双轴加载下缺口应力应变分析的改进方法

已有的研究表明利用Neuber法以及等效应变能密度法(ESED法)计算缺口尖端应力应变时,前者计算的结果偏高,后者计算的结果偏低。而利用上述两种方法计算的结果分别为估算结果的上下限。基于对两种方法计算结果的分析,在Neuber法的基础上,改进其计算方法的不足,同时在改进的过程中考虑了材料特性(弹性模量、屈服强度以及泊松比)对应力应变估算结果的影响,同时又保证改进方法估算结果位于Neuber法和ESED法之间。以LD5缺口件为算例,利用改进方法估算其缺口根部应力应变结果,并将其与有限元结果进行对比,二者吻合度较好。     

多轴变幅载荷下基于载荷支配模式的缺口件疲劳寿命预测方法

提出一种多轴变幅载荷下基于载荷支配模式的缺口件疲劳寿命预测方法。首先,通过循环计数方法确定多轴变幅载荷历程的计数循环(反复);其次,通过材料的循环应力应变关系和Neuber法推导出虚拟等效应变与真实等效应力之间的关系,并且分别将拉伸型和剪切型Shang-Wang多轴疲劳损伤参数替换虚拟等效应变幅来求解临界面上的真实等效应力幅;然后,通过真实等效应力幅和Neuber法则计算临界面上真实的拉压和剪切等效应变幅,并运用Manson-Coffin方程分别计算缺口部件的拉压和剪切疲劳寿命;最后,选择拉压和剪切疲劳损伤值中的较大值作为每个计数反复的疲劳损伤,并采用Miner法则进行疲劳损伤累积。缺口件多轴疲劳试验结果表明,采用基于载荷支配模式的缺口件疲劳寿命预测方法具有较高的预测准确度。     

复杂应力状态下高温高强度铝合金LD8热疲劳特性的研究

利用带缺口试件进行了同相和异相热疲劳试验，并借助轴对称热疲劳力学行为的有限元数值分析程序，计算和分析了缺口处的复杂应力和应变，探讨用当量应变范围和当量塑性应变能密度评价热疲劳寿命的可能性。结果表明，在一定加载范围内，当量应变范围和当量塑性应变能密度都可以作为评价复杂应力状态下热疲劳寿命的有效力学参量，而且不受试件形状和尺寸的影响。     

零件局部应力—应变计算新方法

使用修正Neuber法计算零件缺口根部应力-应变时,计算的精确度主要取决于疲劳缺口系数K_f的正确求解.本文认为K_f是弹性缺口系数K_f、名义应力S及材料循环屈服强度σ_s的函数,并结合实验分析提出了一种新的K_f求解公式.然后把K_f代入修正Neubert式进行局部应力-应变计算,证实新法更接近实际,具有更为广泛的适用范围.     

自行火炮扭力轴局部应力应变随机性分析及应用研究

通过实车试验,获得自行火炮扭力轴的随机载荷谱。采用材料的分段折线式循环应力、应变幅曲线,将改进的二阶矩法与Neuber法结合,提出计算扭力轴应力集中处局部应力、应变随机性的方法。根据随机性分析结果,获得由材料和载荷随机性引起的扭力轴局部应力、应变的概率密度函数,通过二重积分得到联合概率密度函数。结果表明,扭力轴同时具有高周和低周疲劳现象。结合工程实际提出计算不同工况下两种疲劳模式概率的方法,通过进一步研究可以得到自行火炮扭力轴的疲劳可靠性。研究方法对于工程机械装备疲劳可靠性分析和评估具有参考价值。     

