戊二醛交联的壳聚糖硫酸酯/聚砜复合纳滤膜的制备及截留特性

采用均相合成的方法制备了一种典型的两性聚电解质--壳聚糖硫酸酯(SCS).以SCS的水溶液为复合纳滤膜活性层铸膜液,戊二醛为交联剂,聚砜超滤膜为基膜,采用涂敷与交联的方法制备了壳聚糖硫酸酯/聚砜(SCS / PSF)复合纳滤膜,采用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对其表面和断面结构进行了表征, 并研究了活性层铸膜液的组成及制备条件对复合膜截留性能的影响.所制得的复合NF膜在13～15℃、0.30 Mpa下,对1000 mg·L-1Na2SO4和NaCl 溶液的截留率分别为91.2%、48.5%,通量分别为3.2、6.7 kg·m-2·h-1.SCS/PSF 系列复合膜对无机盐的截留顺序为: Na2SO4 ＞ NaCl ＞ MgSO4 ＞ MgCl2.实验结果表明SCS/PSF复合膜表面活性层因吸附电解质溶液中的阴离子而荷负电,并由此决定其对无机盐的截留性能.     

模板剂在反渗透膜制备中的应用及膜性能研究

研究了苯磺酸钠、四乙基氯化铵,β环糊精三种不同模板剂作为水相添加剂对反渗透复合膜性能及膜表面形貌的影响。实验发现添加一定量的模板剂有利于提高复合膜性能,在提高复合膜截留率的同时,水通量能提升近2倍。模板剂的结构影响膜性能,模板剂结构越对称,复合膜的性能越好。扫面电镜(SEM)显示随着模板剂含量的增加,膜表面形态从叶片状过渡到颗粒状。由添加模板剂所制备的复合膜具有优异的抗污染性能和耐氯性能,复合膜以100 mg/L牛血清蛋白+500 mg/L NaCl为进料液,1.05 MPa连续运行100 h后,复合膜仍然保持较高水通量;复合膜以100 mg/L有效活性氯+500 mg/L NaCl为进料液,在1.05 MPa连续运行40 h,仍然保持较高的水通量和截留率。模板剂的使用为今后高性能反渗透膜的制备指明了方向。     

一种新型高通量纳滤膜研究

以聚砜为底膜,以哌嗪和均苯三甲酰氯为反应单体,以聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为油相添加剂,制备了高通量复合纳滤膜。制得的复合膜对Na2SO4的截留率为98.2%,通量为59.1 L/(m2.h),对PEG200的截留率为83.05%,通量为69.3 L/(m2.h),对NaCl的截留为38.9%,通量为70.3 L/(m2.h)。     

PMIA/PDAPs复合超滤膜的制备与性能研究

以聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)为制膜原料,以氧化自聚合法制备的聚多巴胺纳米粒子(PDAPs)作为改性剂添加到PMIA铸膜液中,通过相分离法制备PMIA/PDAPs复合超滤膜,研究了PDAPs含量对复合膜的形貌、结构及性能的影响。结果表明:PDAPs粒径集中分布在380～410 nm,当PDAPs质量分数小于等于0.2%时,PDAPs在PMIA基体中的分散性较好,并且在清洗后依然保留在膜体中;随着PDAPs含量的增加,复合膜的水接触角先下降后升高,水通量先升高后下降,牛血清蛋白(BSA)截留率下降,可逆通量恢复率则不断提高;与纯PMIA膜相比,当PDAPs质量分数为0.2%时,复合膜的水接触角下降了11%,水通量由原来的337.4 L/(m~2·h)提高到410.4 L/(m~2·h),对BSA蛋白质分子的截留率由87%降低至83%,可逆通量恢复率由72.9%提高到84.7%,复合膜表现出良好的亲水性和抗污性能。     

中空纤维纳滤膜与反渗透膜的研究

根据界面聚合反应成膜原理,以哌嗪(PIP)或间苯二胺(m-PD)水溶液为水相,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)正己烷溶液为有机相,以聚砜中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,制备了一系列聚酰胺/聚砜纳滤或反渗透复合膜.研究了水相浓度、有机相浓度、界面聚合时间和温度等条件对复合膜性能的影响.结果表明:中空纤维纳滤复合膜在0.4 MPa、室温条件下,对2 g/L MgSO_4水溶液的通量可达36.64 L/(m~2·h),截留率为97.2%;中空纤维反渗透膜在0.7 MPa、室温条件下,对0.5 g/L的NaCl水溶液通量可达12.2 L/(m~2·h),截留率96.5%.     

