香港充填土风化花岗岩场址勘探中的界面识别研究

针对香港充填土风化花岗岩场址勘探,在液压旋转钻机上安装钻孔过程监测系统(DPM),对有效轴压力、钻具转速、冲洗压力、钻头位移及穿孔速率进行了实时监测。采用变斜率作为显著性指数,对地层中的主、次界面进行了识别。t-检验表明:DPM系统对岩土界面识别的置信度为99%。此外,对穿孔参数在界面处的变化分析表明:这些参数随孔深的变化曲线在界面处存在不同涨落,轴压力和穿孔速率对界面上岩石强度变化的响应度为81.82%。     

复合土钉支护的设计和应用实例

以一临近人防通道复杂条件下复合土钉支护的设计为背景 ,介绍了复合土钉支护技术的概念和设计以及采用国际通用岩土工程分析软件FLAC对复合土钉支护进行的土钉内力和支护变形的分析结果 ,并和现场实测结果进行了比较。通过实测数据与理论计算值、数值模拟值的对比分析 ,表明土钉实际受力较现有常规计算方法计算出的数值明显要低 ,而略大于FLAC数值模拟结果 ,探讨了现有计算方法的不足 ,证明了在复杂条件下的复合土钉支护用FLAC软件进行支护的变形、内力分析和支护的优化设计 ,可得到很好的效果。     

特殊基坑支护的设计和应用

以一临近人防通道复杂条件下复合土钉支护的设计为背景,介绍了复合土钉支护技术的概念和设计以及采用国际通用岩土工程分析软件FLAC对复合土钉支护进行的土钉内力和支护变形的分析结果,并和现场实测结果进行了比较。通过实测数据与理论计算值、数值模拟值的对比分析,表明土钉实际受力较现有常规计算方法计算出的数值明显要低,而略大于FLAC数值模拟结果,探讨了现有计算方法的不足,证明了在复杂条件下的复合土钉支护用FLAC软件进行支护的变形、内力分析和支护的优化设计,可得到很好的效果。     

钻进参数用于香港复杂风化花岗岩地层的界面识别

在采用仪器钻进系统对复杂风化花岗岩地层界面进行成功识别的基础上,在复杂风化花岗岩场址的勘探中进行进一步应用和检验。在该风化花岗岩地层中,强风化与中等风化花岗岩交错,地层特征相当复杂。试验采用R–20液压回转式钻机,并安装数字式钻孔过程监测系统,在钻孔过程中对穿孔参数进行自动采集。对穿孔参数的定性和定量分析表明,在此地层中,有效轴压力、钻具转速、冲洗压力、钻头位移及穿孔速率等监测参数在界面处亦具有明显的涨落,说明这些参数与界面处岩石强度的变化具有很好的响应特征,能可靠地揭示复杂地层的变化。同时,采用变斜率法对地层中的主、次界面进行识别。t检验表明,仪器钻进系统对岩土界面识别的置信度为99%。     

岩土体参数约束随机场解析模拟方法及边坡可靠度分析

约束随机场模型可充分利用有限的现场试验数据和监测资料等,较真实地表征岩土体参数空间变异性。提出岩土体参数二维各向异性约束随机场解析模拟方法,结合边坡可靠度分析给出计算流程,并基于2个钻孔的不排水抗剪强度现场试验数据建立约束随机场模型更新边坡可靠度评价。通过不排水饱和黏土边坡算例验证了提出方法的有效性,并探讨钻孔位置与钻孔布置方案对边坡可靠度的影响规律。结果表明:提出方法不仅可以充分利用有限的现场试验数据真实地表征岩土体参数空间变异性,而且所获得的岩土体参数约束随机场能够有效反映岩土体参数的均值和标准差沿埋深逐渐增加的内在特性,使得边坡可靠度评价结果更加接近工程实际。钻孔位置与钻孔布置方案对边坡可靠度均具有一定的影响,在坡趾附近区域钻孔取样获得的现场试验数据可对边坡可靠度评价提供更多的信息量。     

