我国四类衬垫系统防污性能的比较分析

对我国填埋场采用的四类衬垫进行了防污性能的比较分析。评价参数包括渗漏率、污染物击穿时间及衬垫系统底部浓度值。除了2m压实黏土衬垫(CCL)外,其余3种均为包含土工膜(GM)的复合衬垫。分析模型采用了污染物通过有缺陷膜复合衬垫的一维运移解析解。以镉离子(Cd2+)为渗滤液中重金属离子的代表;以苯为其中挥发性有机污染物的代表。研究表明土工复合膨润土垫(GCL)复合衬垫的渗漏率最小,2m黏土最大,两者的差别可在3～5个数量级。GCL复合衬垫对重金属离子具有较好的防污性能,尤其是在高水头及复合衬垫接触较差的情形。厚度较大的2m黏土对挥发性有机污染物的防污性能较好,其击穿时间要比GCL复合衬垫大2～3个数量级。随着水头的增大,CCL复合衬垫的防污性能逐渐地优于2m黏土。在10m水头作用下,CCL复合衬垫底部的100年浓度可比2m黏土小近一个量级。单层膜衬垫的防污性能较差,不适合作为填埋场的衬垫系统。控制填埋场复合衬垫的施工质量和渗滤液水头尤为重要。     

复合衬垫中污染物一维瞬态扩散–对流运移规律研究

采用GMB(土工膜)/GCL(膨润土防水毯)/SL(土质垫层)复合衬垫全瞬态扩散–对流运移解析模型,考察了对流区域对污染物运移计算结果的影响;探讨了用渗滤液水头高度替代衬垫水头差的简化计算的可行性;探究了土工膜类型对复合衬垫防污阻隔性能的影响;分析了对流、扩散、吸附作用对渗沥液中典型有机污染物运移规律的影响.研究结果表...     

填埋场污染物在有限厚度土层中一维对流-扩散-吸附解析解

为避免垃圾填埋场对地下水的污染,衬垫系统的截污性能至关重要。针对卫生垃圾填埋场衬垫底部设有地下水导排层的工程要求,建立了污染物在有限厚度土层中一维对流-扩散-吸附解析模型并求解,其中模型底部采用Cauchy边界模拟渗滤液污染物透过衬垫向零浓度环境传质。算例结果表明,解析解与商用软件数值解所得浓度场分布完全吻合;参数分析表明,吸附、扩散和对流参数对击穿曲线均有较大影响,为延长击穿时间,应尽可能采用吸附性能好的土层并严格控制衬垫上的水头高度。     

有机污染物在完好三层复合衬垫中的扩散分析

为了研究有机污染物在土工膜(GM)+土工复合膨润土衬垫(GCL)+土体保护层(AL)三层衬垫中运移规律,建立了有机污染物在GM+GCL+AL三层衬垫中的一维扩散模型。有机污染物在土工膜上的扩散假设为稳态运移,得到了模型的解析解。通过与已有解析解的比较计算,验证了该模型的合理性。基于文中模型,分析了AL的厚度对有机污染物在GM+GCL+AL三层衬垫中运移的影响并探讨了GM+GCL+AL衬垫与GM+CCL衬垫之间的等效性。结果表明增加AL的厚度可以有效减少GM+GCL+AL三层衬垫底部有机污染物通量。在文中的计算条件下,GM+GCL+2 m以上的AL衬垫可代替标准的GM+0.75 m CCL复合衬垫。     

粘土环境岩土工程特性对填埋场衬垫防渗标准的影响

采用溶质运移的一维迁移模型,研究了粘土环境岩土工程特性对填埋场衬垫防渗标准的影响,对目前采用的填埋场粘土类衬垫防渗设计标准及其有效性进行了多参数组合的计算分析;此外,还比较了粘土衬垫与复合衬垫对污染物离子的防渗阻隔性能,对土工膜在衬垫中的作用进行分析;研究表明,应针对不同地区的情况(干旱少雨或多雨等)考虑衬垫的形式。与其他因素相比,粘土的渗透系数对衬垫层渗漏影响最大,以水力渗透系数作为填埋场粘土衬垫的设计标准是可行的,但离子扩散系数的影响也不可忽略;而增强粘土的活性,提高粘土吸附离子的性能,则可延长离子通过衬垫的击穿时间;与单纯的粘土衬垫相比,复合衬垫对离子具有更好的阻隔性能,故在南方多雨地区宜采用复合衬垫;而用污染物的渗漏总量作为填埋场衬垫的设计标准比击穿时间更合理。     