基于连续损伤模型橡胶弹性减振元件疲劳寿命分析

基于连续介质损伤力学理论研究橡胶类材料疲劳寿命预测方法,用一阶Ogden应变能函数导出橡胶材料疲劳损伤演化方程,建立以等效应变范围为损伤参量的疲劳寿命预测模型。拟合橡胶材料无切口试样拉伸试验应力应变数据,获得橡胶超弹材料Ogden本构模型参数,通过有限元结构分析得出转臂橡胶球铰在疲劳载荷工况下的主应力分布。应用橡胶超弹材料等效应力计算法则与橡胶材料无切口拉伸试验应力应变数据,提出复杂应力状态下橡胶弹性减振元件等效应变范围计算方法,得出转臂橡胶球铰的等效应变范围。利用所建疲劳寿命模型对橡胶球铰进行寿命分析预测,并通过转臂橡胶球铰台架疲劳试验进行验证,结果显示试验疲劳寿命是预测疲劳寿命的1.96倍,预测精度比较理想。     

残余应力应变释放系数的有限元分析

通过建立16Mn残余应力盲孔法有限元分析模型,模拟出孔边应力、应变的变化情况.揭示了残余应力引起的孔边应力、应变变化情况与应变释放系数A、B值之间的关系,并用孔边应力、应变的有限元运算结果计算出A、B值.通过应变计中点应变法、应变计中点应力法和平均应变法三种方法去标定和修正应变释放系数,通过对三种方法的比较表明,三种方法的计算结果与实验结果相符.且计算精度较高.证实了残余应力有限元模拟的准确性和A、B值标定和修正方法的多样性.     

用局部应力应变法进行高周疲劳寿命预测的研究

概述局部应力应变法的基本原理和目前的使用方法,指出在计算中现行方法对低周疲劳有较好的寿命预测精度,但对高周疲劳寿命预测精度不高.这主要是因为没有考虑应力集中、表面加工状况、尺寸和环境介质的影响.在充分考虑四者之后,对应变寿命曲线的弹性分量进行修正,并推导出高周疲劳下的局部应力应变法修正公式.本方法计算简单、精度高.通过实例对传统局部应力应变法和文中提出的方法进行比较,得出本方法不仅适用于低周疲劳寿命分析,也可用于高周疲劳寿命计算.在工程中有良好的应用前景.     

基于改进应变能密度法的电动轮自卸车车架焊缝疲劳寿命预测

针对复杂载荷作用下焊接结构应力应变响应出现非完全封闭而交叉的现象,考虑封闭环以外的塑性应变能密度,提出了一种改进的应变能密度计算方法。通过设计制作对接接头试验试件,开展了焊接接头机械性能和疲劳试验研究,获取了Ramberg|Osgood方程参量并构建了基于总应变能密度的疲劳损伤模型。建立了电动轮自卸车车架有限元模型,开展了车架焊缝多载荷步非线性有限元分析。结合新方法和数值模拟得到的应力应变响应计算危险点各应变能密度,依据拟合的疲劳损伤模型进行寿命预测,计算结果与实际失效位置和开裂时间吻合较好。     

基于统一强度理论的复合型裂纹断裂准则

提出一个复合型裂纹等效应力断裂准则，用以解决工程上普遍存在的复合型裂纹的断裂问题。该准则通过借鉴强度理论对复杂应力状态的处理方法，将等效应力作为度量复合型裂纹开裂的基本物理量。该准则在预测发生临界扩展时提出两个基本假设，(1)裂纹沿着等效应力最小的方向开始扩展。(2)等效应力达到临界值时裂纹开始扩展。根据选取的等效应力计算公式的不同，等效应力准则有不同的形式，当等效应力的计算采用总应变能理论时，等效应力准则等价于应变能密度准则；当等效应力采用σr时，等效应力准则可近似逼近最大周向应力理论。采用统一强度理论计算等效应力。最后通过与实验结果及其他理论的计算结果对比，验证基于统一强度理论的复合型裂纹断裂准则满足工程精度要求，且适用性好。     

焊接接头的疲劳寿命评估问题

根据前人的试验和研究成果，定义焊趾处的工程检测到的表面裂纹长度为0.5mm．此前对应的循环次数为工程萌生寿命。给出了基于修正的Neuber法。并考虑了焊接残余应力影响的工程裂纹萌生寿命和基于断裂力学的裂纹扩展寿命的计算方法。     