土钉支护结构的水平位移安全监控研究

现行的土钉支护安全监控采用"终点控制"的方法,在实际工程应用中具有一定的局限性。针对这种情况,提出了土钉支护结构水平位移安全监测"过程控制"的概念,建立了双曲正切函数的过程曲线,旨在对土钉支护结构施工全过程做到安全有效的监测和控制,并将所建立模型与理正岩土计算软件的结果进行比较,较好地符合计算结果。     

组合支护结构下土钉内力监测的回归分析

侨福花园广场深基坑工程基坑深达21.675m,采用上部复合土钉墙、下部地下连续墙的组合支护体系,按照信息化施工要求对土钉内力进行了长时间监测,根据监测曲线,运用回归分析方法建立了土钉内力非线性回归模型,得出了土钉内力与时间的相互关系,并得到了分别适合于中短期以及中长期土钉内力与时间相互关系的较为理想的回归函数。监测结果和数据分析表明,土钉内力监测中应用回归分析是完全可行的,有助于提高深基坑工程领域信息化施工的准确性和预见性。     

基坑开挖与土钉支护的FLAC程序分析

本文在深基坑土钉 (喷锚网 )支护现场试验的基础上 ,运用 FL AC程序对该试验深基坑进行了施工过程中土钉应力分布规律 ,以及基坑边壁土体的变形大小和规律的分析 ;并对比现场实测结果 ,得到了几点关于土钉工作性能和基坑变形的结论。     

CNC科研中心办公楼土钉拉力现场监测研究

土钉支护中土钉拉力有多种计算方法。实践表明,土钉实际所受拉力与现有理论或规程计算结果相差较大。对CNC科研中心办公楼土钉支护进行了现场监测和分析,主要通过在土钉主筋上埋设钢筋应力计的方法,对土钉实际工作状态下的拉力进行了跟踪监测,并把实测拉力与现行常用计算方法得出的结果进行了比较和分析。研究结果表明,正常工作状态下土钉受力沿土钉长度方向呈抛物线形分布;在垂直方向,土钉拉力随深度的增加变化不大;土钉拉力明显小于现行规程计算结果。     

地面水平定向钻孔注浆治理地铁隧道沉降的技术研究

地铁隧道发生沉降对结构安全和日常运营都有一定程度的影响,而目前针对隧道沉降治理的注浆工艺都存在各种不同的问题,所以研究开发了地面水平定向钻孔注浆技术,以治理地铁隧道的沉降.该技术可在地面灵活地进行钻孔布置,施工时间不受地铁运营的影响;钻孔过程中利用无线随钻测斜仪实时监测钻头的位置,利用螺杆钻具及时纠偏,准确控制钻孔轨迹...     

全自动钻孔过程监测技术在工程勘察中的应用探讨

本文介绍了一种应用于工程地质勘察的由香港大学研制的全自动钻孔过程监测DPM系统。利用DPM现场监测和记录系统,实现了对整个地质钻探过程中重要钻进参数的自动化监测和实时记录,并通过建立区分准则和分析系统实现了原始数据的快速筛选与分析。通过数据的分析,可以更好地了解和分析钻进过程与性能,提高钻进效率,而且为复杂地质情况的准确判断提供了一种可靠的途径。     

In situ strength profiles along two adjacent vertical drillholes from digitalization of hydraulic rotary drilling

