The analysis of energy consumption of a commercial building in Tianjin,China

According to statistics and field investigation, the energy consumption situation and reality of commercial building is described in this paper. As the first step of large-scale public building energy efficiency supervision system encouraged by central government of China, the energy consumption of several typical commercial buildings and public buildings was analyzed in detail. The main contents of investigation are as follows: basic information of building, operational record of energy consumption equipment, energy consumption of indoor equipments, energy-efficiency assessment of energy consumption systems and equipments, investigation of behavior energy saving, etc. On this basis further analysis and diagnosis including indoor thermal and humid environment, operation state of air-conditioning water system, operation state of air-conditioning duct system and operation management of air-conditioning system were implemented. The results show that the most energy consumption of buildings in this city is commercial buildings, which can reach to about 240 W/m² per year. Further analysis tells that air conditioning systems play the major role of building energy consumption, and building energy saving has great potential in this city. In this paper, the ways of diagnosis work for building energy consumption are also described and discussed. Reasonable test, diagnosis and analysis are meaningful for building energy efficiency retrofit and management.     

Government regulation and associated innovations in building energy-efficiency supervisory systems for large-scale public buildings in a market economy

The supervision of energy efficiency in government office buildings and large-scale public buildings is the main embodiment for government implementation of Public Administration in the fields of resource saving and environmental protection. Aimed at improving the current situation of lack of government administration in building energy efficiency, this paper proposes the concept of “change and redesign of governmental supervision in building energy efficiency”, repositioning the role of government supervision. Based on this theory and other related theories in regulation economic and modern management, this paper analyzes and researches the action and function of all level governments in execution of the supervisory system of building energy efficiency in government office buildings and large-scale public buildings. This paper also defines the importance of government supervision in energy-efficiency system. Finally, this paper analyzes and researches the interaction mechanism between government and owners of different type buildings, government and energy-efficiency service institution with gambling as main features. This paper also presents some measurements to achieve a common benefit community in implementation of building energy-efficiency supervisory system.     

Energy-efficiency supervision systems for energy management in large public buildings: Necessary choice for China

Buildings are important contributors to total energy consumption accounting for around 30% of all energy consumed in China. Of this, around two-fifths are consumed within urban homes, one-fifth within public buildings, and two-fifths within rural area. Government office buildings and large-scale public buildings are the dominant energy consumers in cities but their consumption can be largely cut back through improving efficiency. At present, energy management in the large public sector is a particular priority in China. Firstly, this paper discusses how the large public building is defined, and then energy performance in large public buildings is studied. The paper also describes barriers to improving energy efficiency of large public buildings in China and examines the energy-efficiency policies and programs adopted in United States and European Union. The energy-efficiency supervision (EES) systems developed to improve operation and maintenance practices and promote energy efficiency in large public sector are described. The benefits of the EES systems are finally summarized.     

Government management and implementation of national real-time energy monitoring system for China large-scale public building

The supervision of energy efficiency in government office buildings and large-scale public buildings (GOBLPB) is the main embodiment for government implementation of Public Administration in the fields of resource saving and environmental protection. It is significant for China government to achieve the target: reducing building energy consumption by 11 million ton standard coal before 2010. In the framework of a national demonstration project concerning the energy management system, Shenzhen Municipality has been selected for the implementation of the system. A data acquisition system and a methodology concerning the energy consumption of the GOBLPB have been developed. This paper summarizes the various features of the system incorporated into identifying the building consumes and energy saving potential. This paper also defines the methods to achieve the real-time monitoring and diagnosis: the meters installed at each building, the data transmitted through internet to a center server, the analysis and unification at the center server and the publication through web. Furthermore, this paper introduces the plans to implement the system and to extend countrywide. Finally, this paper presents some measurements to achieve a common benefit community in implementation of building energy efficiency supervisory system on GOBLPB in its construction, reconstruction or operation stages.     

完善公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度的几点建议

公共建筑用能量和用能强度不断攀升,强化公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度不仅是实现能源消费总量和强度“双控”目标的需要,更是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的需要.针对公共建筑节能低碳考核中缺少能源消费量化目标,难以分解到各地区,主管政府机构间缺乏协同合作的工作机制,目标责任与政策、措施间缺少互补互促等问题,建议把强化能源消费计量和统计工作放在突出位置,推动建立多方协调合作、建筑能耗数据共享的工作机制,加快推动能耗限额管理、能效测评和能耗公示等节能减碳措施的落实,尽快修订《民用建筑节能条例》,为完善公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度提供法律依据.     

