Dependence of Lunar Bases on Phobos and Deimos

The Moon is nearly devoid of essential biogenic resources such as water, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen. Lunar bases must have a ready supply of these vital resources since they are easily lost to the vacuum of space. Also, wet chemical processes dominate the chemical industries. Extraterrestrial sources of these materials must be found to provide for life support, construction, and manufacturing. If Phobos and Deimos have carbonaceous chondritic compositions, they are ideal targets for extraterrestrial exploitation. They may contain biogenic resources such as water, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen, as well as easily recoverable structural materials.     

Science and Engineering for Space: Technologies from Space 88

This paper highlights technology development for space exploration. It draws on the proceedings of Space 88, Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Space, which includes 125 papers and 1,349 pages providing in‐depth discussions of space policy, extraterrestrial basing, space stations, orbiting structures, and areas of special interest. In the space station and orbiting structures (orbital facilities) section, papers discuss the engineering, construction, and operations of orbiting space systems. Papers in the extraterrestrial basing section deal with the engineering, construction, and operations challenges faced in development of bases and operations on extraterrestrial bodies. The special interest (interacting disciplines) section provides a discussion of challenges facing us in meeting needs for space power, life support, human factors, astronomy, education, and management. The purpose of this volume on engineering, construction, and operations of facilities and bases in space is to encourage and stimulate the development of the required technologies. The concluding section of this paper focuses on space policy and a view toward the future.     

Engineering Issues for Early Lunar‐Based Telescopes

A telescope on the Moon is needed for astronomy and can be constructed in this decade or early in the next century. Design for this telescope will be fundamentally different from the design of free‐flying telescopes. Its design will be more like the new Keck telescope being completed on a mountaintop in Hawaii than the Hubble Space Telescope, in low Earth orbit. Success of the lunar‐based telescope will depend on an appropriately engineered structure, a suitable interface (foundation) in the lunar soil, and a carefully thought out construction process. Participation of engineers in identifying and resolving issues for this extraterrestrial engineering and construction project is a natural extension of the traditional engineering role, and will prepare the engineering and construction communities for the subsequent greater challenges associated with basing on the Moon. These communities need to document now the types of data and information that NASA should obtain in the next early lunar missions so that construction on the Moon will be facilitated.     

建筑工程施工工序的质量控制

工程质量是在施工工序中形成的,而不是依靠最终的检验。为了把工程质量从事后把关转向事前控制,达到"以预防为主"的目的,必须加强施工工序的质量控制。文章概述了建筑工程施工工序质量控制的要点,影响因素及应采取的措施,对施工工作有一定的指导作用。     

Earthbound Civil Engineering Experience for Space Applications

Since the dawn of civilization, the civil engineering profession has served mankind. Civil engineers have provided humanity with safe, reliable, and economical facilities and a livable environment. This paper seeks to outline the potential applications of various Earth‐based civil engineering fields for the engineering, construction, and operation of facilities in space stations in Earth orbit, bases on the Moon and Mars, and the exploration of other extraterrestrial bodies. On Earth, civil engineers have played a key role in design, construction, and operation of ground‐support facilities since the beginning of the space program. The vast and diverse Earth‐based knowledge and experience earned by civil engineers could be applied to create a suitable infrastructure in space to satisfy human needs. Therefore, civil engineers can play a significant role in the future expansion of human endeavors into space. The time has come for civil engineers throughout the world to come together; take the challenge posed by time, human needs, and ambition; and extend their joint expertise toward large‐scale projects in space for the benefit of all.     

Advanced test methods of material property characterization:high strain-rate testing and experimental simulation of multiaxial stress states

Optimum utilization of the loading capability of engineering materials is an important and active contribution to protect nature’s limited resources,and it is the key for economic design methods.In order to make use of the materials’ resources,those must be known very well;but conventional test methods will offer only limited informational value.The range of questions raised is as wide as the application of engineering materials,and partially they are very specific.The development of huge computer powers enables numeric modelling to simulate structural behaviour in rather complex loading environments-so the real material behaviour is known under the given loading conditions.Here the art of material testing design starts.To study the material behaviour under very distinct and specific loading conditions makes it necessary to simulate different temperature ranges,loading speeds, environments etc.and mostly there doesn’t exist any commonly agreed test standard.In this contribution two popular,non-standard test procedures and test systems will be discussed on the base of their application background,special design features as well as test results and typically gained information:The demand for highspeed tests up to 1000 s^-1 of strain rate is very specific and originates primarily in the automotive industry and the answers enable CAE analysis of crashworthiness of vehicle structures under crash conditions.The information on the material behaviour under multiaxial loading conditions is a more general one.Multiaxial stress states can be reduced to an equivalent stress,which allows the evaluation of the material’s constraint and criticality of stress state.Both discussed examples shall show that the open dialogue between the user and the producer of testing machines allows custom-tailored test solutions.     