Drilling speed and associated analyses from factual field data of hydraulic rotary drilling have not been fully utilized. The paper provides the reference and comparison for the utilization of drilling information from two adjacent vertical drillholes that were formed with the same hydraulic rotary drilling machine and bit. The analysis of original factual data is presented to obtain the constant drilling speed during net drilling process. According to the factual data along two adjacent drillholes, the digitalization results respectively include 461 linear zones and 210 linear zones with their constant drilling speeds and associated drilling parameters. The digitalization results can accurately present the spatial distributions and interface boundaries of drilled geomaterials and the results are consistent with the paralleled site loggings. The weighted average drilling speeds from 2.335 m/min to 0.044 m/min represent 13 types of drilled geomaterials from soils to hard rocks. The quantitative relation between drilling speed and strength property is provided. The digitalization results can statistically profile the basic strength quality grades of III to VI from soils to hard rocks. The thickness distributions of four strength quality grades are presented for each individual type of geomaterials along two drillholes. In total, 50.2% of geomaterials from drillhole A are grade IV and 57.4% of geomaterials from drillhole B are grade III. The digitalization results can offer an accurate and cost-effective tool to quantitatively describe the spatial distribution and in situ strength profile of drilled geomaterials in the current drilling projects.     

Automatic monitoring of rotary-percussive drilling for ground characterization—illustrated by a case example in Hong Kong

In mountainous regions comprising weathered soils and rocks, it is important to delineate the spatial distributions of geomaterials with different weathering and decomposition grades in depth. This paper presents a methodology to cost-effectively and accurately identify the subsurface zones of volcanic weathering. The methodology consists of in situ digital monitoring and a number of associated data analysis methods. The in situ digital technique is the drilling process monitor. It can automatically, objectively and continuously measure and record parameters associated with the full drilling process of a rotary-percussion drilling machine when it is being used to drill a production hole (such as probe holes and soil nail holes) in the ground. The data analysis methods are used to identify relevant factual data from the full drilling process data for zoning. The calculations are simple and straightforward tasks. Factual data presented in the paper illustrate that the proposed methodology can be a simple and cost-effective tool to record and utilize by-products of current normal drilling practice for ground investigation, geotechnical design and verifications, drilling construction management, as well as drilling quality control. The proposed methodology offers great potential in furthering the geotechnical knowledge and engineering practice in Hong Kong and many other mountainous regions comprising weathered soils and rocks. There is also significant potential for other applications in civil and mining engineering through estimation of the mechanical properties of rock from the monitored drilling data.     

钻孔过程监测在岩体非均质性中的应用探讨

岩体非均质性研究是地质资源与地质工程领域的重要内容,对地下空间及矿产能源的合理开发利用有着重要的意义。为了实时准确地评价页岩储层岩体的非均质性,将钻孔过程监测(Drilling Process Monitoring, DPM)引入铜川地区鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩的现场勘察钻孔试验中,分别监测了钻头转速、钻杆前推压力、钻杆回撤压力、动力头位置4个参数,利用DPM钻进速率参数从多尺度对页岩岩体的非均质性进行了刻画。相关性分析及回归分析结果表明：DPM钻进速率与岩石可钻性、岩体完整性存在显著的相关性。具体地,储层尺度上,DPM钻进速率的变化可反映出储层岩性的变化,DPM钻进速率可定量地评价岩石的可钻性;岩心尺度上,DPM钻进速率的变化可定性地反映出岩芯的完整程度,但在≤100 mm完整岩芯上的钻进速率并不能有效反映出纹层岩性的变化。进一步地,纹层尺度上,>100 mm厚度页岩纹层的纯钻过程位移曲线可被较好地进行线性拟合,而100 mm以下,泥岩、粉砂岩及凝灰岩纹层的纯钻过程位移曲线线性拟合性较差。研究结果对于正确认识DPM对岩体非均质性的划分及应用有着重要的指导意义。     

风化花岗岩地层旋转钻进中的能量分析

旋转钻进是岩土工程钻探的主要钻进方式,从能量守恒原理出发,对旋转钻进的能量进行分析。同时,在R-20液压式回转钻机上安装数字式钻孔过程监测（DPM）系统,在风化花岗岩地基工程中进行试验,并在监测数据的基础上对钻进能量进行分析计算。研究结果表明,钻进过程中用于破碎岩石的能量主要来自钻进系统的动能,钻进系统用于破碎岩石的能量分配与地层强度特性有关。在风化程度较低或新鲜岩层中钻进时,破碎岩石98%以上的能量来自系统的动能,而轴压力推动钻头位移所给出的能量不到2%;在土层或全风化岩层中,轴压力所做的功达到22%以上,且明显随风化程度的增高而增大,说明钻进系统动能与轴力功可用以表征地层的可钻性,这为实时钻进能量用于地层的识别提供理论依据。     

