Rheological Characteristics of Short Nylon-6 Fiber-Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Containing Epoxy Resin as Bonding Agent

The rheological characteristics of short nylon-6 fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were studied with respect to the effect of shear rate, fiber concentration, and temperature on shear viscosity and die swell using a capillary rheometer. All the melts showed pseudoplastic nature, which decreased with increasing temperature and in the presence of short fibers. Shear viscosity was increased in the presence of fibers. Die swell was reduced in the presence of fibers. Relative viscosity of the gum compound was less than one at all shear rates and temperatures. Activation energy of flow of the composite-containing bonding agent was higher at higher fiber loading and higher shear rates. Die swell increased marginally in the presence of the bonding agent.     

Rheological Characteristics of Short Nylon-6 Fiber Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber Containing Epoxy Resin as Bonding Agent

ABSTRACT

The rheological characteristics of short Nylon-6 fiber–reinforced Styrene Butadiene rubber (SBR) in the presence of epoxy resin–based bonding agent were studied with respect to the effect of shear rate, fiber concentration, and temperature on shear viscosity and die swell using a capillary rheometer. All the composites containing bonding agent showed a pseudoplastic nature, which decreased with increasing temperature. Shear viscosity was increased in the presence of fibers. The temperature sensitivity of the SBR matrices was reduced on introduction of fibers. The temperature sensitivity of the melts was found to be lower at higher shear rates. Die swell was reduced in the presence of fibers. Relative viscosity of the composites increased with shear rate. In the presence of epoxy resin bonding agent the temperature sensitivity of the mixes increased. Die swell was larger in the presence of bonding agent.     

Glass fiber-filled thermoplastics. I. Wall and processing effects on rheological properties

A systematic study of wall effects on the shear viscosity of short glass fiber-filled polypropylene and polystyrene is presented. The dependence of these effects on capillary radius, shear rate, temperature, and polymer matrix is examined. The “true” viscosity curves of these materials (free from wall effects) can be obtained by an extrapolation procedure. Breakage of glass fibers in the high shear-rate processes of extrusion and injection molding lead to an appreciable reduction of the viscosity of these materials and is probably the more important effect to take into account in these processes.     

Melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal–glass hybrid fiber‐reinforced low‐density polyethylene composites. I. Untreated fibers

The melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal–glass hybrid fiber‐reinforced low‐density polyethylene composites was studied with an Instron capillary rheometer. The variation of melt viscosity with shear rate and shear stress at different temperatures was studied. The effect of relative composition of component fibers on the overall rheological behavior also was examined. A temperature range of 130 to 150°C and shear rate of 16.4 to 5470 s^?1 were chosen for the analysis. The melt viscosity of the hybrid composite increased with increase in the volume fraction of glass fibers and reached a maximum for the composite containing glass fiber alone. Also, experimental viscosity values of hybrid composites were in good agreement with the theoretical values calculated using the additive rule of hybrid mixtures, except at low volume fractions of glass fibers. Master curves were plotted by superpositioning shear stress and temperature results. The breakage of fibers during the extrusion process, estimated by optical microscopy, was higher for glass fiber than sisal fiber. The surface morphology of the extrudates was analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 432–442, 2003     

Effects of Extrusion Rate,Temperature, and Die Diameter on Melt Flow Properties During Capillary Flow of Low-Density-Polyethylene

The melt flow properties of a low-density polyethylene were measured at test temperatures varying from 140 to 170°C and in a wide range of extrusion rates by means of a capillary rheometer, to identify the influence of extrusion conditions (such as temperature, shear rate, and die diameter) on the melt flow behavior in the present paper. The results showed that the entry pressure drop increased nonlinearly with an increase of the piston speeds, and it decreased with an addition of the die diameter. The melt shear flow obeyed roughly the power law and the melt shear viscosity decreased approximately linearly with an increase of the true shear rates in a bi-logarithmic coordinate system. The dependence of the melt shear viscosity on temperature accorded approximately the Arrhenius expression. Under these experimental conditions, the entrance pressure drop increases as an exponential function with an addition of the channel contraction ratio.     