关键几何尺寸对转子叶片疲劳可靠性的影响

基于改进的一次二阶矩法,利用线弹性随机有限元分析和局部应力应变法,考虑几何尺寸随机性进行转子叶片结构疲劳寿命可靠性的数值分析.根据榫头喉部关键尺寸的随机特性确定应力的统计特性,然后采用一种等概率方法,通过确定性数值计算得到叶片寿命的概率密度、均值和变异系数,讨论榫头喉部几何尺寸的随机性对危险点寿命可靠度的影响.     

PROBABILISTIC METHODOLOGY OF LOW CYCLE FATIGUE ANALYSIS

The cyclic stress-strain responses (CSSR), Neuber's rule (NR) and cyclic strain-life relation(CSLR) are treated as probabilistic curves in local stress and strain method of low cycle fatigue analy-sis. The randomness of loading and the theory of fatigue damage accumulation (TOFDA) are consid-ered. The probabilistic analysis of local stress, local strain and fatigue life are constructed based on thefirst-order Taylor's series expansions. Through this method proposed fatigue reliability analysis can beaccomplished.     

Distributions of load stresses and residual stresses at notches

The fatigue strengh reduction factor K, can be mitigated or eliminated by suitable surface treatments. Analysis of these affects requires the knowledge of the distributions of load stresses and of residual stresses below the surface of notches. This paper describes a simple, approximate formula to determine load stress distributions and residual stress distributions at notches. The load stress distributions by the present approach were compared with finite element analysis under tension, bending and torsion loading. Residual stress distributions by the simple formula were compared with measured date by shot peening. An example of optimization in surface treatments by such analysis is shown.     

Notch wear detection in cutting tools using gradient approach and polynomial fitting

Cutting tool wear is well known to affect the surface finish of a turned part. Various machine vision methods have been developed in the past to measure and quantify tool wear. The two most widely measured parameters in tool wear monitoring are flank wear and crater wear. Works carried out by several researchers recently have shown that notch wear has a more severe effect on the surface roughness compared to flank or crater wear. In this work, a novel gradient detection approach has been developed to detect the presence of micro-scale notches in the nose area of the cutting tool. This method is capable of detecting the location of the notch accurately from a single worn cutting tool image.     

Fatigue cracks at notches

The failure of a component or specimen due to a fatigue crack growing from a notch is considered. Previous methods of analysis involving stress and strain concentration factors are shown to be inadequate. By defining equivalent cracks in notched and un-notched situations as cracks with equal growth rates, the concept of notch contribution to crack length is introduced. Theoretical notch contributions are obtained for a variety of central and edge elliptical notches via stress intensity factor solutions. These results when extended to a very wide range of general notch shapes can be reduced to a useful and simple design rule where e is the contribution to a crack of length l growing from a notch of depth D and root radius . This rule combines the size and shape effects long known to affect fatigue behaviour and defines the extent of the notch field as 0·13√(D).The fatigue crack propagation lives of a wide variety of notches were estimated by this rule and comparisons with experimental values revealed very small errors normally well within the scatter of fatigue lives.The design rule is extended to enable the conventional stress intensity factor method to be employed. A fatigue concentration factor is proposed which takes into account the presence of a fatigue crack which all previous methods have ignored.     

Prediction of welding residual distortions of large structures using a local/global approach

Prediction of welding residual distortions is more difficult than that of the microstructure and residual stresses. On the one hand, a fine mesh (often 3D) has to be used in the heat affected zone for the sake of the sharp variations of thermal, metallurgical and mechanical fields in this region. On the other hand, the whole structure is required to be meshed for the calculation of residual distortions. But for large structures, a 3D mesh is inconceivable caused by the costs of the calculation. Numerous methods have been developed to reduce the size of models. A local/global approach has been proposed to determine the welding residual distortions of large structures. The plastic strains and the microstructure due to welding are supposed can be determined from a local 3D model which concerns only the weld and its vicinity. They are projected as initial strains into a global 3D model which consists of the whole structure and obviously much less fine in the welded zone than the local model. The residual distortions are then calculated using a simple elastic analysis, which makes this method particularly effective in an industrial context. The aim of this article is to present the principle of the local/global approach then show the capacity of this method in an industrial context and finally study the definition of the local model.     