基于污染物击穿时间的填埋场复合衬垫厚度简化设计方法

通过对中国6个典型垃圾填埋场中渗滤液各组分的实测浓度值的统计分析,并与中国生活饮用水卫生标准中的界限浓度值进行对比分析,确定了以渗滤液中不同污染物组分为指示性污染物时的典型击穿标准和极端情况的击穿标准分别为0.1和0.01。基于已有的污染物在复合衬垫GMB+CCL中的一维运移解析解,在分别考虑了以有机物污染物和无机污染物为击穿指标的情况下,利用数值拟合的方法得到了两种情况下复合衬垫中CCL厚度的简化计算公式。以杭州天子岭垃圾填埋场为例,利用简化计算方法对复合衬垫的厚度设计进行了验证;结果表明,若要保证渗滤液中的Pb击穿GMB/CCL复合衬垫的时间大于50 a,则土工膜下覆的CCL的厚度至少需要0.6 m。     

热扩散作用下污染物在CCL中运移的一维解析模型及其应用

建立了污染物在对流、分子扩散和热扩散作用下压实黏土衬垫（CCL）的一维运移解析模型,并获得解析解。无量纲设计曲线表明对流作用对污染物在CCL中运移的影响至关重要;然而随着热扩散作用的增强,对流作用的影响会有所减弱。参数敏感性分析结果表明,当渗滤液水头达到3 m时,10 a的底部浓度和通量分别是无对流情况下的3.5～4.9倍和5.9～15.1倍;当热扩散作用较强（M=-5）时,10 a底部浓度和通量是无热扩散作用下的2.6倍和3.5倍;温度升高会增大土的渗透系数,从而影响污染物在CCL中的运移,在衬垫系统设计过程中应予以考虑。提出了衬垫厚度设计简化计算方法,并以西安江村沟填埋场为例,对CCL进行了简化设计;结果表明：若要保证渗滤液中的Cl-和As击穿CCL的时间大于50 a,则CCL的厚度分别需要不小于11.16 m和1.75 m。     

膨润土中饱和渗透系数的计算

 当土工合成黏土衬垫用作垃圾填埋场衬垫时，渗滤液可能对其渗透性能产生重要的影响。为克服渗透试验可重复性差和试验时间长等缺点，从微观角度对土工合成黏土衬垫的饱和渗透系数进行研究。首先，以现有的膨润土微观结构的研究成果为基础，结合SEM方法对膨润土微观结构的分析结果，得出粒内孔隙比随CaCl2溶液浓度的变化规律。然后，将膨润土看作双重孔隙介质，推导出粒间孔隙内凝胶态蒙脱石矿物层间距离的计算公式。最后，根据Poiseuille定律，得到能够考虑CaCl2溶液浓度和孔隙比变化的膨润土饱和渗透系数的改进计算方法，并通过计算渗透系数与实测值的比较验证了这种渗透系数计算方法的有效性。结果表明，膨润土饱和渗透系数的变化是由表观孔隙率和凝胶体蒙脱石层间距离的共同作用引起的。     

城市垃圾填埋场地震稳定性的拟静力分析方法

基于土石坝潜在滑裂面上等效地震系数的概念,在城市垃圾填埋场防渗层的二维滑动面上定义了水平等效加速度(时程)ahec(t)和ahed(t),以最大水平等效加速度ahecm和ahedm代表地震在填埋场覆盖层和衬垫层引起的荷载水平,与屈服加速度进行比较来评价填埋场的地震稳定性;假定沿填埋场底部衬垫层的潜在滑动体由3个刚性滑块组成,对基础具有一定坡角的填埋场进行极限平衡分析,推导了填埋场衬垫层屈服加速度系数的计算公式;将等效线性化方法与拟静力方法相结合,给出城市垃圾填埋场沿防渗层失稳的2D拟静力分析步骤;对振动台试验用到的模型填埋场进行非线性数值计算,结合试验结果验证了提出的2D拟静力分析方法能够给出相对保守的地震稳定性评价结果。     

应变硬化垃圾堆体抗局部沉陷研究

通过三种不同材料堆体的局部沉陷模型试验发现局部沉陷条件下应变硬化材料可能产生"自支撑"现象。利用模型试验和退化情况下的解析解验证了数值分析模型模拟应变硬化材料堆体局部沉陷问题的有效性。在此基础上比较了采用不同垃圾应力应变模型的分析结果,考虑堆体材料应变硬化的复合指数模型和线弹性模型计算得到的沉陷区土压力明显小于与之对应的摩尔-库伦模型计算结果,采用传统摩尔-库伦模型计算得到的沉陷区衬垫系统挠曲变形和应变值偏大,因而针对砂土材料的Giroud(1990)Trapdoor土拱效应理论应用于垃圾堆体局部沉陷分析时存在一定的局限性。进一步分析了各种参数对衬垫系统表面土压力和变形的影响,发现沉陷区衬垫系统最大挠度和最大应变随垃圾堆体高度的增加而增加,随垃圾堆体模量和加筋体刚度的增加而减小。最后提出应变硬化垃圾堆体在局部沉陷条件下衬垫系统土工膜的应变计算和加筋层的设计方法,对于垃圾填埋场衬垫系统抗局部沉陷设计具有一定的指导意义。     