Engineering Judgment and the Design That Got Away

This paper examines an ethical dilemma related to the residential construction industry in Florida, where homes must be engineered to withstand extreme load conditions induced during high wind events. Overwhelming contractor pressure to minimize construction costs has resulted in the propagation of inadequate construction designs. The overwhelming adoption of these inadequate designs weakens the integrity of our industry, creating the impression that market pressure can influence our judgment despite conflicting results gained through engineering analysis. This paper illustrates the frailty of engineering judgment as a design fundamental. Further, it raises the question as to what extent professional engineers should substitute engineering judgment for concrete evidence such as numerical analysis or experimental verification.     

岩土工程勘察设计与施工中水文地质问题探析

在地质工程施工之前,都需要进行岩土工程的勘察设计,这是施工的前提条件。最终的施工结果与岩土勘察设计和水文地质问题有关。这些方面出现任何问题,都会影响施工的正常进度,影响施工质量,甚至会发生安全隐患,因而,在工程开始施工之前,必须要对水文地质的勘察工作,详细掌握施工地的水文地质问题,做好防御措施,为工程的顺利开展做基础。     

Animation Tools for Extraterrestrial Construction

This paper explores the idea of developing space‐construction animation “tools” to facilitate extraterrestrial design and construction activities. These tools would integrate engineering operations in space. However, in order to develop such tools, it is necessary to determine their functional requirements. This involves an assessment of existing technological trends as well as an understanding of the future needs of this technology. The need for improved forms of communication between parties involved in space design and construction suggests the need for a dynamic or animated representation of the construction processes. Computer animation offers a unified approach to modeling the spatial dynamics so crucial in the planning and controlling of construction activities, and evaluation of automation models. For remotely monitored processes, simply providing critical information in an easily—and quickly—understood format could aid the space‐construction manager in anticipating interference and other critical conditions. The use of animation during remotely monitored or remotely controlled construction processes in space could significantly assist construction equipment operators.     

我国中深层地热资源赋存特征、发展现状及展望

地热资源具有储量大、能源利用效率高、运行成本低和节能减排等优点,是唯一不受天气、季节变化影响的地球本土可再生清洁能源,对于实现双碳目标有重要意义。为了解中深层地热资源赋存特征和发展现状,系统梳理了国外中深层高温地热资源的发展历程和最新进展,并与我国中深层地热资源开发情况进行对比分析,以期为我国中深层地热资源开发利用提供借鉴和启示。总体来讲,我国传统水热型地热资源潜力巨大且开发程度不高,具有很大的开发空间;针对我国地热流体中伴生矿产资源的相关开发依然存在着稀有元素分布特征不清、潜力不明、整体开发利用程度不高等问题,应在评估地热流体中伴生矿产资源潜力基础上,进一步加强地热流体中伴生矿产资源的综合开发利用;随着矿产资源开采深度的加大和高温地热带周边相关工程建设的开展,高温热害成为不可忽视的问题。但目前深部矿井和工程建设中“热害资源化”的研究相对不足,造成了地热资源的浪费,应在“热害资源化”潜力评估的基础上,进一步推动“矿?热共采”及工程建设中的“热害资源化”利用。      

地下空间工程服役安全的认识与思考

中国的地下空间工程规模越来越大。如何使地下空间工程在开挖、建造和服役期间最大限度的保持安全和稳定,是目前乃至将来必须重视的重要课题。在分析地下空间工程面临的主要问题的基础上,提出了地下空间工程服役安全的3个关键科学问题:多场耦合作用下结构体材料损伤劣化规律;循环动载作用下结构体的动态疲劳损伤特性;支护与围岩的相互作用。总结和评述了在此方面的相关研究工作和最新进展。最后从宏观上指出了地下空间工程未来的发展趋势和需要重点关注和加强的基础性研究工作。      

人工假底替换采场底柱在淘锡坑钨矿的应用

详细介绍了淘锡坑钨矿采用人工假底替换传统采场底柱技术的工程试验,结果证明：当采场底柱品位较高采用人工假底技术时,具有施工简单、安全可靠和降低采矿损失率的优势,不仅可多回收资源,其经济效益也十分明显。     

工程现场管理对工程造价影响的研究

施工现场不仅是建筑企业最主要的战场,也是建筑企业的经济目标实现的场所。因此,必须加强工程项目的现场管理。只有这样才能不断地增强施工现场的管理能力,确保工程的质量,节约成本支出以及缩短工期。文章结合笔者多年工作经验,就工程现场管理对工程造价的影响做进一步的研究分析。     

Construction Engineering Process and Knowledge Requirements for Fostering Creative Design Solutions on Infrastructure Projects

Construction engineering for major infrastructure projects covers a wide range of activities to evaluate and select the techniques for assembling materials and components. Construction engineering inherently presents a very challenging opportunity for creative design, particularly on infrastructure projects. This construction engineering activity can be described as one of creating and developing workable, cost-effective, low-risk technical solutions for an array of infrastructure construction problems that must be solved from the plans and specifications stage through facility completion. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a 10-step construction engineering process and define important knowledge requirements to foster creative design solutions using four case studies, including (1) positioning and holding a concrete bridge caisson in a 7-knot tidal current for a 4-month period; (2)?skidding a 55,000-t immersed tube tunnel element 200?m on dry land from casting site to launch site; (3)?building a major dam without the use of river diversion or on-site dewatering systems; and (4)?building underwater bridge piers without the use of conventional bottom-founded cofferdams. The creative design process was able to successfully devise a plan for solving highly technical construction challenges using a process-based approach. The key requirements of knowledge, skill, and experience necessary to perform these activities are presented to assist construction engineers in preparing for these creative opportunities.     