PHBV/PVA复合膜的制备及其性能研究

采用静电纺方法制备聚羟基丁酸/戊酸酯共聚物(PHBV)纤维膜材料,通过调节纺丝液中无水乙醇的含量制备出形态均匀的PHBV静电纺纤维膜。用浇铸法将聚乙烯醇(PVA)涂敷在PHBV静电纺纤维膜上,制备PHBV/PVA复合膜,通过调节PVA的浓度及涂覆量,研究复合膜配比对其力学性能及过滤性能的影响。结果表明,当PVA浓度为8%,PHBV/PVA体积比为2/3时,得到最佳性能的PHBV/PVA复合膜,水通量达到996 L/(m2.h),截留率为86%。     

多层羧甲基壳聚糖复合膜的制备及性能

以PES微滤膜为基膜,采用多层涂覆法制备了多层羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)复合膜,测定了复合膜对BSA溶液(1 g/L)的过滤性能及其因素的影响。实验结果表明,膜的浸涂层数显著影响膜的通量和对BSA的截留率,在压差为0.2 MPa、pH=5.5时,8层CMCS复合膜对BSA溶液的截留率达到90%,初始通量为54.8 L/(m~2·h)。与商业PS50超滤膜相比,制备的8层CMCS复合膜初始通量是PS50超滤膜的2.2倍,而PS50超滤膜对BSA的截留率为98%,大于8层CMCS复合膜的截留率。对比8层CMCS复合膜对BSA的初始和平均截留率表明,BSA在膜上的吸附能提高膜的截留率。     

一种新型羧甲基甲壳素/聚砜复合纳滤膜的研究

羧甲基甲壳素(CMCH)溶液浇铸在聚砜超滤膜上,并与戊二醛(GA)交联制得一种新型荷负电复合纳滤膜.制备该膜的最佳条件为:CMCH浓度为2.0%,GA浓度为1.5%,50℃下交联2.0 h,然后50℃下热处理15 min.复合膜对中性分子的截留分子量为7.425×10-22 g (450 Da),膜孔径在(6.6～7.6)×10×10 m,静电位为-0.15 mV,电压渗系数为-0.85,离子交换容量为2.2 mmol·cm-2,在18℃,1.3 Mpa压力和流量为38 L·h-1时,对浓度为2000 mg·L-1的Na3PO4,K2SO4,Na2SO4,MgSO4,KCl,NaCl 和 MgCl2 溶液的截盐率分别为 92.10%,90.93%,91.83%,62.51%,30.29%,29.46% 和 10.96%,通量分别为 3.96 L·h-1·m-2,4.81 L·L·h-1·m-2,复合膜对不同盐的截留行为与其它荷负电纳滤膜类似,主要决定于荷电膜与电解质离子之间静电作用力的大小.随着进料液浓度的增加,复合膜的截盐率减小,通量增加;随着操作压力的升高,通量增加,截盐率先增加后保持不变.另外,发现该膜具有较好的抗藻类附着性.该膜可望用于脱除水中NO3-,PO43-,SO42-及阴离子表面活性剂等负电荷离子,在中水、工业水、饮用水处理及加工等方面有广阔的应用前景.     