不同降雨模式条件下填埋场封顶系统最大饱和深度

根据水量平衡原理,以扩展的 Dupuit 假定为基础,建立了填埋场封顶系统饱和深度的计算模型,应用该模型研究了均布型、前峰型、中峰型和后峰型 4 种降雨模式对填埋场封顶系统饱和深度的影响,并分析了不同降雨模式条件下降雨强度、排水层渗透系数、水平排水距离和斜坡坡度对封顶系统最大饱和深度的影响规律。计算结果表明,前峰型降雨模式条件下封顶系统饱和深度的增长速率最快,后峰型增长速率最慢,均布型和中峰型对应的饱和深度增长速率介于上述两者之间;封顶系统最大饱和深度随排水层渗透系数的变化有一敏感范围,处于该范围内最大饱和深度随排水层渗透系数的增加显著减小;水平排水距离的增加会引起封顶系统最大饱和深度明显的增大。     

垃圾填埋场封顶系统最大饱和深度的计算

封顶系统饱和深度的最大值直接关系到封顶系统坡体稳定性和排水层的设计。根据水量平衡原理,以扩展的Dupuit假定为基础,建立填埋场封顶系统最大饱和深度的计算模型,应用该模型研究封顶系统饱和深度随时间的变化过程,分析不同因素对封顶系统最大饱和深度的影响规律。研究结果表明:在强降雨和高排水率情况下,饱和深度在较短的时间内达到了稳定,采用渗透系数较大的排水材料铺设排水层、减小水平排水距离、增大斜坡坡度等措施都能在一定程度上减小封顶系统最大饱和深度,在最大饱和深度较大的情况下,水平排水距离是比排水坡度更为显著的影响因素。     

强射流对堰塞湖冲击引流的特性研究

为避免堰塞湖传统引流泄洪应急处置措施导致次生 灾害的发生，提出了强射流冲击引流的新方法，简析了强射流的特 性和影响因素，计算了射流冲击力的理论数值，通过大量实地试验 和数据分析对比，验证了采用强射流冲击引流技术在堰塞湖坝体 上快速冲击形成一定规模的引流泄洪槽具有一定的可行性。强射 流冲击引流技术对迅速、有效、安全地进行堰塞湖引流泄洪，减少 人员伤亡和经济损失具有非常重要的现实意义。     

填埋场复合排水系统中最高水位深度的计算

现代填埋场排水层或覆盖层设计时,对复合排水系统最大水位深度的准确估算一直都没有获得很好的解决。依据扩展的Dupuit假设形式,导出复合排水系统在自由出流边界条件下的浸润线求解方法。通过与HELP模型,Giroud等以及Qian的计算结果比较,说明本文提出的方法是合理和准确的,在此基础上,进行了算例及多参数分析。对复合排水系统(两层)而言,如果入渗率、排水距离、土工网排水率、上覆砂层渗透系数不是很小,最大水位深度受这些因素的影响非常明显。和单一介质相比,复合排水系统的最大水位深度受坡度的影响很大,在实际的设计中,增加复合排水系统的坡度可以非常有效地减少最大水位深度。     

Evaluation of drainage system around a lined pilot cavern for underground cryogenic LNG storage

A lined pilot cavern for underground cryogenic LNG (liquefied natural gas) storage was constructed in granite in Daejeon, Korea in 2003 and commissioned in 2004. As the hydrostatic pressure of groundwater and thermal stress due to the formation of ice lenses may damage the containment system, rock drainage around the pilot cavern is needed to maintain the stability of the containment system. Once the drainage works were completed, the level of groundwater around the pilot cavern was controlled using drainage holes to form an ice ring as a second barrier to prevent the leakage of LNG from the cavern. In order to establish the drainage system for the pilot cavern, 15 boreholes were drilled into the rock. Fractures in the rock mass around the pilot cavern were characterized to determine the most appropriate orientation for the drainage holes. The major joints acting as conduits for inflow water were designed for efficient drainage. After the 15 drainage holes were drilled and their efficiency tested during the dry season in April 2003, it was found that there was a problem with the inflow of water through the main joint along the right-hand wall of the cavern, indicating the system was less efficient on the right-hand side. Hence, three more boreholes were drilled in the correct direction on the right-hand wall of the cavern. A second drainage test was conducted during the rainy season in August. This showed some seepage into the bottom of the pilot cavern. In order to reduce this seepage, two more additional drainage holes were drilled and grouted below the concrete invert. Although the drainage system was very efficient, weak points in the system were found by testing and changes were made to the system to improve its efficiency.     

