基于小波变换的入库径流组合预测方法研究

应用小波分析理论中的多尺度分析,分析水库入库径流过程,采用àtrous算法分解原始径流过程,对分解后的系数组进行周期分析,利用周期均值叠加法作各级系数外延预测,重构预测的系数组,取得入库径流过程预测结果。利用该方法对三峡水库的实例研究取得了较满意的结果,结果表明组合方法比直接利用周期均值叠加法预测精度高。     

小波变换对中长期入库径流预测的适应性研究

通过典型水库入库径流预测实例,分析了小波周期分析模型预测效果与径流系列长度、时段长及流域尺度之间的关系。初步结论为：①小波周期分析模型依据时间序列长度不能过短,但也不是愈长愈好,当时间序列长度超过一定限时,模型的预测效果将不会再改善;②月、旬两种时段长对比结果表明,时段长越短,径流序列奇异性将越显著,小波周期分析模型的预测效果越差;③小波周期分析模型对流域尺度反应灵敏,流域面积越小,径流序列变化就愈不规则,模型的预测效果愈差。     

不同模态分解方法结合LSTM模型对日径流预报的影响

针对日径流序列不平稳性与波动性的特点，尝试将模态分解和深度学习组合预测方法引入至日径流预报。首先，采用完整集合经验模态分解方法对日径流时间序列进行分解，得到不同频率成分的模态分量；其次，为不同的模态分量构建长短期记忆神经网络日径流预测模型，并采用网格搜索参数寻优算法优化预报模型的超参数；最后将各模型预报结果进行模态重组获得日径流预报结果。以宜昌水文站日径流预报为研究实例，所构建的组合模型较单一长短期记忆神经网络的和分别降低了65.02%、58.35%与2.88%,且运用完整集合经验模态分解方法的分解效果优于传统的模态分解方法，为短时间尺度下的非线性和非平稳的日径流预报提供了新的方法和参考。     

基于小波分析—模糊神经网络的径流预报模型

根据不同的小波分解及重构技术及不同的模糊神经网络模型训练周期,本文提出了四种小波分析与模糊神经网络相结合的径流预报模型,即：基于Mallat算法的母周期径流预报模型、基于Mallat算法的子周期径流预报模型、基于小波包算法的母周期径流预报模型、基于小波包算法的子周期径流预报模型,并阐述了模型建立的原理、结构及步骤。而且,以黄河源区出口水文站——唐乃亥站月径流量为应用实例,采用周期分解系数及模拟效率系数对上述四种模型进行对比评价。结果表明：基于Mallat算法的母周期径流预报模型预报效果最好,基于小波包算法的子周期径流预报模型则模拟效果最差。文中对导致这一现象的主要原因进行了分析, 并对小波分析及模糊神经网络在水文模型中的应用提出了合理化建议。     

基于小波分析技术的中长期径流预测模型研究

针对中长期径流预测精度低的问题,提出了基于小波分析技术的时间序列预测模型。利用小波函数db(5)将年径流序列进行尺度为3的分解,得到相应的低频信号和高频信号,然后对各级分解信号利用ARMA(2,1)模型进行预报,最后将各预报结果叠加合成原始径流的预测值,并与ARMA模型直接预测的年径流值比较,通过实例得出前者预测模型要比后者预测的精度更高、稳定性更好,从而验证了该中长期径流预测模型的有效性。     

基于小波分析技术的中长期径流预测模型研究

针对中长期径流预测精度低的问题,提出了基于小波分析技术的时间序列预测模型。利用小波函数db(5)将年径流序列进行尺度为3的分解,得到相应的低频信号和高频信号,然后对各级分解信号利用ARMA(2,1)模型进行预报,最后将各预报结果叠加合成原始径流的预测值,并与ARMA模型直接预测的年径流值比较,通过实例得出前者预测模型要比后者预测的精度更高、稳定性更好,从而验证了该中长期径流预测模型的有效性。     

小波神经网络在径流预测中的应用

将小波分析与传统的BP神经网络模型进行组合,提出了一种新的径流中长期预测方法。该方法对年径流序列进行Mallat小波分解,将分解后得到的不同尺度下的低频成分和高频成分分别进行Mallat算法重构,对重构系列采用BP神经网络模型进行预测。采用黄河三门峡站1470-2002年的年径流资料进行模型的预测和检验,并与传统的BP神经网络模型进行比较,研究结果表明小波神经网络在径流预测中具有较好的预报精度,可以成功地用于径流模拟和预测。     

基于奇异谱分析的闽江流域径流长期预报研究

以闽江流域1950-2007年月径流时间序列为例,采用毛毛虫-奇异谱分析方法进行长期径流预报研究。经过嵌套、奇异值分解、聚合、对角线平均等步骤,识别序列的趋势、周期等特征,得到趋势成分,以及3个月、4个月、6个月、12个月、2.6年和6.7年的周期成分。进一步基于获得的趋势、周期成分,采用线性递归公式检验验证期(2006-2007年)预测效果,并对未来24个月份(2008-2009年)的径流进行预测。结果表明:毛毛虫-奇异谱分析对水文时间序列具有较好的长期预测能力。     

基于ARIMA时间序列模型的滑坡位移预测预报——以三峡库区王家坡滑坡为例

为深入研究滑坡的位移特性,以三峡库区王家坡滑坡为例,基于简单移动平均法及时间序列的减法模型分解滑坡位移的趋势项位移和周期项位移,对趋势项位移采取多项式拟合处理,对周期项位移进行一阶差分处理,并分析其自相关函数ACF及偏自相关函数PACF,然后根据模型的识别规则,建立了ARIMA(1,1,1)模型。根据时间序列的加法模型,将两部分预测位移相加即为滑坡位移预测的总位移。模型与实测结果对比表明,该预测预报模型效果较好,基本反映了滑坡位移的整体趋势,且实现了对滑坡累积位移的滚动预测,在滑坡累积位移短期预测预报中具有一定的适用性。     

时间序列分解模型在乌拉斯台河年径流量预测中的应用研究

在剖析了现有年径流量预测方法的基础上,根据乌拉斯台河年径流量(1960年~1989年)序列的长期变化特征,提出了时间序列分解预测模型,即将年径流系列分解为趋势项、周期项、随机项,通过对其各项进行识别、提取,再将各项线性叠加,从而建立年径流量预测模型。从模型的识别过程可得,乌拉斯台河年径流具有不显著的递减趋势和明显的周期变化,同时具有一定的随机性。从模型的检验来看,所建模型具有较好的适应性和预报精度,并且拟合效果较好,说明这种预测方法有一定的实用性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.