Das ADSOX-Verfahren mit Inertgas-Desorptionstechnik Geruchsabscheidung und Lösemittel-Rückgewinnung

The ADSOX-Process with Inertgas-Desorption Technique — Odour Separation and Solvent Recovery Introducing the development ol ADSOX-process is briefly reported and the reasons for departure from the present water vapour regeneration technique of active carbon is explained. The two desorption media water vapour and inertgas are extensively compared and the various possibilities and influences as well as the necessary energy consumption of the two desorption media in the desorption of organic solvents from active carbon are considered. Finally the various ADSOX-system variants for separation of odour intensive compounds on the one hand and for a recovery, free from water (without distillation), of solvents on the other hand from process exhaust air streams are presented. It is shown how as well in exhaust air cleaning as in water cleaning, too, used active carbon can be desorbed in fixed bed or also reactivated.     

WASTE MINIMIZATION IN BATCH VESSEL CLEANING

Although the cleaning of processing vessels has always been a significant source of waste, only recently have fundamental studies been undertaken to understand the cleaning process. The study described here began with a review of the literature on industrial cleaning practices. The literature was found to be mainly empirical. In order to provide a practical direction for research into the cleaning process, observations were made of a commercial batch processing facility. Based on these observations, short-term process improvements are suggested, and a new area for fundamental research is identified. @KEYWORDS Waste minimization Reflux cleaning Reactor Batch vessel.     

Systeme zur Abgasreinigung bei dezentralen Rückstandsverbrennungen in der chemischen Industrie

Gas Cleaning Systems of Decentralized Hazardous Waste Incinerators in the Chemical Industry In the chemical industry wet gas cleaning systems are frequently employed for the treatment of exhaust gases emerging from decentralized hazardous waste incinerators. With respect to the extremely high pollutant emissions, multistage gas cleaning processes are used that consist in most cases of a quench, one or more wet scrubbers and an optional aerosol separation stage. In order to select a suitable design of the gas cleaning process and equipment, beside the specific technical performance of each apparatus, particularly economic criteria have to be considered, like maintenance as well as investment costs. Additionally, the choice of the suitable material of construction plays a major role, especially at the transition section of dry to wetted gas in the quench. The present comparison of different process and equipment alternatives indicates that only the consideration of all relevant parameters yields to an optimal solution.     

热化学清洗含油污泥的效果评价及机理

热化学清洗法是一种处理含油污泥经济高效的方法。以无害化处理为目标,本文系统分析了热化学清洗含油污泥的效果,并对原油脱附机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,复配型清洗剂NAS在4%（质量分数）、60℃（温度）、8∶1（液固比）、60min（时间）的清洗条件下,可将固体残油率降低至0.94%,远低于《油气田含油污泥综合利用污染控制要求》（DB 65/T 3998—2017）等多个标准中规定的含油率≤2.0%的要求;脱附等温线模型拟合和热力学参数计算结果表明,油从固体表面的脱附符合Langmuir模型,且为自发吸热过程;结合FTIR及XRD等分析结果可知,热化学清洗法主要除去了含油污泥中原油的轻组分,重组分与固体表面发生化学吸附,成为影响原油脱附的主导因素。     

Die Aufbereitung ölhaltiger Industriewaschwässer durch Mikrofiltration/Ultrafiltration

Processing of Oil Containing Industrial Wash Waters by Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration In the metal processing industry washing and rinsing procedures are necessary for cleaning of treated and refined article surfaces. The obtained waste waters are emulsions polluted by pigment dirt and oil, which may not be untreatedly fed into severage because of existing legal injection restrictions. Often ultrafiltration is applied for processing. The permeate of ultrafiltration contains parts of the wash-active substances. It can be reused in an advantageous way. This recycling has the additional advantage that the tax according to the law for waste water duty does no longer exist. Since for permeate recycling a higher oil content can be tolerated microfiltration was investigated besides ultrafiltration because higher flux and above all a higher yield for wash-active substances can be expected.     

