高性能交换机最新调度算法分析

随着互连网络规模不断扩大，以及各种大数据量传输应用的出现，对核心路由器和交换内核的性能要求越来越高。本文综述了交换内核研究领域的发展情况，介绍了基于交叉开关内核的各种单播和组播调度算法，既回顾了早期的算法，又对较高的算法做了阐述，以及对这些算法的对比分析；同时也对最新发展和研究方向做了一下讨论。     

Bursty ATM user traffic allowed by a jitter tolerant leaky bucket and its impact on link utilization

In a network based on the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), quality of service requirements have to be met even in the presence of users who send traffic as bursty as the policing device allows. For peak cell rate policing with a jitter tolerant leaky bucket, a periodic maximally bursty traffic pattern allowed by the leaky bucket is derived. The impact of this kind of bursty user traffic on the cell loss performance of the remaining sources is investigated by introducing, solving and applying the queueing model Geo(n) + P/D/1/K, where P stands for ‘periodic’. Taking bursty user traffic into account, it is shown that the maximal jitter or cell delay variation allocated to the user and tolerated by the leaky bucket is an important parameter for link utilization. The results help to answer the question under which conditions a shaping function is needed in conjunction with the usage parameter control function.     

ATM网络中突发业务的漏桶算法分析

统计复用可以使突发业务获得较高的频带利用率，但必须对输入的业务量进行恰当的控制，否则会造成严重的网络拥塞，漏桶法是ＡＴＭ网络基于速率调节进行业务量控制的一种重要的方法，本文对突发业务的漏桶算法进行了分析，得出了突发业务的漏桶性能与输入业务统计参数和漏桶参数之间关系的解析式，计算机模拟结果表明它与理论分析的一致性。     

突发性业务环境下周期性信元流通过ATM复接器的时延抖动

在输入ATM网络的业务源中,周期性信元流是很重要的一种.本文精确地分析了一个有限缓存的ATM复接器,其输入业务源由一路周期性信元流、多路随机性贝努利(Bernoulli)信元流和突发性两状态马尔科夫调制贝努利(MMBP)信元流构成.得出了该路周期性信元流的排队时延分布、时延抖动的自相关函数和功率谱.揭示了突发性业务环境下周期性信元流通过ATM复接器的时延抖动行为.计算机模拟验证了分析结果的正确性.     

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF CELL－BASED AND PACKET－BASED SWITCHING SCHEMES FOR SHARED MEMORY SWITCHES

Shared Memory (SM) switches are widely used for its high throughput,low delay and efficient use of memory.This paper compares the performance of two prominent switching schemes of SM packet switches:Cell-Based Switching (CBS) and Packet-Based Switching (PBS).Theoretical analysis is carried out to draw qualitative conclusion on the memory requirement,throughput and packet delay of the two schemes.Furthermore,simulations are carried out to get quantitative results of the performance comparison under various system load,traffic patterns,and memory sizes.Simulation results show that PBS has the advantage of shorter time delay while CBS has lower memory requirement and outperforms in throughput when the memory size is limited.The comparison can be used for tradeoff between performance and complexity in switch design.     

ATM网络中漏桶算法在突发业务输入时的性能分析

本文首先引入了描述分组图像业务的突发业务模型;分析了漏桶算法在突发业务输入时的性能;研究了各参数对业务服务质量的影响。研究结果表明,增大缓冲器容量可以降低信元丢失率,但会增大时延和时延抖动。     

Performance evaluation and comparison of four network packet rate estimators

This paper presents and compares the performance of three popular packet rate estimators used in predicting the rate of incoming traffic to a network host. The paper proposes a fourth and novel packet rate estimator. Unlike other estimators, the proposed estimator is cost effective as its computation is simple and is not performed upon the arrival of every incoming packet. We evaluate and compare the quality and performance of all estimators in terms of accuracy, agility, stability, and cost. The performance evaluation is primarily conducted by using discrete-event simulation. Our simulation accounts for constant traffic as well as synthesized bursty traffic with empirical packet sizes. We also implement and measure the actual computational cost of two time-window based estimators. The cost is measured in terms of consumed CPU cycles for packet and bit rate estimations. In addition, we investigate how to optimize the performance of our proposed estimator by examining the impact of tuning its key configurable estimation parameters.     