水文工程地质条件及渗漏措施分析

水文工程建设必须采取合适工程防渗施工技术,才能更好的适应当下的发展需求。基于此,文章主要对水文工程常见地质问题进行了详细分析,进而对水文工程防渗施工技术与防渗施工措施进行相关探讨,以期能够为提升水文工程的建设质量提供有效参考。     

矿山地质工程勘查施工现场技术研究

在进行矿山地质工程之前,必须要做好勘查施工工作,只有这样才能够为工程的展开提供一定的理论依据作为支撑,使施工能够更加顺利的展开,在这个工程中还会受到不同地形地势所影响,导致进行的工作有一定的区别,为此在进行矿山地质工程勘查施工时,要注意选择现场的技术,使其更加高效的展开相关的工作。本篇文章对进行矿山地质工程勘查施工的重要性进行了介绍,分析了进行工作的环节并对矿山进行了简要的说明,探究了使用的技术,希望能够使勘查工作更加顺利的展开,为施工提供帮助。     

工程建设远程自动化监测系统的研究

随着国家工程建设的飞速发展,相关的安全监测也日益受到重视。传统的监测耗费人力,且无法实现实时掌握基础工程建设安全状况。通过在具体基础工程中埋设相应的监测传感器,并结合数据采集模块、系统软件和远程通信技术,组成远程自动化监测系统,可以有效实现远程操控,解决实时、连续、自动监测、非接触、节省人力等问题。因此,远程自动化监测是工程建设安全监测的发展趋势。     

Web-Centric Framework for Secure and Legally Binding Electronic Transactions in Large-Scale A∕E∕C Projects

Typical architecture∕engineering∕construction (A∕E∕C) projects are technically, socially, and economically complex in terms of planning, management, and execution. In order to conduct day-to-day operations within the project (allocating funds and resources), the organizations involved in large-scale A∕E∕C projects participate in contractual transactions. Currently, these transactions are primarily conducted in the form of paper-based contracts, but there is a need to automate them, leveraging the advancements in information technology. Due to the legal weight of these contracts, electronic transactions need to be as secure and binding as paper-based transactions; the absence of a framework to achieve this has prevented large-scale automation, in spite of the presence of a host of web-based project management services. In this paper, we address the security concerns in conducting legally binding electronic transactions in large-scale A∕E∕C projects by developing a framework for conducting secure and legally binding electronic transactions. We also discuss the issues related to the implementation of such a framework at the decade-long $13.6 billion Central Artery∕Third Harbor Tunnel Project in Boston, Massachusetts.     

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education Using Two Applications of Internet-Based Information Technology to Provide Real-Time Project Observations

Improvements in construction engineering education result when innovative information technologies are incorporated into academic curricula. Through the use of internet-based communication technologies, no longer must students physically travel to a construction project site to observe and hear construction operations. This paper discusses two applications of internet-based, audio and video technologies currently being piloted at Iowa State University (ISU) and at the University of Calgary (UC) for the purpose of bringing live construction projects into the university classroom. Virtual Project Tours have been piloted at Iowa State University in which real-time video and audio are delivered from active construction projects to a remote classroom through the internet. The second application discussed in this paper, Virtual Supervision, is being piloted at the University of Calgary and consists of the monitoring and analysis of construction projects by using imagery gathered by web-enabled, digital cameras of fixed location transmitting video through the internet. This paper also presents a vision of a globally networked organization of engineering and construction education institutions each sharing the unique engineering and building techniques of their respective part of the globe with design and construction students located around the world. This exchange of construction project observations among the institutions will be enabled by the internet-based applications of virtual project tours and virtual supervision systems described in this paper.     

Effects of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium on the phenotype and function of mononuclear cells in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and a smell ability questionnaire were administered to 167 Japanese volunteers ranging in age from 20 to 59 years. Of these subjects, 80 also received the T&T olfactometer threshold test. Of the latter subjects, 36 were patients tested before endoscopic nasal surgery for sinusitis and polyposis. The patients exhibited decreased smell function, as measured by the T&T olfactometer, the UPSIT, and a 30-item version of the UPSIT in which the 10 least familiar items were removed (ps < 0.001). Spearman correlations ranging from 0.53 to 0.70 were found between (i) scores on the 30- and 40-item UPSITs and (ii) the T&T detection and recognition threshold values. Significant correlations were found between scores on the smell ability questionnaire and the olfactory test measures (UPSIT30 r = 0.56; UPSIT40 r = 0.58; T&T detection r = 0.56; T&T recognition r = 0.69, p < 0.001), indicating that subjects are relatively accurate in assessing their olfactory ability. This study suggests that the 30 and 40-item UPSITs correlate well with measures derived from the T&T olfactometer, and that all three tests are sensitive to the smell loss of Japanese sinusitis/polyposis patients.