A new approach for the quasi-plane strain-softening problem of cylindrical cavity expansion based on Cam-Clay model

This paper focuses on the quasi-plane strain-softening problem of cylindrical cavity expanding in Cam-Clay soil mass. The quasi-plane strain-softening problem is defined based on the assumptions that the initial axial total strain is a non-zero constant and the axial plastic strain is not zero. A new approach for the major, intermediate, and minor principal strains are proposed based on the associated flow rule, 3-D plastic potential function, Hooke’s law, stress equilibrium equation and Cam-Clay model. The correctness of the proposed approach is validated by the results in Cao and Teh. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the influences of the intermediate principal stress on the radial and circumferential stresses and the radial displacement, respectively.

     

Modeling of geometry effects in fretting fatigue

The stress field that results from two bodies in contact is an important aspect that governs the fretting fatigue behavior of materials. Applied loads as well as contact geometries influence the contact stresses. The profile of an indenter and the boundary conditions provide sufficient information from which the surface tractions and the corresponding subsurface stresses have been calculated in a semi-infinite halfspace using singular integral equations. In this investigation, a numerical subroutine was developed to calculate the surface tractions and the corresponding surface and subsurface stresses of an arbitrary finite thickness infinite plate subjected to loading through a random indenter. The results from the detailed stress analysis of the contact region are required by both an initiation and fracture mechanics approach. While initiation criteria involving stress gradient fields, such as sharp notches and edges of contact in fretting fatigue, are not well established or agreed upon, stress intensity factor calculations using tools such as weight functions are more reliable. The stress intensity analysis, which is used to determine whether an initiated crack will continue to grow if it is above the threshold, depends on many variables in the stress analysis such as pad and specimen geometry, loading configuration and friction coefficient. The contact stress analysis has been used to determine equivalent stress parameters that are related to the initiation of a crack. Similarly the numerical subroutine for the contact stresses is used in conjunction with the stress intensity analysis to determine the influence of the geometry, loading configuration and friction coefficient on the stress intensity factor. Results from high-cycle fretting fatigue experiments are used to determine the threshold stress intensity factor for a given configuration. The combination of the numerical and experimental analysis is then used to develop a tool for high-cycle fretting fatigue based on a threshold approach involving a go–no go criterion.     

A comparison of critical distance methods for fracture prediction

This paper is concerned with four methods which are used to predict the failure of bodies containing notches and other stress concentration features. Two of these methods, which we call the line method (LM) and point method (PM), use parameters taken from the elastic stress field ahead of the notch. The other two methods make use of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM): we call these the imaginary crack method (ICM) and finite fracture mechanics (FFM). A common feature of all the methods is the use of a material constant with the units of length, which we call the critical distance.In this work we test the hypothesis that these four methods all give similar predictions. Firstly, we show analytically that, for the simple case of a straight, through-thickness crack in an infinite body, predictions using the LM are identical to those of the ICM and FFM and, in addition, there is a very simple relationship between the critical distances for the three methods. For notches no precise relationship exists; we used both closed-form solutions and finite element analyses (FEA) to compare predictions of failure from common types of notches, such as circular holes, edge notches and slots, in large (essentially infinite) bodies. We modelled both isotropic and anisotropic materials. In all cases, we found that predictions from the four different methods were of similar magnitude, always falling within an error band of ±10%. However, large differences emerge in the case of finite bodies when the remaining width is similar in size to the critical distance; then predictions become asymptotic in different ways. These findings have practical consequences for the use of these methods in engineering design. The results also promote some discussion about the theoretical basis of critical distance approaches.