带偏射补偿机制的Birkhoff-von-Neumann交换机方案及其性能分析

Birkhoff-von-Neumann(BvN)交换机具有较低的执行复杂度和较高的吞吐量,但无法在业务突发的环境下提供性能保证。为此,提出一种带偏射的BvN(D-BvN)交换机制来增强交换机性能。D-BvN交换机通过平均业务矩阵的BvN分解,为每个虚电路(VC)提供均值带宽保证,同时通过偏射来处理业务突发。其主要思想是利用处于空闲状态的VC的闲置容量处理处于溢出状态的VC的溢出业务。具体地,偏射机制利用空闲VC的闲置容量完成两件事情:一是把溢出业务偏射到其他VC,二是给偏射业务提供到达目的端口的带宽。分析和仿真结果表明,所提方法不仅可以获得接近100%的输入负载吞吐量,而且具有较低的包乱序概率和较小的业务包延时。     

一种基于最长队列预测的CICQ交换结构调度算法

CICQ(Combined Input Crosspoint Queued)是一种在crossbar交叉点加入少量缓存的交换结构,具有无需内部加速比及分布并行调度的特性。为了自适应网络环境中各种业务流量,提高在非均匀流量下的性能,该文提出了一种基于最长队列预测的高效CICQ交换结构调度算法RR-LQD (Round Robin with Longest Queue Detecting)。RR-LQD算法复杂度为O(1),具有良好的可扩展性;通过预测局部最长队列并尽力为其服务,保持调度中队列长度的均衡,能够适应各种非均匀流量的网络环境。仿真结果表明：在各种均匀和非均匀流量下,RR-LQD算法均能达到100%的吞吐量,并且具有优良的时延性能。该文使用FPGA芯片实现了RR-LQD算法仲裁器,能够满足高速、大容量交换结构的设计需要。     

Stable operation of IEEE 802.11e EDCA: Interaction between offered load and MAC parameters

In this paper, we study impacts of TXOP allocation and AIFS parameter on one hop IEEE 802.11e EDCA network under varying offered load. Offered load is modified by changing the parameters of arrival process and node populations. Arrival process is varied by altering burst size distribution, mean burst size, frame size, and arrival rates. We investigate the effects of the offered load parameters on the network stability and non-saturation boundaries of IEEE 802.11e EDCA. Our results show interaction of offered load and MAC parameters. The results suggest the range of network parameters which preserve network stability and still achieve QoS differentiation.     

Priority shaping of traffic streams sharing a policed virtual path in an ATM network

Traffic streams with differing service requirements, sharing a single contract for use of a policed virtual path in an ATM network, may be jointly shaped to make the best use of bandwidth available in the path. The shaper may use the information about the network policer to perform self-policing with a form of priority service to ensure satisfactory levels of cell loss and delay for both real-time and non-real-time traffic. Two such shapers are considered assuming a mean bit-rate contract with the network in which a leaky-bucket mechanism performs the policing function. The performance of the shapers is analysed using Markov-modulated models of bursty traffic sources and stochastic fluid methods, and the analytical results are corroborated by simulations. The choice of the shaper type and optimization of the shaper design parameters are discussed using correlated and non-correlated source models.     

光突发交换中的突发业务流模型及其应用

提出了一种光突发交换中的突发业务流模型,采用该模型对光突发交换中的LAUC-VF输出调度算法在不同的突发业务强度和突发长度下的性能进行了模拟仿真,分析比较了该算法在此突发业务流和普通业务流模型下的性能,仿真结果表明,该突发业务流模型具有一定的合理性。     

雷达组网通信中的ATM交换机

介绍了ＡＴＭ交换技术在雷达组网通信中的应用。通过对基于中央处理站的雷达组网通信技术需求的分析,提出了一种类似于用户—服务器模式的ＡＴＭ交换结构。ＡＴＭ技术是Ｂ—ＩＳＤＮ的基础,ＡＴＭ交换技术是ＡＴＭ技术的核心,它不仅可用于民用通信业务,而且对于电子干扰环境下雷达网对密集多目标跟踪时所涉及的通信业务也很有效。文章对ＡＴＭ交换机在雷达网中的数据交换作了分析,并以计算机仿真手段评估了三种特定通信环境下输出缓冲型ＡＴＭ交换机的利用率和输出队列概率分布情况。     

FH—CDMA系统吞吐量的研究

本文提出了一种计算非时槽FH-CDMA系统吞吐量的方法,并进一步证明了当信道业务量μ和频率槽数q趋于无穷,且μ/q保持常数时,时槽FH-CDMA系统的吞吐量与非时槽系统一致,但同步跳频系统的最大吞吐量是异步跳频的两倍。数值结果表明,就吞吐量和系统复杂性而言,采用非时槽系统比采用时槽系统更合适。     

突发信源模型存在的问题及其改进

在ＡＴＭ网络的流量控制问题的研究中,突发信源模型是一种被广泛采用的信源分析模型,然而,目前常用的突发信源模型并不完善,以致常常实际的队列分析。为此,本文提出了一种改进的突发信源模型,这种改进的模型不仅在理论上更加完善,而且更与情况相吻合。     

ATM网络中的理论与技术

本文主要综述了ＡＴＭ的理论和技术间题。涉及到ＡＴＭ网络中的交换结构设计、控制技术、综合信息传输等方面，概括了这些方面的研究现状和有待解决的问题。特别详细论述了神经网络在ＡＴＭ网中的应用。