X射线衍射定量分析参照标样法

本文提出对于多物相分析体系，当其满足定量分析条件时，应在系列标样中选取一个准确度最高的标样作为参照标样，便可建立被测物相的表征浓度与其衍射强度的线性关系式。可平抑分析数据的统计误差。     

钢铁产品化学成分测定中的有效数字

在GB1467冶金产品化学分析方法标准的总则及一般规定中指出:用冶金产品化学分析方法标准所测量和度量到的数据,要根据分析工作中所用仪器、容量等精度情况,以有效数字表示,如以0.5000克,10.000毫升表示重量和体积等。做加减法运算时,有效数字的保留以小数点后位数最少的数为准,先弃去过多的位数再计算。做乘除法运算时,有效数字保留以有效数字位数最少的数为准,先弃去过多的位数再计算。所得分析结果应     

粉末冶金材料性能数据的有效位数

粉末冶金论文中,对数据的有效数字缺乏认识或处理不当的情况屡见不鲜。本文扼要介绍有效数字的基本知识,列出有关标准对金属粉末和粉末冶金材料性能数据有效数字的规定,并举例加以说明。     

硫酸钾红外吸收法测定钢中痕量硫

CS-144型红外碳硫测定仪定硫时,均采用标样进行自动校准,由于标样的传递,必然带来分析误差,尤其测量低含量硫时误差较大,必须给予足够的重视。 目前使用的标样中含硫≤0.0009％的很少,为了解决低含量硫的标准问题,同时为完成上钢五厂一批GCr15一级标样(硫含量大约在0.0005%左右)和我厂GH302标样的定值任务,我们采用硫酸钾标准溶液作为基准进行自动校准,测得的数据与标准值基本一致,测定0.0008％硫的相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.67%。现将分析方法介绍如下:     

X射线荧光光谱分析硅石稳定性差的原因分析及改进

利用X射线荧光分析仪分析同一硅石标样时,数据出现波动,极差最大达到5个品位,原因为融样的样片存在缺陷（气泡或不熔物）。改进方法：以最佳试样助溶剂质量比为1∶20、最佳融样温度为1 150℃和融样时间为15 min为条件制备标样样片,重新建立荧光分析曲线,再用化学湿法分析进行数据比对,结果理想。     

校正标样在光电直读法中的分析和运用

光电直读法在临线快速分析实际运用中，为避免试样冶金状态变化给分析带来影响，常用与分析试样的冶金过程和物理状态相一致的校正标样替代锻造和轧制校正标样，用于控制分析试样的分析结果，并用校正标样做拟合校整曲线数据点，消除锻造和轧制光谱曲线标样绘制的工作曲线得到的结果所产生的系统误差，从而提高分析准确性。     

校正标样在光电直读法中的分析研究和运用

就光电直读法在临线快速分析实际运用中避免试样冶金状态变化给分析带来的影响，常用与分析试样的冶金过程和物理状态相一致的校正标样替代锻造和轧制校正标样，用于控制分析试样的分析结果以及用校正标样做拟合校整曲线数据点，消除锻造和轧制光谱曲线标样绘制的工作曲线得到的结果所产生的系统误差，从而提高分析准确性。     

光谱标样在能谱定量分析中的应用

使用能谱仪对直读光谱标样进行分析,建立标样数据。选取较常见的7个钢种,分别运用能谱数据库标样数据和自建的直读光谱标样数据进行定量分析,结果表明,采用后者进行的非归一化定量分析结果偏差和总量偏差明显小于前者。     

冶金标准样品研制中一些问题的思考

就冶金标准样品研制中有关定值分析、块状标样研制、研制报告、标样的试用和验证、标准值的不确定度、标样的成分设计、标样的评审等存在的问题进行了讨论,对一些容易混淆、忽略和研制中新出现的问题作进一步的论述,并提出了有益的建议.     

金属粉末和粉末冶金材料性能数据的有效数字

问:金属粉末和粉末冶金材料性能有效数字有什么规定? 答:关于金属粉末及其烧结材料诸性能的有效数字或有效位数在有关标准中已有明确规定,见表1和表2。 问:请举例说明烧结金属材料室温拉伸试验所测得数据如何修约?     

Discrimination of small numerosities in young chicks.

Chicks were trained to discriminate small sets of identical elements. They were then tested for choices (unrewarded) between sets of similar numerosities, when continuous physical variables such as spatial distribution, contour length, and overall surface were equalized. In all conditions chicks discriminated one versus two and two versus three stimulus sets. Similar results were obtained when elements were presented under conditions of partial occlusion. In contrast, with sets of four versus five, four versus six, and three versus four elements chicks seemed unable to discriminate on the basis of number, although nonnumerical discrimination based on perceptual cues was observed. This adds to increasing evidence for discrimination of small numerosities of up to three elements in human infants and nonhuman animals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's acquisition of the English cardinal number words: A special case of vocabulary development.

