内流场在一定区域内会产生气穴的现象,建立密封腔的几何仿真模型。利用商业分析软件结合多相流模型对机械密封腔内流场的气穴现象进行数值模拟及优化,获得了机械密封腔内流场的气穴位置和分布情况。分析进口压力、转速对气穴产生的影响,并利用克里金(Kriging)插值方法对其组合进行优化。结果表明:在相同的初始条件下,不同冲洗液的进口压力和转速都对密封腔内气穴的产生具有促进或抑制作用;通过Kriging插值和误差分析,缩小了对气穴现象产生抑制的进口压力和转速组合的范围。     

磨粒流抛光阀块内孔道的数值模拟与试验研究

针对液压阀块孔道内部结构复杂难以进行精密加工的问题,提出利用磨粒流精密抛光技术来实现加工工艺。使用流体仿真软件Fluent进行数值模拟,研究进口压力、磨料浓度、磨粒粒度等对磨粒流加工效果的影响。以液压阀块内的孔道为研究对象,对不同的进口压力、磨料浓度、磨粒粒度下内孔道磨粒流的速度、湍流动能、静压、壁面剪切力进行仿真,得出结论：当入口压力为8 MPa、磨料浓度为0.1、磨粒粒度为200目时,阀块内孔道的抛光效果较好。以该参数进行相应的磨粒流加工实验,结果表明：阀块孔道内壁面的表面粗糙度明显降低,提高了孔道内壁面的表面质量。     

An Investigation of the Cutting Mechanisms of the New Point Drill

This investigation examines the cutting mechanisms and performance characteristics of the New Point Drill. The New Point Drill is a carbide tipped twist drill with a non-cutting zone at the center of the drill. The mechanics by which both the chips that form in the central core of the drill and those formed by the two cutting edges are described using SEM and conventional microscopy. Five different point geometries of carbide tipped drills (including the New Point Drill) and four geometries of HSS drills were used to drill S15C (AISI 1015) steel at a Rockwell B hardness (HRB) of 65 and S45C (AISI 1045) steel at 96 HRB and 104 HRB. The torque, thrust, spindle horsepower, and chip shape served to compare the performance characteristics of the drills.     

径向磁液轴承定子温升及热变形研究

提出一种新型的磁液轴承,以电磁悬浮支承为主、静压支承为辅,实现双重支承,并可以实时调控。通过建立磁液轴承的有限元分析模型,对其进行流-固-热耦合求解,得到轴承的流场、温度、应力及应变分布云图。通过调整轴承系统的结构参数（进油孔直径和线圈匝数）及运行参数（输入电流、进油流量、转子转速）分别进行有限元建模,利用ANSYS软件进行仿真分析,求解不同参数对轴承温升及定子热变形的影响规律。结果表明：流体造成的压力在进油孔内最高为1 MPa,流体在油膜处流速最高为0.8 m/s;轴承定子温度分布对称,有利于散热。研究结果为磁液轴承系统的优化设计提供理论依据。     

Friction drilling of austenitic stainless steel by uncoated and PVD AlCrN- and TiAlN-coated tungsten carbide tools

Friction drilling utilizes the heat generated from the friction between the tool and the thin workpiece to form a bush for fixtures such as screw threads in plastic deformation process. This process produces no chip, shortens the time required for hole-making and incurs less tool wear, thus lengthening the service life of the drill. In this study, tungsten carbide drills with and without coating were employed to make holes in AISI 304 stainless steel, which is known to have high ductility, low thermal conductivity and great hardness. TiAIN and AlCrN were coated onto the drill surface by physical vapor deposition (PVD). Performance of coated and uncoated cutting tools was examined for drillings made under different spindle speeds. Changes in relationship between drill surface temperature, tool wear and axial thrust force during machining were also explored. Experimental results reveal that lubricating effect of the coating and low thermal conductivity of AlCrN caused AlCrN-coated drill to produce the highest surface temperature but the lowest axial thrust force with the least tool wear. However, the difference in performance between coated and uncoated drills diminished with increase in number of holes drilled.     

A study of high-performance plane rake faced twist drills.: Part I: Geometrical analysis and experimental investigation

A study of a modified drill point design with plane rake faces for drilling high-tensile steels is presented. A geometrical analysis has shown that the modified drill point design yields positive normal rake angle on the entire lips and point relieving in the vicinity of the chisel edge. This drill geometry can be expected to reduce the cutting forces and torque, and hence reduce the possible drill breakages when drilling high-tensile steels. An experimental study of drilling an ASSAB 4340 high-tensile steel with 7–13 mm titanium nitride (TiN) coated high-speed steel (HSS) drills has shown that the modified drills can reduce the thrust force by as much as 46.9%, as compared to the conventional twist drills under the corresponding cutting conditions, while the average reduction of torque is 13.2%. Drill-life tests have also been carried out and confirmed the superiority of the modified drills over the conventional twist drills. In some cases, the conventional drills were broken inside the workpiece, while the modified drills performed very well under the same cutting conditions. To mathematically predict the drilling performance and optimise the drilling process using the plane rake faced drills, predictive models for the cutting forces, torque and power will be developed in the second part of this investigation.