Design considerations for high-frequency coaxial winding powertransformers

The use of coaxial windings to create low-loss, low-leakage-reactance, power transformers for use in high-frequency soft-switched DC/DC and resonant converters has been demonstrated by M.H. Kheraluwalest al. (1990). Some of the important loss aspects of the design of coaxial winding transformers are examined, including the influence of the skin effect on winding resistance, the variation of core loss caused by nonuniform core flux density, and the choice of the principle dimensions and aspect ratios for maximum efficiency. Experimental measurements on a 50 kVA, 50 kHz unit are included to confirm portions of the analytical results and suggested design procedures     

An actively cooled 120 kW coaxial winding transformer for fastcharging electric vehicles

A 120 kW coaxial winding transformer has been built and tested to verify previous indications that a high power transformer is feasible with the key attributes of this novel design, namely: low leakage inductance, minimal effect of leakage field on core losses, low copper losses, and a convenient “nesting” structure well suited for separability of the findings. The power transfer capability is more than double that of any previously published result for coaxial winding transformers. The application chosen for the fabricated transformer was an inductive coupler for fast charging of electric vehicles. Presented are the key parametric decisions, their impact on transformer fabrication and characteristics, and the results of these design choices as observed in the experimental data. The final design has active cooling to facilitate high power density and a separable core to allow the primary and secondary windings to be coupled and uncoupled. The experimental data shows performance better than expected, with a magnetizing to leakage inductance ratio of 1000:1, efficiency well over 99% and power density of 25 kW/kg     

推挽变换器的变压器线圈损耗建模及其应用

由于四个线圈分时工作,应用于推挽变换器的变压器线圈交流损耗模型与线圈同时工作的高频功率变压器有很大不同.通过深入研究线圈电流谐渡磁势平衡特点,提出将一个四线圈分时工作的推挽变压器等效为两个独立的变压器,分别建立这两个变压器的谐波电流损耗模型,从而获得整个变压器的线圈损耗建模方法,并据此提出通过这两个等效变压器测量推挽变...     

一种配电变压器绕组变形故障的在线监测新方法

针对电网对变压器绕组健康状态在线监测的需求,提出了一种新的变压器绕组变形故障在线监测方法。通过在线测量两种不同负荷下一次侧和二次侧的电压电流,计算出变压器的短路电抗值,进而反映变压器绕组变形情况。此方法的突出优势在于无需空载调零,不受激磁电流变化影响,不受运行中配电变压器一次侧电压随电网电压波动的影响且精度很高。将所提方法应用于不同容量的配电变压器,仿真结果显示该方法能够精确有效地在线测量正常变压器和有不同程度变形故障的变压器的短路电抗值,从而实现配电变压器绕组变形故障的在线监测。依据本方法的特点,设计了实现短路电抗在线监测所必需的数据采集模块和分析模块。     

变压器绕组变形测试技术在广西电力系统中的应用

通过对大量新投、运行、受短路冲击变压器绕组的频谱特性测试,逐步掌握了变压器绕组变形测试技术,总结出了一些规律,准确判断了几起变压器事故后绕组的变形情况。     

变压器绕组变形的频率响应分析法综述

目前对绕组频率响应的分析方法主要是基于幅频响应曲线的分析,因此从频段划分、幅频曲线特征的分析及曲线相似指数3方面综述了幅频响应曲线的研究现状,介绍了频率响应分析法的原理,从扫频范围的选择和影响测量的因素2方面讨论了绕组频率响应的测量,认为应建立原始的绕组频率响应数据库,在反映绕组变形程度的曲线相似指数研究方面有待于提出切实有效的量化标准。     

自耦补偿与谐波屏蔽换流变压器的接线方案和原理研究

针对传统换流变压器和滤波方式存在的问题,对一种新型的自耦补偿与谐波屏蔽换流变压器进行研究.该换流变压器阀侧绕组采用延边三角形接线,为3倍次谐波电流提供通路;通过匝比配合,实现12脉波换流;其延边绕组与公共绕组构成自耦变压器接线,可减少换流器换向时的电流冲击;在公共绕组上连接滤波支路,并调至谐振点,配之以变压器巧妙的零阻抗设计,可以在阀侧实现无功补偿,可实现网侧绕组中无5、7、11、13次特征谐波,即谐波屏蔽.仿真结果表明论文的理论分析正确;这种新型换流变压器可大大减少网侧绕组中的谐波含量,降低谐波在变压器中引起的损耗和噪音,同时可降低换流变压器的设计容量和绝缘设计的难度,将有很好的应用前景.     

Hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformers

The hottest spot temperature allowance to be used for the different insulation system temperature classes is a major unknown facing IEEE Working Groups developing standards and loading guides for ventilated dry type transformers. In 1944, the hottest spot temperature allowance for ventilated dry type transformers was established as 30°C for 80°C average winding temperature rise. Since 1944, insulation temperature classes have increased to 220°C but IEEE standards continue to use a constant 30°C hottest spot temperature allowance. IEC standards use a variable hottest spot temperature allowance from 5 to 30°C. Six full size test windings were manufactured with imbedded thermocouples and 133 test runs performed to obtain temperature rise data. The test data indicated that the hottest spot temperature allowance used in IEEE standards for ventilated dry type transformers above 500 kVA is too low. This is due to the large thermal gradient from the bottom to the top of the windings caused by natural convection air flow through the cooling ducts. A constant ratio of hottest spot winding temperature rise to average winding temperature rise should be used in product standards for all insulation temperature classes. A ratio of 1.5 is suggested for ventilated dry type transformers above 500 kVA. This would increase the hottest spot temperature allowance from 30°C to 60°C and decrease the permissible average winding temperature rise from 150°C to 120°C for the 220°C insulation temperature class     

Resonant behavior of EHV transformer windings under system originated oscillatory transient over voltages

Grid connected EHV transformers experience various terminal disturbances when in service. The present work attempts to investigate the voltage stresses that may develop on the transformer insulations under a variety of terminal disturbances. A number of standard and non-standard wave shapes like lightning impulse, chopped lightning impulse, steep-front long tail switching surge and oscillatory transient over voltages have been simulated and impressed on the terminals of a 400 kV EHV power transformer operating in the Indian power grid to ascertain how the winding insulations are stressed under these disturbances. Relevant section of the Indian power grid and the transformer has been modeled using Alternative Transient Program (ATP). It has been established that oscillatory system transients can trigger natural resonate frequencies of the transformers causing high voltage stresses on the insulations. Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) analysis of the oscillatory voltage response of the windings confirmed the presence of resonant frequencies indicating forced resonance. Some remedial measures involving winding design modifications have been suggested in the paper to overcome the problem.     

Air temperature effect on thermal models for ventilated dry-type transformers

The temperature of the air surrounding the windings of ventilated dry-type transformers is an important factor in the cooling of the windings since they are cooled only by the air. In particular, inner windings are sensitive to the air temperature in vertical cooling ducts. This study presents air temperature effect on the temperatures in foil-type inner winding for the dry-type transformers. A transformer rated at 2000 kVA was selected for the research and temperature distribution was calculated under constant and varying air temperatures inside vertical ducts at three different loads. The 2-D transient heat diffusion equation was solved using the finite element method by coupling it with the vector potential equation due to non-uniformly generated heat caused by eddy currents in the foil winding. The calculated temperatures at constant and varying air temperatures are presented together with experimental values. The numerical and experimental results of this study showed that the air temperature affects the accuracy of temperatures in foil-type inner winding greatly.     

Applying CTs with digital ground relays

Industrial power distribution system substation transformers and generator step-up transformers in power stations often use resistance-grounded wye secondary windings for medium-voltage power distribution. The purpose of this is to limit damage due to ground-fault currents, while providing sufficient fault current for the operation of ground-fault relaying. The relaying used to protect against ground faults in the system may not provide sufficient protection of the transformer winding against internal faults because the backup ground overcurrent relay in the transformer neutral-to-ground connection must be set to coordinate with downstream relays. In order to protect the winding itself, special relays are utilized. Ground differential protection can be provided by digital overcurrent relays in conjunction with auxiliary ratio matching transformers. Ground differential protection can also be provided in multifunction digital relays. Transformer protection relays may include this feature with one of the schemes used with component relays. If a feeder-protection relay is used on the secondary, in some cases, this may have a ground-directional feature that can be utilized for ground-differential protection     

用机械振动频响法诊断大型变压器绕组松动

开展变压器绕组及铁心监测及诊断方法的研究,及早发现变压器绕组松动,避免突发事故具有十分重要的意义.利用机械振动频响法,通过对变压器的箱壁振动信号的测试和分析,对上海武威变电站220 kV变压器的绕组松动进行了测试分析,提出了诊断变压器绕组松动的新方法.     

Impulse testing of power transformers using the transfer functionmethod

The transfer function of a transformer winding is deconvoluted in the frequency domain from the digitally recorded neutral current and high voltage applied during impulse tests. The integrity of the winding insulation is determined by comparing the transfer function obtained at full and reduced test voltage. Differences between the transfer function plots reveal local breakdowns in the winding that can be dissociated from partial discharges. Thus the method permits unambiguous acceptance or rejection if the transformer and, since the transfer function is theoretically immune to changes in the applied impulse, also allows evaluation of the chopped-impulse test. Some 100 windings of large HV power transformers have been tested using the transfer function method, which on several occasions has revealed transformer faults as well a test setup problems that would have been missed or misinterpreted by conventional techniques     

Increasing the operating life of power transformer winding insulation when upgrading 25-kV alternating current traction substations

Upgrading the traction power supply is an important task in developing railway power engineering. The Russian railway transport development strategy envisions updating power supply equipment, including the reconstruction of 763 traction substations, which will be very expensive. Power transformers are the main, and most expensive, apparatuses in traction substations. They account for more than 50% of the cost of substation equipment. Steps in increasing the operating life of power traction substations during upgrading the ac traction substations are described in the present article. Substation upgrading involves up-to-date equipment and technologies. The decision to replace or further use existing substation power transformers is primarily based on data on the real condition of transformers. The 25 kV alternating current power transformers traction substations operate with the high unbalanced current of windings. The current of the most loaded winding can possess double magnitude of currents in other windings, while the losses of windings differ by four times. A qualitative analysis of transformer operating life based on insulation wear for three traction substations is presented. The winding with maximum insulation wear is assessed on the basis of power consumption. In order to extend the operating life, windings need to be connected to neutral links of a traction substation.     