纳米碳管改性聚哌嗪酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备

采用混酸(H2SO4/HNO3=3/1(V/V))处理多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)制备了羧基化碳管(Carboxylated MWNTs),并与哌嗪(PIP)反应,制备了胺化的多壁纳米碳管(Amine functionalized MWNTs)。以聚砜(PSf)超滤膜为基膜,以均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为油相单体和胺化的多壁纳米碳管与哌嗪(PIP)为水相单体,采用界面聚合法制得多壁碳纳米管改性聚哌嗪酰胺复合纳滤膜。采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱(RAM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和静态接触角表征了改性前后碳纳米管和复合膜的结构,结果表明哌嗪成功氨化改性了碳纳米管,基膜表面复合了一层聚哌嗪酰胺膜。重点考察了碳管在水相中添加量、TMC浓度、聚合时间对复合膜性能的影响,结果显示,在有机相单体浓度为1 g?L?1,水相单体浓度为2 g?L?1,水相中多壁碳纳米管的浓度为0.1 g?L?1,反应时间为45 s,复合膜的纯水通量为85.6 L?m?2?h?1,Na2SO4的截留率达到98%,对不同盐溶液的截留效果分别为:Na2SO4MgSO4MgCl2NaCl。水相中碳纳米管的加入,能有效改善膜的分离性能。     

层层自组装氧化石墨烯纳滤膜的制备及表征

层层自组装法是一种新型的纳滤膜制备方法。本文采用层层自组装法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)纳滤膜,以聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为聚电解质,考察了不同的GO浓度对纳滤膜的结构及性能的影响,确定了最优GO浓度,并在最优的GO浓度下改变聚电解质种类,研究了其对膜的结构及性能的影响。结果表明,随着GO浓度增加,膜性能显著提升。当GO浓度为0.200mg·m L^-1时,膜对伊文思蓝的截留率达到95.4%,为最优GO浓度。在最优GO浓度下,将聚电解质PEI改为聚乙烯亚胺(HPEI),或添加交联剂乙二胺(EDA),纳滤膜的膜通量及截留率均有明显变化,其中聚电解质为HPEI的膜,水通量为135L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1,对伊文思蓝的截留率近100%,为性能最优的GO复合纳滤膜。     

反渗透复合膜(Ⅰ)结构与性能

引言 反渗透被称为"21世纪的净化水技术",具有净化率高、成本低等优点,广泛应用于海水淡化、电厂水处理、纯净水制取等领域.聚酰胺含有酰胺基团(-CO-NH-),亲水性好,且其机械稳定性、热稳定性及水解稳定性均很好,是最典型的反渗透膜材料之一[1-4],与醋酸纤维素反渗透膜相比,它具有脱盐率高、通量大、操作压力要求低等优点.反渗透膜的脱盐率和通量很大程度上取决于膜的表面形态和表面化学结构.     

聚丙烯腈超滤膜的制备

为了得到高性能的超滤膜,采用相转化法,以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为原料,N-甲基-吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,制备了聚丙烯腈超滤膜.采用纯水通量以及膜对牛血清蛋白(BSA)的截留率作为评价标准,并使用扫描电镜对膜结构进行表征.研究了聚合物质量分数、添加剂种类、凝胶浴温度、凝胶浴种类对膜性能的影响.研究发现:在一定范围内提高聚合...     

正渗透—纳滤耦合处理苦咸水脱盐工艺

以2 000 mg/L氯化钠模拟苦咸水,采用二价无机盐作为汲取液,研究了正渗透淡化苦咸水时的水通量;通过软件计算和试验研究了不同组成汲取液的纳滤性能,并且设计了二级纳滤系统用于汲取液的回收。结果表明:相同浓度时硫酸镁汲取液正渗透水通量最低,而氯化镁汲取液水通量最高;相反在纳滤过程中,硫酸镁汲取液性能最佳,氯化镁最差;稀释硫酸钠汲取液浓度为30 g/L时,二级纳滤过程可以将汲取液浓缩至初始浓度(60 g/L),并制得浓度低于500 mg/L的产水。     

Preparation and performance of novel thermal stable composite nanofiltration membrane