An analytical model for estimating rock strength parameters from small-scale drilling data

The small-scale drilling technique can be a fast and reliable method to estimate rock strength parameters. It needs to link the operational drilling parameters and strength properties of rock. The parameters such as bit geometry, bit movement, contact frictions and crushed zone affect the estimated parameters. An analytical model considering operational drilling data and effective parameters can be used for these purposes. In this research, an analytical model was developed based on limit equilibrium of forces in a T-shaped drag bit considering the effective parameters such as bit geometry, crushed zone and contact frictions in drilling process. Based on the model, a method was used to estimate rock strength parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength of different rock types from operational drilling data. Some drilling tests were conducted by a portable and powerful drilling machine which was developed for this work. The obtained results for strength properties of different rock types from the drilling experiments based on the proposed model are in good agreement with the results of standard tests. Experimental results show that the contact friction between the cutting face and rock is close to that between bit end wearing face and rock due to the same bit material. In this case, the strength parameters, especially internal friction angle and cohesion, are estimated only by using a blunt bit drilling data and the bit bluntness does not affect the estimated results.     

Effective use of water in a system for water driven hammer drilling

Drilling with water driven down-the-hole (DTH) hammers is a recently developed method for competitive production of boreholes. In order to prevent large amounts of water being used during operation, the drilling fluid is here directly processed into a quality acceptable for reuse. The effectiveness is evaluated in well drilling with a mobile prototype water cleaning and pressurising unit. Especially the presence of abrasive particles in the fluid can drastically reduce tool life and make the method inefficient. The vital significance of this relation has called for detailed studies and a process simulation model for determining particle concentration and size distribution has been developed. This paper describes the model and how it is applied. Simulation results of different system configurations are also presented.     

金刚石钻进能量在风化花岗岩地层中的变化特征

利用钻进过程监测系统在风化花岗岩地层中的试验数据对钻进系统的动能、轴力功、黏滞能耗及钻进总能量进行了分析。研究表明,钻具系统的动能在钻进能量中占主导地位,轴力功与黏滞能耗所占的比重很低,钻具系统的动能以及钻进总能量与岩石的风化程度呈负相关,轴力功与岩石的风化程度呈正相关,说明钻进能量与岩石风化程度具有很好的响应关系。最后,从破碎单位体积能耗的观点出发,分析了钻进比功与岩石风化程度之间的关系。研究表明,在全风化及强风化花岗岩地层中,金刚石旋转钻进比功值明显低于冲击凿碎比功;在微风化的坚硬与极坚硬岩石中,金刚石旋转钻进比功则明显高于冲击凿碎比功。这为金刚石旋转钻进中岩石的实时分级与实时判层提供了新的方法。     

不同地层比功阈值优化的统计方法及其应用

采用在线监测系统监测进行随钻参数的采样与分析,建立了派生参数与直测参数的理论表达式,提出了多因素组合的地层比功模型,实现了地层地质条件与随钻参数的有机结合。以重庆市某高压变电站施工场地为依托,建立了不同地层如素填土层、粉质粘土层、砂岩层及泥岩层的地层比功演化曲线,对比地勘信息可知,不同地层的比功值存在显著差异。可见,合理的地层比功阈值是辨识地层类型的重要参量。运用统计学原理对勘测孔附近不同地层的比功值阈值进行保值优化,通过地勘获得的地层信息来验证阈值区间的可靠性。进一步采用如上地层比功阈值对该区域的其他桩位所在地层进行分析验证,说明了地层比功阈值优化的统计方法可行,其阈值区间合理,可用于其他赋存环境的地层比功阈值确定及地层识别。