Studies on the impact of capacitor bank switching on grid connected transformers

Switching events in power system generate transients. These transients have unfavorable impact on grid connected EHV transformers due to their complex oscillatory wave shapes embodying wide spectrum of frequencies. One or more of these frequency components can often excite the natural resonant frequencies of the transformer windings while travelling through transformers and may result severe internal voltage amplification and development of abnormal voltage stresses on the transformer insulation. While designing insulation for grid connected EHV transformers, adequate considerations must therefore be given to the voltage stresses which are likely to develop on the insulation during such occurrences of oscillatory transient overvoltages. In this paper, the authors have analyzed the stresses developed in the windings of a 400/220/33 kV grid connected transformer operating in the National Power Grid of India by model based studies when natural frequencies of the windings are triggered by oscillatory transient overvoltages originated from deliberate switching of static capacitor banks at substation.     

基于Lax-Wendroff算法的变压器绕组高频模型的时域分析

特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)作用下变压器绕组的过电压分布计算对于其绝缘设计是非常重要的。为研究VFTO对大型电力变压器绕组绝缘的影响,笔者首先不考虑频变阻抗的影响,针对容易损坏的前几匝线圈,每匝线圈为一单元构造模型,其余线圈以两饼线匝为一单元,建立变压器绕组的多导体传输线模型,利用三阶精度的Lax-Wendroff差分法计算暂态电压分布;然后采用矢量匹配法处理频变参数,推导基于Lax-Wendroff差分法的暂态计算公式。计算结果与电磁暂态程序EMTP仿真结果一致,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

The ANSI 49 Rectifier with Phase Shift

The ANSI 49 rectifier circuit given in the ANSI Standard C34.2-1968, Section 4 is a single-way three-phase input rectifier that has 120°rectifier conduction, six-pulse output, and does not use an interphase transformer. It is a very desirable circuit but has not been used extensively. Part of the reason for this is the need for separate phase shift transformers to cancel the source. harmonic currents when several of the rectifiers are used together. The ANSI 49 circuit, has a wye primary, six-phase star secondary, and is wound on three single-phase cores or the magnetic equivalent A modification of this circuit is described in which the wye primary is replaced with a partial zig-zag winding, where the zig. and zag windings have unequal turns. By selecting proper ratio of turns of the zig to zag winding, any desired phase shift can be secured. The new circuit is analyzed to show how it works, and test results of a laboratory model are described which fully verify that the circuit operates as theory predicts.     

Using correlation coefficients for locating partial discharge in power transformer

Most serious failure of power transformers is due to the insulation breakdown. Partial discharge (PD) that damages insulation by gradual erosion is major source of insulation failure. The effective ability of the wavelet packets analysis as a tool for disk-to-disk partial discharge faults detection and localization in transformer windings is shown in this paper. Techniques for locating a PD source are of the major importance in both the maintenance and repair of a transformer. One of the most well-known methods of PD localization in transformers is based on winding modeling and current of neutral point analysis. Since the impedance between PD location and neutral point of winding depends on the PD location in respect to neutral point, the frequency spectrum of neutral point current varies when the PD location changes. In the other word, the current components of neutral points vary according to the place where PD occurs. So in this paper, detailed model of transformer winding is modeled and the neutral point current is studied for locating PD. The used method is validated by the simulated model of transformer windings. This model produces a very acceptable current when compared to the experimental data. In this paper for locating partial discharge (PD) in transformer windings, a simulated model is developed for the transformer winding and the PD phenomenon mechanism. The impulse current test and wavelet packets transformation are used to locate PD. It is shown that the neutral current measurement of the transformer winding has useful information about PD location.     

Single-phase insulator transformers

To show that voltage surges are effectively transmitted between the windings of insulator transformers, a relatively simple and functional test was prepared. The test applied differential-mode voltage surges with small amplitudes to the primary winding of three different types of single-phase no-load insulator transformers. The differential-mode was selected based on the fact that this mode is much more frequent than the common-mode.     

大型异步电动机定子振动与模态分析

预测电机的振动和噪声需准确计算电机定子结构的固有频率及定子的响应特性。文中利用3D有限元软件研究了定子模态和固有频率，分析了定子叠片结构、绕组对大型异步电机定子固有频率和振动模态的影响；用有限元分析和实验测量确定正交各向异性叠片结构和绕组的材料属性，并与实测结果进行了比较。研究表明，对于大型异步电机，定子绕组对固有频率影响很大，其弹性模量远低于实体铜，有效部分绕组和端部绕组不能简单地以附加质量形式计算固有频率；端部绕组质量和刚度对固有频率的影响大体相互抵消，所以端部绕组对固有频率的影响相对很小。