The novel thermal stable composite nanofiltration membranes were prepared through the interfacial polymerization of piperazine and trimesoyl chloride on the poly (phthalazinone ether) ultrafiltration substrate. The effects of polymerization and testing conditions on membrane performance were studied. The surface morphologies of the substrate and the composite membranes were observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The separation properties of membranes for dyes and salts were tested. The composite membranes show good thermal stability. The rejection for Na₂SO₄ was kept over 96%, while the flux reached 400 L·m^-2·h^-1 when it was tested at 1.0 MPa and 80°C. When tested at 1.0 MPa and 60°C, the rejection of the composite membrane for dyes was kept at high level, and the flux reached 180–210 Lm^-2·h^-1, while the rejection for NaCl was lower than 20%.     

Perfluorosulfonic acid—Tetraethoxysilane/polyacrylonitrile (PFSA‐TEOS/PAN) hollow fiber composite membranes prepared for pervaporation dehydration of ethyl acetate–water solutions

Preparation of organic‐inorganic composite membranes and their pervaporation (PV) permeation and separation characteristics for the aqueous solution of ethyl acetate were described. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane as support membrane, the mixtures of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) by the sol‐gel reaction as the coating solution, the PFSA‐TEOS/PAN hollow fiber composite membranes by the different annealing conditions were prepared. The swelling of PFSA in ethyl acetate aqueous solutions was inhibited with addition of TEOS. The PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes containing up to 30 wt % TEOS in coating solution exhibited high selectivity towards water, then the selectivity decreased and permeation flux increased with increasing the TEOS concentration more than 30 wt %. When the PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes were annealed, the separation factor increased with increasing annealing temperature and time. Higher annealing temperature and longer annealing time promoted the crosslinking reaction between PFSA and TEOS in PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes, leading to the enhanced selectivity towards water. For the PFSA/PAN and PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membrane with 5 and 30 wt % TEOS annealed at 90°C for 12 h, their PV performance of aqueous solution 98 wt % ethyl acetate were as follows: the separation factors were 30.8, 254 and 496, while their permeation flux were 1430, 513 and 205 g/m² h at 40°C, respectively. In addition, the PV performance of PFSA‐TEOS/PAN composite membranes was investigated at different feed solution temperature and concentration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

PA/PEG交联共聚反渗透膜的制备及耐污染性能

以聚丙烯腈（PAN）超滤膜为基底,在均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）和间苯二胺（MPD）界面聚合反应过程中引入聚乙二醇（PEG）,制备聚酰胺（PA）/PEG反渗透复合膜。利用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）和原子力显微镜（AFM）等对膜的结构和物化性质进行了表征。考察了PEG分子量、PEG加入量、热处理温度及时间对膜反渗透性能的影响,并系统考察了膜对十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵（DTAB）以及牛血清蛋白（BSA）三种不同荷电性典型污染物的耐受性能。实验结果表明,相比于未改性的PA反渗透膜,PEG交联共聚反渗透膜的盐截留率和通量恢复率均有所提高。其中PA/PEG1000-0.1膜渗透通量为3.96kg/(m²?h),NaCl表观截留率为97.5%,并且对于SDS、DTAB和BSA都表现出较高的耐污染性,其中,SDS污染清洗后膜的通量恢复率可达89.4%。     

PA/ZIF-8/PVDF复合纳滤膜的制备及其性能

采用反向扩散法在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)基膜表面原位生长一层均匀、致密的金属有机骨架材料ZIF-8纳米晶体层,并进一步优化界面聚合反应,制备高性能聚酰胺(PA)/ZIF-8/PVDF复合纳滤膜.采用SEM、XRD、FTIR、AFM、XPS、水接触角测定仪以及固体表面Zeta电位仪对ZIF-8/PVDF复合膜及PA/ZIF-8/PVDF复合纳滤膜的组成、结构和形貌进行了表征,考察了ZIF-8亚层的生长对界面聚合反应、复合纳滤膜结构及性能的影响.结果表明,ZIF-8晶体亚层在PVDF膜表面的均匀连续生长改善了PA分离层与PVDF基膜的界面相容性,提高复合纳滤膜PA分离层的交联度.在0.6 MPa下,复合纳滤膜纯水通量可达24.05 L/(m2·h),对MgSO4、Na2SO4、NaCl和MgCl24种盐的截留率分别达到97.34％、93.57％、89.31％和85.16％,具有优异的抗污染性能.     

