苯乙烯—1—丁烯共聚物合金的性能及微观结构

利用ＳＮ－１催化剂对苯忆烯－１－丁烯进行“原位”共聚合反应，分别采用同时加料和顺序加料两种共聚合反应方式制备了两大类苯乙烯－１－丁烯共聚物合金。结果表明，不论是哪种聚合方式，ＳＮ－１催化剂对苯乙烯－１－丁烯共聚合均表出现出较高的催化活性及单体转化率，所得共聚物合金具有高热软化温度和较发的物理性能。利用ＳＥＭ和ＴＥＭ对共聚物合金的微观观察结果表明，在共聚合反应过程中生成的共聚物对共物物合金的良好的增     

水溶性偶氮盐引发制备高分子量聚丙烯腈工艺研究

采用水溶性偶氮盐——偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(V50)为引发剂,以丙烯腈/丙烯酰胺/衣康酸(AN/AM/IA)为共聚合反应单体,根据正交试验方案,采用混合溶剂沉淀法合成了具有不同聚合反应转化率和平均分子量的聚丙烯腈(PAN)共聚物。结果表明:反应时间和反应温度是分别影响聚合反应转化率和聚合产物平均分子量最明显的因素。结合不同反应因素的影响显著性,进行验证性实验表明:通过改进正交试验获得的聚合工艺条件能够制备出具有高转化率和高分子量的PAN共聚物。PAN产物的红外谱图上存在较强的氰基(C≡N)和不同波数的羰基(C=O)吸收峰,表明AM和IA单体与AN发生了共聚合反应。     

聚合物P(TMSPMA-MMA-BA)的合成及聚合反应动力学

为改进甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)/丙烯酸丁酯(BA)共聚物的性能,利用乳液共聚合方法,将γ-甲基丙烯酰氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(TMSPMA)引入共聚物分子链。用红外光谱仪和热重分析仪对共聚物进行了表征;研究了反应温度、引发剂浓度、乳化剂浓度和TMSPMA浓度对乳液共聚合反应速率的影响。红外谱图中1144cm-1处Si-O-Si键的吸收峰表明TMSPMA与MMA/BA发生了共聚合反应;引入TMSPMA的共聚物在250℃以前热性能稳定,MMA/BA共聚物的起始分解温度得到提高;升高反应温度、增大引发剂或乳化剂摩尔浓度及降低TMSPMA摩尔浓度都可以提高聚合反应速率。得到了聚合反应活化能和动力学方程。     

微波辅助活性自由基聚合法制备丙烯酰胺共聚物

微波辐射下,在水溶液中以丙烯酰胺(AM)与磺基甜菜碱两性离子功能单体——N,N-二甲基-N-甲基丙烯酰胺基丙基-N,N-二甲基-N-丙烷磺酸内盐(DMMPPS)进行共聚合反应,得到磺基甜菜碱型两性离子聚合物P(AM-DMMPPS)。采用红外光谱对共聚物结构进行表征,共聚物分子链端基为-Cl原子,证实共聚合反应过程为原子转移活性自由基(A-TRP)反应;提高引发剂浓度,聚合反应速率增加,但过高的引发剂浓度会导致聚合物分子量下降;增大催化剂浓度,转化率及分子量均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。相同聚合反应条件下与热聚合法进行对比研究,微波法的表观速率常数(kpapp≥6.2×10-4s-1)均高于热聚合法(kpapp=2.9×10-4s-1)。     

溶液自由基法高分子量聚丙烯腈的合成

采用以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,丙烯腈(AN)与丙烯酰胺(AM)在二甲亚砜(DMSO)溶剂中的自由基溶液共聚合,考察了单体浓度,单体配比,引发剂含量,反应温度和聚合时间等对共聚反应的影响。分别用称量法和乌氏黏度计测定了反应的转化率和聚合物的相对分子质量,用红外光谱对聚合物的结构进行了分析。研究结果表明,提高反应温度及引发剂含量,则转化率升高,分子量下降。单体浓度越高,分子量及转化率均可提高。这符合自由基聚合的一般规律。通过工艺优化,共聚物的转化率可达90%以上,黏均分子量约21万。     