Abwässer,Schlämme sowie feste Rückstände der chemischen Industrie — Aufbereiten,Verbrennen, Deponieren

Waste Water, Sludges and Solid Residues of the Chemical Industry — Processing, Combustion, Deposition The importance of waste control policy in large chemical plants is emphasized, and waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal systems are described. The Uerdingen Works of Bayer AG are discussed as an example to demonstrate the nature, origin and treatment of individual types of waste materials (waste water, combustible and incombustible residues). The total waste water quantity generated consists of 80% cooling water, 10% waste water from inorganic production lines, and 10% waste water from organic production lines. The waste water which is laden with organic matter is purified in a mechanical, two-stage, biological waste water treatment plant (η > 96%). Waste water with a high organic loading is already specially treated during the operational process, in order to separate the greater part of organics (recycling). The combustible residues, 1/3 of which consists of refuse and 2/3 of residues having a solid, pasty, or almost liquid consistency, are fed to an incinerator. The mixed sludge from the central waste water treatment plant is also regarded as combustible residue. Following dehydration, this sludge is incinerated in a fluid-bed furnace, at the same time adding liquid residues. The incombustible residues (special wastes) are dumped onto controlled tipping grounds. These residues are made up of building rubble, cinder and slag discharged from incinerators and other installations. During the manufacture of inorganic pigments, other non-combustible residues are generated. These are neutralized and subjected to a secondary treatment process, in which the oxidisable components are reduced and are then precipitated in an insoluble form. The sludge produced is loaded on barges and used for filling-in exhausted gravel pits on the Lower Rhine. Residues which are particularly critical are filled into drums and stored underground in the caverns of a shut-down salt mine.     

Abwasser-Anfall bei der Herstellung und Verarbeitung von Lacken,Beschichtungsstoffen und deren Hilfsmitteln

Waste Water During the Production and Processing of Paints, Coatings and Their Auxiliaries Examples of water solubility are given with respect to the following groups of materials and processes: raw materials including binding agents, paints, coatings, auxiliaries, coating processes, such as ET-painting and spray chambers, waste water in the paint manufacture, dust during submerged grinding, storage of heating oil and solvents, alkali cleaning, disposable containers, and cold and hot removal of paints. Relevant directives, laws and regulations are listed.     

Moderne und wirtschaftliche Aufbereitung der Abwässer in der Speiseöl- und Fettindustrie

Modern and Economic Treatment of Waste Waters from Edible Oil and Fat Industry In the near future no industrial undertaking will be permitted to dispose waste water from the plants into public waters and city drainage without prior purification. The edible oil and fat industry has the advantage that its waste waters can be clarified in an inexpensive manner and the sludge recovered can be utilized economically. In the present communication a purification process is described which has been used with advantage in several plants in and outside of Germany.     

喷雾干洗去渍剂的研制

研制出了一种新型干洗剂——喷雾干洗去渍剂。该产品为溶剂型干洗剂,选用氯乙烯为主要溶剂,将其与某些饱和卤代烃和含有酮、醚等化学基团的脂肪族化合物有机溶剂混合,并加入一种活性气体干燥剂,即可制得产品。本产品可除去织物上沾污的油渍,洗涤效果好。     

Design of New Camelina Oil‐Based Hydrophilic Monomers for Novel Polymeric Materials

Triglyceride‐based monomers represent a competitive alternative to petrochemical resources in the macromolecular compounds area. In the current study, several types of hydrophilic camelina oil (CO)‐based monomers were synthesized using tunable experimental protocols that involve three different steps: first—conversion of the double bonds into epoxy rings, second—partial opening of the epoxy rings and methacrylic groups grafting and last—opening of the unreacted epoxy rings and hydrophilic units attaching. 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and FTIR spectroscopy demonstrate the success of the CO functionalization with polymerizable and hydrophilic moieties—polyethylene glycol units—with different molecular weights, exhibiting self‐emulsifiable properties. Several bulk and emulsion polymerization tests were performed for the synthesized monomers and their ability to build polymer networks using different photo‐chemical procedures (using visible and UV radiations respectively) was demonstrated, without additional surfactants. FTIR spectroscopy indicates the polymerization success by the disappearance of the specific bands assigned to the double bonds from methacrylic groups and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates that the emulsion polymerization leads to materials with an improved thermostability.     

新型无磷除油除锈水基金属清洗剂HD的研制

报道了一种兼具无磷除油除锈水基型多功能金属清洗剂的研制,探讨了配方组成对净洗力、防锈性、腐蚀性和除锈性能的影响,同时也考察了清洗工艺对净洗力的影响。结果表明;该清洗剂的净洗力、防锈性、腐蚀性等性能指标均达到国家标准,并另具有优良的除锈性能     

Inhibition of nitrogen compounds on the hydrodesulfurization of substituted dibenzothiophenes in light cycle oil