Green and feasible fabrication of loose nanofiltration membrane with high efficiency for fractionation of dye/NaCl mixture by taking advantage of membrane fouling

Loose nanofiltration membrane emerges as required recently, since it is hard for conventional nanofiltration membrane to fractionate mixture of dyes and salts in textile wastewater treatment. However, the polymeric membranes unavoidably suffer from membrane fouling, which was caused by the adsorption of organic pollutants (like dyes). Normally, the dye fouling layer will shrink membrane pore size, thus resulting in flux decline and rejection increase. It is thought that membrane fouling may be a double-edged sword and can be an advantage if properly utilized. Thereby, loose nanofiltration membranes were constructed here by a green yet effective method to fractionate dyes/salt mixture by taking advantage of membrane fouling without using poisonous ingredients. A commercially available polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membrane with high permeability was chosen as the substrate, and dyes were used to contaminate PAN substrate and formed a stable barrier layer when adsorption of dyes reached dynamic equilibrium. The resultant PAN-direct red 80 (DR80) composite membranes displayed superior permeability (~128.4 L m⁻² h⁻¹) and high rejection (~99.9%) to DR80 solutions at 0.4 MPa. Moreover, PAN-DR80 membranes allowed fast fractionation of dyes/sodium chloride (NaCl) mixture, which maintained a negligible dye loss and a low NaCl rejection (~12.4%) with high flux of 113.6 L m⁻² h⁻¹ at 0.4 MPa. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47438.     

P84共聚聚酰亚胺-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮/聚丙烯腈复合膜的制备及其渗透汽化分离甲醇/四氢呋喃

通过聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）与P84共聚聚酰亚胺（P84）共混，以聚丙烯腈（PAN）超滤膜为支撑层，制备了不同PVP含量的P84-PVP/PAN复合膜。采用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和接触角（CA）测量等方法对复合膜进行表征。FTIR分析表明，PVP与P84为物理共混。DSC结果显示共混物存在单一玻璃化转变温度，具有良好相容性。此外，水接触角测试显示PVP引入提高了膜亲水性。XRD结果表明，随着PVP含量的增加，共混物分子链平均间距增大，膜内自由体积增大。考察了PVP含量、操作温度及料液浓度对渗透汽化分离甲醇/四氢呋喃性能的影响。结果表明，随着共混物中PVP质量分数增加至20%，膜渗透通量逐渐增大，分离因子先增加（PVP质量分数≤ 10%）而后迅速降低。当PVP质量分数为10%、进料温度为20℃时，复合膜对于质量分数30%甲醇/四氢呋喃有最优的分离性能，其渗透通量为259g/(m²?h)，分离因子为41。     

Preparation and characterization of PVA-g-GO/PVA/PAN composite membrane for pervaporation desalination

Graphene oxide (GO) has extensive applications in membrane-based separations, but its dispersion in the membrane has always been a problem due to the presence of π–π interactions in GO nanosheets. In this study, a grafting reaction was designed by using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for GO grafting modification and poly (vinyl alcohol)-g-graphene oxide (PVA-g-GO) nanocomposites were synthesized. The grafting material to GO was the same as the basic separation polymer material. PVA-g-GO showed better dispersibility and hydrophilicity than GO, and a series of composite membranes were prepared using a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane as a substrate. PVA-g-GO nanocomposites and membranes were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), etc. The addition of PVA-g-GO improved both the separation performance and anti-swelling property of the composite membrane, and the PVA-g-GO/PVA/PAN composite membrane loaded with 2 wt.% PVA-g-GO obtained a high flux of 4.46 kg/m² · h and a high rejection of 99.99% when dehydrating 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 30°C by pervaporation.