Implementing effect of energy efficiency supervision system for government office buildings and large-scale public buildings in China

The Chinese central government released a document to initiate a task of energy efficiency supervision system construction for government office buildings and large-scale public buildings in 2007, which marks the overall start of existing buildings energy efficiency management in China with the government office buildings and large-scale public buildings as a breakthrough. This paper focused on the implementing effect in the demonstration region all over China for less than one year, firstly introduced the target and path of energy efficiency supervision system, then described the achievements and problems during the implementing process in the first demonstration provinces and cities. A certain data from the energy efficiency public notice in some typical demonstration provinces and cities were analyzed statistically. It can be concluded that different functional buildings have different energy consumption and the average energy consumption of large-scale public buildings is too high in China compared with the common public buildings and residential buildings. The obstacles need to be overcome afterward were summarized and the prospects for the future work were also put forward in the end.     

关于鼓励节能建筑的财税政策建议

建筑节能是重要的节能领域,对实现我国的节能减排目标有重大影响。节能建筑的节能减排效果突出,且公益性很强,但由于比较复杂,目前我国尚未出台鼓励节能建筑的财税政策。在深入调研分析的基础上,本文提出了减征消费者契税和开发商营业税等鼓励节能建筑的财税激励政策方案和基于建筑能效标识的财税激励政策实施体系,并对政策的成本效益进行了分析。     

合同能源管理在医院建筑节能改造中的应用

既有建筑开展节能改造是我国现阶段落实节能减排目标、实现可持续发展的关键工作内容之一。合同能源管理作为一种新兴的节能改造商业模式,可以充分调动用能单位开展节能改造的积极性,并充分利用市场资源,最终有效落实节能减排目标。对合同能源管理的概念内涵、发展现状、扶持政策、改造技术以及常见的商业模式进行概述,并以实际的医院建筑改造项目为案例,对其采用合同能源管理的改造方案、商业模式以及风险管控进行介绍,旨在为我国的公共建筑特别是医院建筑的节能改造提供参考依据。     

Development of a new energy efficiency rating system for existing residential buildings

Building energy efficiency rating systems have been established worldwide to systematically manage the energy consumption of existing buildings. This study aimed to develop a new energy efficiency rating system for existing residential buildings from two perspectives: (i) establishment of reasonable and fair criteria for the building energy efficiency rating system; and (ii) establishment of comparative incentive and penalty programs to encourage the voluntary participation of all residents in the energy saving campaign. Based on the analysis of the conventional energy efficiency rating system for existing residential buildings, this study was conducted in five steps: (i) data collection and analysis; (ii) correlation analysis between the household size and the CO₂ emission density (i.e., CO₂ emission per unit area); (iii) cluster formation based on results of the correlation analysis using a decision tree; (iv) establishment of a new energy efficiency rating system for existing buildings; and (v) establishment of incentive and penalty programs using advanced case-based reasoning. The proposed system can allow a policymaker to establish a reasonable and fair energy efficiency rating system for existing residential buildings and can encourage the voluntary participation of all residents in the energy saving campaign.     

大型公建能耗实时监测及节能运行管理平台的实践

文章以上海市长宁区大型公建能耗实时监测及节能运行管理平台建设项目为背景,详细介绍了大型公建能耗实时监测及节能运行管理平台的体系结构和各子系统的功能,并给出了平台应用项目实例的分析,总结说明了构建建筑能耗分项计量系统和采用大型公建能耗实时监测及节能运行管理系统的实际效果。     

Building energy saving potential in Hot Summer and Cold Winter (HSCW) Zone,China—Influence of building energy efficiency standards and implications

Hot Summer and Cold Winter (HSCW) region plays an important role in China's building energy conservation task due to its high consumption in recent years for both climate and social reasons. National and local building energy standards according to which the buildings are built and operated can affect the building energy consumption to a great extent. This study investigated the energy saving potential in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone under different level of energy efficiency standards (China local, China national, and UK standard). Chongqing was taken as an example, and the commercial energy simulation tool eQuest was applied to analyze the building end-use energy. With the existing situation as a baseline, the building energy saving for residential section could achieve 31.5% if the Chinese national standard were satisfied, and the value would further increase to 45.0% and 53.4% when the Chongqing local and UK standard were met. For public buildings, the corresponding energy saving potentials were 62.8%, 67.4% and 75.9%. Parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted. The analysis was able to provide suggestions on energy saving implementation priorities for residential and public buildings. Indications to improve building energy standards and their implementation were also discussed.     