D_3~F、D_4共聚合反应的研究

研究了 DF3 、D4共聚合反应的特性 ,该反应是平衡开环共聚反应。当反应达到平衡以后 ,共聚物 [η]与高聚物收率基本恒定。对碱催化剂的研究发现 ,强碱性催化剂有利于合成高分子量的 DF3 、D4共聚物。反应温度升高 ,反应速率加快 ,共聚物分子量降低 ,而且 ln[η]～ 1/ T成线性关系。聚合反应初期采用高温反应 ,后期降低反应温度 ,可以达到缩短反应时间 ,增加共聚物分子量的目的     

三氟丙烯本体均聚及与乙烯类单体的溶液共聚合研究

以偶氮双异丁腈(AIBN)作引发剂,研究3,3,3-三氟丙烯(TFP)的本体均聚及其在超临界二氧化碳(sc-CO2)中与烯类单体如醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)、丙烯酸甲酯(MA)、苯乙烯(St)、异丁基乙烯基醚(IBVE)、丙烯酸(AA)5种单体的溶液共聚合反应,测定总单体转化率和TFP转化率随时间的变化及最终产物的平均分子量;对TFP与VAc在sc-CO2中的溶液共聚合除测定上述聚合参数外,采用红外光谱和19F-核磁共振谱表征共聚物的结构,应用核磁共振和电位分析法对比表征共聚物中TFP的结合量、共聚物数均分子量及其分布指数随TFP与VAc的物质的量比、TFP转化率的变化。结果表明:无论是本体聚合还是在sc-CO2中的溶液聚合,TFP都很难发生自由基均聚,但在sc-CO2中TFP却可与上述5种单体发生自由基共聚合,相同条件下50 h TFP的转化率顺序是:Y(TFP-VAc)Y(TFP-IBVE)Y(TFP-MA)≈Y(TFP-St)Y(TFP-AA)。对于TFP-VAc在sc-CO2中的共聚,发现有明显的交替共聚倾向,当n(TFP)∶n(VAc)0.5时,可获得n(TFP):n(VAc)接近1:1的交替共聚物。     

微波辐射甲基丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸丁酯的乳液共聚合

在微波辐射下,进行了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)的乳液共聚合。用称量法测定反应的转化率,研究反应动力学;用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对共聚产物进行了玻璃化温度(Tg)的测试,并通过Tg计算了共聚物中MMA、BA的质量分数;采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、激光光散射粒度仪(PCS)表征了乳胶粒形态、粒径大小及分布。结果表明,微波辐射乳液共聚合的诱导期短、反应速率快、转化率高;共聚产物只有一个Tg,并随MMA/BA质量配比的减小,Tg从91.4℃降低到-35.4℃;制得粒径小于100 nm的单分散乳胶粒;随着乳化剂浓度增大,乳胶粒水合粒径从194 nm减小到60 nm左右。     

固相接枝法合成PC-g-PS及其对PC/PS共混体系的增容作用

研究了双酚Ａ聚碳酸酯（ＰＣ）与苯乙烯（Ｓｔ）固相接枝共聚合，考察了Ｓｔ／ＰＣ配比、引发剂浓度、反应时间和温度对共聚合的影响，获得了接枝率为３０％，接枝效率为６７％的接枝共聚物，并对接枝共聚物进行了ＩＲ、ＤＳＣ、ＤＭＡ等表征，测定了支链ＰＳ的分子量及枝数，并研究了该接枝共聚物对ＰＣ／ＰＳ共混体系的增容作用。     

N-PMI/丁苯胶乳乳液共聚物的合成及热性能研究

采用乳液共聚合的方法,以N-苯基马来酰亚胺(N-PMI)为耐热改性单体与丙烯腈、苯乙烯、丁苯胶乳(SB)乳液共聚合合成了耐热ABS树脂.用DSC、TBA及TGA热分析方法对不同单体配比共聚物的热性能进行了表征,用GPC测定了共聚物的分子量和分子量分布.结果表明,N-PMI的加入能有效提高ABS的耐热性,玻璃化温度和热分解温度均随N-PMI含量的增加而升高.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...