The influence of nitrogen compounds on the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activities of a series of substituted dibenzothiophenes in light cycle oil (LCO) was studied over a NiMo/Al₂O₃ commercial catalyst. Three types of light cycle oil with nitrogen compounds of different concentrations and chemical natures were used as feed—an original fluid catalytic cracking light cycle oil (LCO), LCO with most of its basic nitrogen removed, and an ultra-low nitrogen LCO. Experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed microreactor at a total pressure of 70 atm, temperatures between 330 and 400 °C, and liquid hourly space velocities (LHSV) in the range of 1.0 to 3.5 h⁻¹. The inhibition effects of nitrogen compounds on the HDS reactivity of the three sulfur groups—total sulfur, hard sulfur, easy sulfur—and 14 specific mono-, di- and tri-alkyl substituted dibenzothiophenes were investigated. The results showed that the HDS rate significantly increased using ultra-low nitrogen LCO. Pseudo first-order rate constants were estimated for the 14 mono-, di- and tri-alkyl substituted dibenzothiophenes. The HDS rates could be classified into three groups based on the position of the substituents. It was found that 4 and 6 substituted dibenzothiophenes had the lowest HDS rates. The HDS rate of the 14 substituted dibenzothiophenes were all increased when the ultra-low nitrogen feed was used. The improvement was greater for 4 and 6 substituted dibenzothiophenes than for those with one of the substituents at either the 4 or 6 positions. This finding indicates that the hydrogenation route is more strongly suppressed than hydrogenolysis route by nitrogen compounds since the hydrogenation route is believed to be the predominant reaction pathway for 4 and 6 alkyl-substituted dibenzothiophenes.     

Extended Surfactants Including an Alkoxylated Central Part Intermediate Producing a Gradual Polarity Transition—A Review of the Properties Used in Applications Such as Enhanced Oil Recovery and Polar Oil Solubilization in Microemulsions

The research published in the past half century indicates that surfactant interfacial performance in producing low tension or high solubilization with polar oils is not generally attained with pure conventional species exhibiting well-defined polar and nonpolar parts. The improvement trends reached with surfactant mixtures as well as the introduction of additives like cosurfactants and linkers lead to the introduction of the so-called extended surfactants, whose structure includes an intermediate polarity spacer between the hydrophilic head and the lipophilic tail. Recent investigations on different kinds of surfactants in a variety of applications—such as detergency, cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery or crude demulsifying, and vegetable oil extraction—indicate that these extended surfactants are likely to be particularly performing with oils containing polar groups, such as triacylglycerols and asphaltenic crudes. Possible applications of extended surfactants in enhanced oil recovery, crude emulsion breaking, detergency and cleaning, medicine and cosmetics vehicles, and natural oil extraction as well as some other cases are quickly reviewed.     

Pretreatment with fine bubbles for effective zinc ion precipitation and removal from zinc electroplating wastewater

Heavy metals such as zinc are widely used in plating plants for the processing of material surfaces; therefore, an adequate wastewater treatment is required afterwards to comply with wastewater regulations. However, the presence of chemicals such as degreasing agents in the wastewater generated from the plating process inhibits the formation of hydroxides, thereby making treatment of wastewater and compliance with the stipulated regulations difficult. Herein, the effects of fine bubbles on oil cleaning and wastewater treatment were investigated for developing an alternative cleaning technology to degreasing agents. The concentration of fine bubbles significantly affected the oil cleaning. The fine bubbles demonstrated remarkable cleaning of highly viscous oil, which was difficult to remove using pure water. The high cleaning effect of fine bubbles on oil was achieved because of the hydrophobic interaction of the bubbles. Furthermore, a decrease in cleaning effect was observed for samples with uneven shapes, which was attributed to the difficulty in penetration of fine bubbles in materials with irregularities. Furthermore, fine bubble cleaning exhibited better efficiency for wastewater treatment than degreaser cleaning. Therefore, fine bubble cleaning is speculated to be an excellent cleaning technology with high oil cleaning effectiveness and improved wastewater treatability.     

A Study of Process Optimization of Extraction of Oil from Fish Waste for Use as A Low-Grade Fuel

Waste oils are potentially advantageous over petroleum and virgin vegetable oil based fuels due to waste utilization, and an overall lowering of gases and most other emissions over the life cycle of fuel production, use, and disposal. Waste generated from fish processing plants varies from 10–50 wt% of landed fish depending on the type of fish, product and processing techniques. A portion of this waste contains fish oil and varies significantly depending on the species. The oil recovery process must maximize extraction of oil and at the same time be able to integrate into the existing infrastructure at fish plants. In this study, we have optimized the recovery process developed in our lab (based on a fishmeal processing) and tested with the waste of a variety of fish species. The oil had low impurities (<0.5 wt% moisture) and degradation products, and physical properties suitable for substitution of No. 6 fuel oils and marine distillate/residual fuels. Based on this, pilot scale experiments were performed to determine scale-up challenges and design specifications for eventual costs analysis (e.g. size, residence time, etc.), energy required and waste emissions.     