A study of energy performance and audit of commercial mall in hot-summer/warm-winter climate zone in China

The building energy performance improvement of large-scale public buildings is very important to release China’s energy shortage pressure. The aim of the study is to find out the building energy saving potentials of large-scale public and commercial buildings by energy audit. In this paper, the energy consumption, energy performance, and audit were carried out for a typical commercial mall, the so-called largest mall in Asia, located in a hot-summer and warm-winter climate zone. The total annual energy consumption reaches 210.01 kWh/m², of which lighting energy consumption accounts for 30.03 kWh/m² and the lift and elevator energy consumption accounts for 40.46 kWh/m². It is by far higher than that of the average building energy consumption in the same category. However, the annual heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption is only 87.19 kWh/m² even though they run 24/7. It proves that the energy performance of the HVAC system is good. Therefore, the building energy savings potential mainly relies on reducing the excessive usage of lighting, lifts, and elevators.     

上海公共建筑节能潜力分析

根据上海近年来公共建筑的用能状况和建筑用能设备的技术，管理和能效水平和发展趋势，估算了上海公共建筑的节能潜力。     

上海市公共建筑实施自愿节能协议的必要性

建设能源节约型社会是一项涉及后代的事业,其关键在于建立一套有利于可持续地实现节能效益最大化的管理模式和运行机制。自愿节能协议是目前许多国家为提高能源利用效率所采取的一种管理模式。结合上海公共建筑的运行管理现状,论述了自愿节能协议在公共建筑运行管理过程中实施的必要性,并为进一步推动在建筑运行管理过程中实施自愿节能协议提出建议。     

重庆市酒店类建筑用能现状与节能潜力分析

在对重庆市公共建筑运行能耗及中央空调系统管理现状调查分析的基础上，并与国内外同类建筑相比较，针对酒店类建筑的能耗特点对影响建筑终端用能系统的能源消费量的因素进行探讨，分析了既有酒店类建筑的节能潜力值，提出了对既有高能耗酒店进行节能技术改造和加强节能管理的主要途径。     

上海市中心城区开展节能管理的思考与建议

上海市中心城区的用能主体以建筑为主,具有多业主、多业态等特点,是当前节能管理的难点,也是今后能耗增长的主要来源。以上海市黄浦区为例开展分析,总结梳理了在节能管理方面的经验和不足,分析研判了"十四五"节能管理的发展形势,提出了后续工作建议,旨在为同类型中心城区更好地开展节能管理工作提供参考借鉴。     

Analysis of energy saving optimization of campus buildings based on energy simulation

The energy consumption of campus buildings has specific characteristics, because of the concentrated distribution of people’s working time and locations that change in line with distinct seasonal features. The traditional energy system design and operation for campus buildings is only based on the constant room temperature, such as 25°C in summer and 18°C in winter in China, not taking into consideration the real heating or cooling load characteristics of campus buildings with different functions during the whole day and whole year, which usually results in a lot of energy waste. This paper proposes to set different set-point temperatures in different operation stages of public and residential campus buildings to reduce the heating and cooling design load for energy station and total campus energy consumption for annual operation. Taking a campus under construction in Tianjin, China as an example, two kinds of single building models were established as the typical public building and residential building models on the campus. Besides, the models were simulated at both set-point room temperature and constant room temperature respectively. The comparison of the simulation results showed that the single building energy saving method of the peak load clipping could be used for further analysis of the annual energy consumption of campus building groups. The results proved that the strategy of set-point temperature optimization could efficiently reduce the design load and energy consumption of campus building groups.     

浅议既有建筑的节能改造

在中国,要真正减少全社会的建筑能耗总量,加强既有建筑节能改造是必然的选择。叙述了既有建筑节能改造的意义,提出了既有建筑的节能改造方法和政策建议。     

重庆市酒店类建筑能耗调查及节能潜力分析

在对重庆市5家典型三星级以上酒店年用电量及空调系统运行调研的基础上,分析重庆市酒店类建筑的能耗特点,探讨空调系统及管理方面各分项节能潜力,为解决重庆市酒店类建筑能耗问题提供一些基础性数据。