When children produce the names of the cardinal numbers from 1 to 1,000,000,000,000 in English, it is unlikely that they have previously learned all of these words. Rather, children have probably learned small set of basic number words and by combining these elements, construct additional words. To understand the development of number-word construction, students in Grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 named and counted from a set of numbers into the billions in 2 studies. Times taken to produce numbers were also recorded in Study 2. Despite large individual differences within grade, number knowledge increase dramatically with age, and many students in Grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 produced number words in the hundreds, thousands, millions, and billions, respectively. In Study 2, times to name and count decrease substantially with grade. The findings are discussed both in relation to children's growing knowledge to the number system and to vocabulary development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

双奇数相加的逻辑分析

双奇数相加等于一个偶数，根据素数的形成机理，从而尔代数的逻辑运算和周期函数的相角矩阵分析，都得出了大于４的任何偶数都可表示成两个素数之和即“１＋１”成立，从而完成了哥德巴赫猜想成立的论证。     

双奇数相加的逻辑分析(七)

武钢这样的大型冶金企业,高炉、焦炉、加热炉生产中,双位调节比比皆是。为了从理论上探讨众多双位调节组成的复杂网络,作者考察一个特殊的开关逻辑函数,并用“1“表示奇素数,用“0”表示奇合数,提出了一个幼拉脱斯展纳（Eratosthnes）筛法单步操作的数学描述式。     

双奇数相加的逻辑分析（之二）

像武钢这样的大型冶金企业,无论是高炉、焦炉、加热炉生产中,双位调节比比皆是。为了从理论上探讨从多双位调节组成的复杂网络,作者考察一样特殊的开关逻辑函数,燕用“1”表示奇素,用“0”表示奇合数,提出了一个幼拉脱斯展纳（Eratosthenes)筛法单步操作的数学描述式。     

提高中间包浇铸炉数的措施及实践

通过分析影响中间包浇铸炉数的因素，提出了提高浇铸炉数的措施，实践证明效果明显。     

Number games, magnitude representation, and basic number skills in preschoolers.

The effect of 3 intervention board games (linear number, linear color, and nonlinear number) on young children's (mean age = 3.8 years) counting abilities, number naming, magnitude comprehension, accuracy in number-to-position estimation tasks, and best-fit numerical magnitude representations was examined. Pre- and posttest performance was compared following four 25-min intervention sessions. The linear number board game significantly improved children's performance in all posttest measures and facilitated a shift from a logarithmic to a linear representation of numerical magnitude, emphasizing the importance of spatial cues in estimation. Exposure to the number card games involving nonsymbolic magnitude judgments and association of symbolic and nonsymbolic quantities, but without any linear spatial cues, improved some aspects of children's basic number skills but not numerical estimation precision. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interhemispheric stroop-like interference in number comparison: Evidence for strong interhemispheric integration of semantic number information.

Three experiments investigated interhemispheric interactions in number comparison using the interhemispheric Stroop-like paradigm (E. Ratinckx, M. Brysbaert, & B. Reynvoet, 2001). In all experiments, a target was presented in 1 visual field simultaneously with a distractor in the other visual field. In Experiment 1, both target and distractor were of the same modality (Arabic digits), whereas in Experiment 2, target and distractor were of different modalities (Arabic digits and word numerals). In Experiment 3, the interhemispheric Stroop-like task of Experiment 1 was combined with intrahemispheric conditions to evaluate the strength of the interhemispheric interactions. Overall, the results point to strong interhemispheric integration during semantic access and response preparation with very weak lateralization of the semantic number system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Context-dependent semantic priming in number naming.

Previous research has shown that time to name single-digit Arabic numbers is about 15 ms slower when naming trials are interleaved with simple multiplication (e.g., state product of 2 × 3) than when naming digits is interleaved with magnitude comparison (e.g., state larger; 2 ↑ 3). To explain this phenomenon, J. I. D. Campbell and A. W. S. Metcalfe (2008) proposed that the comparison context enables both semantic and asemantic pathways for digit naming but that number-fact retrieval inhibits the semantic route and slows digit naming relative to the comparison context. To test this hypothesis, the authors modified the naming context paradigm by introducing a semantic priming manipulation. They replicated the digit-naming response time advantage for comparison relative to the multiplication context and observed semantic priming only in the comparison context. In comparison blocks, digit naming was 8 ms faster immediately after naming near digit primes (±1) compared to far primes (≥3), but in multiplication blocks there was no priming. The results reinforce the theory that number-fact retrieval can inhibit the semantic route for digit naming (L. Cohen & S. Dehaene, 1995) and thereby reconfigure the cognitive architecture for naming digits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Number Theory.

Comments on the article by Gardner Murphy (see record 1967-11078-001), which considered the psychological sources of Pythagorean number theory. The current author offers some supplementary information, noting that there are some additional meanings attached to some numbers in the culture of India. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)