Removal of aerosols by bubbling through porous media submerged in organic liquid

Aerosols can be filtered by passing the carrier gas through a fibrous filter immersed in water (Agranovski, I. E., Myojo, T., & Braddock, R. D. (1999a). Bubble filtering through porous media. Aerosol Science and Technology, 31, 249-257. Using water as the irrigating fluid significantly increases the efficiency of filtration of particles and adds the possibility for simultaneous removal of alien gases from the carrier. Organic compounds (gaseous and particulate) form a significant proportion of pollutants in the atmosphere, and effective purification is needed for ambient air as well as for cleaning exhaust streams. Water does not have a high level of solubility for gaseous organic compounds, and alternative irrigating liquids need to be considered. Experiments were conducted using sunflower oil as the irrigating fluid. The filtration efficiencies of the oil are better than for water, for liquid di-ethyl-hexyl-sebacate particles. As the solubility of organic vapours is much higher in oil compared with the one in water, oil provides an excellent opportunity for utilizing as the irrigating liquid for high-efficient simultaneous removal of organic particles and vapours from air carrier.     

ES水基分离型金属清洗剂的研制

ES水基分离型金属清洗剂是一种具有油水分离特性的环保型水基金属清洗剂。试验研究了不同的表面活性剂及其复配物、软水剂、其他助剂及含量对清洗效果的影响规律。该清洗剂在大连某船务公司使用的效果较好,具有实际应用前景。     

Microbial desulfurization of coal and oil

Biotreatment of fossil fuels may be regarded as suitable technology for the desulfurization of oil and coal before combustion, especially for small-scale combustion plants where flue gas cleaning is too expensive.

Although several patents, especially on the field of biodesulfurization of oil, already exist, successful application in a large scale could not be demonstrated until now. “Organic sulfur” is characterized by covalent C-S bonds and can be regarded as an element which is integrated in the macromolecular matrix of coal and in organic sulfur compounds present in oil. As for the results of more semi-empirical approaches no reproducibility and transferability to other oil qualities could be demonstrated when model compounds representing the organic sulfur species were used.

This research strategy resulted in a number of promising biochemical pathways for the degradation and/or desulfurization of such compounds. However, up to now the use of microorganisms able to degrade model compounds in a biotechnological process for coal or oil desulfurization does not meet the expectations.

Thus, it has to be concluded that additional research is needed which should be focussed on the development of biocatalysts with a broad substrate specificity and on methods to improve the availability of the organically bound sulfur in the molecular structure of oil and coal.     

Utilization of waste activated bleaching earth containing palm oil in riboflavin production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ashbya gossypii</Emphasis>

Waste activated bleaching earth (ABE) discharged by an oil refinery plant, which contained 40% palm oil, was used for riboflavin production by a culture of the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. When 188 g/L waste ABE containing 75 g/L palm oil was added to the culture, 80% of the palm oil was consumed after 4 d, and the riboflavin concentration reached 2.1 g/L after 10 d of culture. This concentration was almost 1.5 times higher than for cultures grown on pure palm oil, in which case only 68% of the palm oil was consumed. Before the culture was initiated, the surface of the waste ABE was smooth and resembled clay that was covered with palm oil. After the culture, the oil content decreased to 8%. The black color of waste ABE gradually faded and turned yellow, with the ABE finally forming a yellow powder. Eighty percent of the riboflavin produced during the culture period was transferred to oil-depleted waste ABE and the waste-oil-depleted ABE had 14 mg of riboflavin/g of oil-depleted waste ABE. The waste ABE containing waste palm oil was suitable for use as a raw material for the production of value-added riboflavin. Thus, this research might provide a good model for the reuse of waste resources containing vegetable oil.     

Biologische Abwasserreinigung mit hoher Abbauleistung in einem Kompaktreaktor (HCR-Verfahren)

Biological Waste Water Cleaning with High Degradation Performance (HCR-Process) The consequent application of processing knowledge has led to the development of a high performance reactor for the biological cleaning of waste water, which is marked out compared to conventional plants by a high degradation performance, a compact construction and an operation process which is favourable to the environment. Thus the chance arises to treat industrial waste water at the place of its origin and by this to integrate the cleaning in the production process. The biological degradation performance in the compact reactor, which is 10-30 times higher than in conventional animating processes bases on the special operation of the compact reactor with the following characteristics: high performance of material exchange surface and finest distribution of the bacteria, low sludge index and by that increased separation efficiency in the sedimentation basin, high processing flexibility.