Safety assessment for buried drainage box culvert under influence of underground connected aisle blasting: A case study

Blasting engineering in complex urban environments is considered to influence the safety and stability of the overlying drainage box culvert structure owing to vibration. Therefore, field blasting and vibration tests were performed on the blasting engineering of the Wuhan Metro Line 8 connected aisle, and the LS-DYNA software was used to analyze the dynamic response characteristics of an underground drainage box culvert during the blasting test. The vibration response evolution law of the buried drainage box culvert under blasting vibration was investigated, and a safe surface control standard for the blast vibration of a drainage box culvert is proposed. The results reveal that the maximum tensile stress of the box culvert structure was 0.33 MPa. The peak particle velocity (PPV) and peak tensile stress (PTS) of the drainage box culvert decreased as the water level in the box culvert increased. Based on the relationship between the tensile stress of the box culvert, PPV of the box culvert, and PPV of the surface, it is proposed that the surface control velocity of the buried drainage box culvert is 1.36 cm/s.     

基于碰撞分析的特高防撞等级桥梁护栏安全评价

为降低危险路段车辆穿越护栏造成恶性事故的概率,提出特高防撞等级桥梁护栏设计方案,采用有限元仿真和实车足尺碰撞试验相结合的技术手段,对其安全性能进行评价。结果表明,车辆碰撞护栏后能够平稳驶出,并能够恢复到正常行驶姿态,小型车驶出角度为6．6°,大型车驶出角度为4．6°,大货车碰撞护栏动态位移最大值为347mm,小车重心处加速度最大值为16．7g;仿真结果与试验结果相一致,误差在10％以内。可见护栏各项指标均满足评价标准要求,具备630kJ防撞能力,可以在实际工程中应用,同时也表明运用仿真方法进行护栏安全评价具有一定的可行性。     

In Situ Performance Monitoring of an Infiltration Drainage System and Field Testing of Current Design Procedures

Sustainable urban drainage systems offer a sustainable option for the disposal of stormwater runoff - reducing the risks of flooding and pollution of receiving watercourses. However, the adoption of such systems has been slow, with a lack of performance data identified as being one barrier. This paper presents in situ performance data from a perforated concrete ring soakaway which was installed to collect stormwater runoff from a school roof and paved area. Data on rainfall at the site and water depth in the soakaway were collected for a period of twenty months, and a number of rain events were studied in detail. Data from the soakaway were used to test the most recent design procedures for infiltration drainage systems, and it was found that the design equations gave reasonable predictions of system response to rainfall - especially when the observed runoff coefficients were taken into account.     

Experimental evaluation of wicking geotextile-stabilized aggregate bases over subgrade under rainfall simulation and cyclic loading

Wicking geotextile has been increasingly utilized in field projects to mitigate water-related roadway problems. The previous studies showed that the wicking geotextile could provide mechanical stabilization, serve as capillary barrier, and enhance lateral drainage. The wicking geotextile differentiates itself from non-wicking geotextiles by providing capillary or wicking drainage in unsaturated conditions, whereas non-wicking geotextiles only provide gravitational drainage under saturated or near-saturated conditions. Although the previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of soil water content reduction by the wicking drainage, it is not well understood how the wicking geotextile stabilization improves overall performance of aggregate bases over subgrade under traffic or cyclic loading. This paper presents an experimental study where large-scale cyclic plate loading tests were conducted under different conditions: (1) non-stabilized base, (2) non-wicking geotextile-stabilized base, and (3) wicking geotextile-stabilized base, over soft and moderate subgrades. Rainfall simulation was carried out for each test section. After each rainfall simulation, a drainage period was designed to allow water to drain from the section. The amounts of water applied and exiting from the test section were recorded and are compared. Cyclic loading was applied after each drainage period. The test results show that the combined hydraulic and mechanical stabilization effect by the wicking geotextile reduced the permanent deformation of the aggregate base over the subgrade as compared with the non-stabilized and non-wicking geotextile-stabilized sections.     

基于暴雨雨型的设计径流量研究及应用

为简化排水模型在城市排水防涝规划中的应用,利用武汉短历时暴雨雨型,采用三角概化法推导出雨型径流量计算公式。通过武汉雨型径流量设计程序在9个排水区的应用,在相同重现期标准下与武汉暴雨强度公式进行对比,同频率雨型设计径流量的平均绝对值相对误差为1. 29%,最大误差<5%。采用相关因子拟合公式计算排水区节点雨水汇流时间,可建立雨型径流量节点管控简化模型,无需排水管网建模,可实现城市排水防涝规划水位管控,也可进行雨水溢流污染控制调节池容量的计算。