二维几何约束多解问题的研究

对采用自由度分析方法求解几何约束问题进行了研究.对几何约束问题的图用自由度分析的方法进行分解可以使约束系统得到充分分解,并可以对高耦合的几何约束问题进行分离.通过转换把几何元素的求解问题,转换为点的定位问题,从而使几何约束的多解问题得到简化,几何约束的多解问题被归结为初始设计图形中点和直线间的相对关系.对未知半径和圆心的圆的求解问题进行了讨论,提供了几种比较通用的算法,可以简化程序的设计.     

基于活动约束系统的变量化设计

在变量化设计过程中设计对象可以看作是一个几何约束系统,这个系统由几何元素以及作用于几何元素之间的各种约束关系构成。一个复杂的设计对象所对应的几何约束系统往往包含大量几何元素和约束关系,如果不加区别地把所有的几何元素和约束关系纳入变量化求解的范围,则很难满足交互设计的需要。而另一方面几何约束系统又往往是稀疏系统：（1）作用于任一几何元素的约束很少;（2）与任一约束相关的几何元素很少。基于这一事实给出了一种预处理策略从原始几何约束系统中搜索得到一个规模较小的活动约束系统,变量化求解在活动约束系统上进行。该方法已在自行研制的参数化造型系统GEMS5．0中实现。     

通用几何约束系统统一建模研究

在几何约束和几何实体的基本约束和欧拉参数表达的基础上,研究了通用几何约束系统的统一建模问题。通过对三维几何实体姿态约束和位置约束解耦性的分析,抽象出球实体、盒体和球盒体三种基本几何实体表达空间几何实体,并以基本约束的组合表达几何约束,形成几何约束模型特有的层次结构;并以有向图管理几何约束系统,可以清晰地反映姿态约束和位置约束的解耦性,实现约束系统的细粒度分解,得到规模更小的求解序列,实现高效求解。方法实现于原型系统WhutVAS中。     

三维装配几何约束闭环系统的递归分解方法

由于现有几何约束分解方法无法分解三维装配几何约束闭环系统,故常采用数值迭代方法对其进行求解,但存在效率低、稳定性差等问题.为此,通过分析几何约束闭环图的拓扑结构和串联运动链的结构约束,提出基于串联运动链结构约束等价替换的三维几何约束闭环系统的递归分解方法.该方法通过不断地引入几何约束组合等价替换串联运动链的结构约束,从几何约束闭环系统中分离出可独立求解的子系统,实现几何约束闭环系统的递归分解.该方法可将此前许多必须整体迭代求解的三维几何约束闭环系统分解为一系列可解析求解的2个刚体之间的几何约束系统,明显提高了约束求解的效率和稳定性.最后用实例验证了方法的正确性和有效性.     

逆向工程中约束驱动数据点云曲面特征优化

为了获得产品原始设计意图,提高重构模型的整体质量,提出一种实用的逆向工程中约束驱动数据点云曲面特征优化方法,其中包括约束分解和有效的数值求解.在约束分解部分,通过设计结构矩阵分割算法消除几何约束系统中曲面特征间的耦合约束,提出了基于多尺度特征的凝聚算法来实现几何约束系统的简化和分解;在数值求解部分,基于罚函数法建立了约束优化的数学模型,采用BFGS法进行了数值求解.对优化后的逼近误差与约束满足误差进行分析的结果表明,采用文中方法可以低数量级的逼近误差的放大,实现约束满足误差的减小,获得一种全局优化的结果.     

一种基于图分解的几何约束求解方法

为了提高几何约束求解的效率和鲁棒性 ,对基于图的构造方法进行了改进 ,即加入虚约束进行扩展和过约束问题的一致性判定 ,提出了一种基于图分解的方法 ,用此方法可以处理包括完全约束、过约束和欠约束等多种情况的约束求解问题 ,另外 ,在该方法中还通过引入分解树将约束求解的范围由整体下降到局部 ,使大部分求解过程能够采用几何求解实现 ,提高了求解和后续修改的效率 ,通过实验数据测试证明 ,该方法对于大型约束求解问题可以达到实时处理的效果 ,具有较强的实用性     

三维装配几何约束问题求解研究

讨论了普遍情况下三维几何约束求解的问题.首先,对基本几何元素求解问题进行了研究,在此基础上对两装配体进行装配的几何约束问题进行了研究,提出对三维几何约束复杂耦合问题进行求解的方法,该研究拓展了三维几何约束求解器的通用性.     

一个基于约束图的参数化设计模型

基于图论的约束求解方法是目前参数化设计的主要方法,此方法已经应用于许多商品化软件中。该文提出了一个基于几何约束图的参数化设计模型,并给出了参数化模型的数据结构和约束求解算法。此算法可以有效地检查系统的过约束和欠约束情况。     

基于自由度分析的耦合几何约束求解

针对目前的CAD软件不能求解复杂耦合几何约束的问题,提出一种基于自由度分析的耦合几何约束求解方法.通过添加部分约束,将这些约束的值作为迭代变量,再对复杂约束耦合问题进行约束聚合;将没有被用到的约束作为迭代的目标函数进行计算,大大减少了传统方法中解决复杂约束耦合问题所需要的变量数,提高了计算过程的稳定性.在最坏情况下,对不同数量的聚合体构成的复杂约束耦合模式所需要添加的变量数进行了讨论,从原理上成功地解决了复杂耦合几何约束问题.该方法可以用复杂聚合模式作为几何设计的基本元素,较好地解决了二维几何约束求解问题.     

几何约束二义性处理的自组织方法

提出一种基于图形理解的几何约束二义性处理的自组织方法。讨论了约束求解求过程中的距离约束、角度约束和圆弧约束中的二义性问题,通过有向图的几何约束识别方法,保留了图形变化前几何元素之间的几何和拓扑信息,并以该约束信息为模板,利用多种图元关联约束方法图,唯一确定变参后的求解结果。该方法不需要繁琐的数值求解,避免了求解结果的二义性。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).