Short fiber reinforced thermoplastics. I. Rheological properties of glass fiber reinforced Noryl

An experimental study on the flow behavior of glass fiber reinforced Noryl (a commercial poly(phenyleneoxide)/polystyrene blend) using a capillary rheometer is described. The effect of fiber concentration on shear viscosity and die swell was studied at various temperatures. Breakage of glass fibers during flow through the rheometer is discussed; it was found that the average fiber length (about 230 μm) was not significiantly altered, except at the highest shear rate (575 s⁻¹) studied. The incorporation of short fibers into thermoplastic polymer melts increases their viscosity without changing the basic rheological character-shear rate dependency. No discernible viscosity changes were measured by incorporating 10 weight percent fibers, and upon further increase of fiber concentration from 20 to 30 weight percent no appreciable increase in viscosity was noted. It is shown that short glass fibers cause a large reduction in extrudate swell. The presence of voids and fiber orientation contribute to the decrease of the die swell, an effect greater than expected from volumetric considerations alone.     

Processing of short‐fiber reinforced polypropylene. I. Influence of processing conditions on the morphology of extruded filaments

An experimental investigation of the processing of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene is presented. Final fiber orientation distribution, fiber distribution in filament sections, rheological properties, final fiber length distribution and surface morphology were analyzed. This analysis was done taking into account the quantity of fibers and their interactions and flow conditions. The final fiber orientation increased when shear rate increased and fiber concentration decreased. Moreover, inhomogeneities in fiber distribution increased as the concentration of fibers decreased. The density profile showed a significant variation with fiber concentration, but it was not dependent on the shear rate applied. The viscosity showed a linear dependence with shear rate. The average fiber length and the breadth of this distribution decreased with the increasing fiber concentration and extrusion rate. The extruded filament surface showed minor roughness when the shear rate increased or when the fiber concentration decreased. The results of this experimental characterization give useful information to determine the influence of the processing variables on the final properties of short‐fiber reinforced polypropylene and constitutes the first part of a more ambitious project that also includes the development of a modeling strategy of the processing behavior for short‐fiber composites.     

Rheology of Short Nylon-6 Fiber Reinforced Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

ABSTRACT

The rheological characteristics of short Nylon-6 fiber reinforced styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) were studied using a capillary rheometer. The study was done with respect to the effect of shear rate, fiber concentration, and temperature on shear viscosity and die swell. All the melts showed pseudoplastic nature, which decreased with increasing temperature. Shear viscosity increased in the presence of fibers. Introduction of fiber reduces the temperature sensitivity of the rubber matrix. A reduction in die swell was found in presence of fibers.     

Processing and rheological behavior of ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites via single screw capillary extrusion

Evidence for intercalated and exfoliated clay nanostructures was found in Acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/montmorillonite (MMT) compounds. Formulations with MMT from 0.5 to 9 vol. % have been processed by single screw capillary extrusion. Melt rheology showed that the onset of shear thinning shifts to lower shear rates until one order in magnitude in shear rate ( $\dot{\gamma}$ ), as modified clay increases. On the other hand, the viscosity at zero shear (η₀) augments in the order of 650% in the highest concentration sample. Furthermore, viscosity curves from capillary rheometry showed a strong shear thinning behavior as clay content is increased. From X‐ray diffraction, it is inferred a nanoclay d‐spacing increase independent from the clay content in capillary extrusion samples. Transmission Electron Microscopy shows intercalated/exfoliated clay structures from capillary extrusion. Proper processing conditions in conventional equipment for plastics transformation, may lead to obtain intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites without complex tooling configuration. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

EPDM橡胶的流变特性实验研究

为了研究橡胶熔体流变性能对其加工成型的影响，利用毛细管流变仪对三元乙丙橡胶（EPDM）的流变特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：EPDM橡胶在毛细管挤出时，剪切速率对剪切应力、剪切粘度和挤出胀大的影响最大；挤出温度对三者有一定的影响；在长径比相同时，毛细管半径对剪切应力和剪切粘度几乎没有影响，但对挤出胀大影响较大。     

Particle size and molecular weight effects on the melt flow of emulsion PVC

The melt flow behavior of straight emulsion-polymerized PVC in a capillary extrusion rheometer has been found to depend upon both the molecular weight and the particle size of the sample. Observations of flow-rate, post-extrusion swell, and extrudate appearance, as functions of extrusion temperature and pressure, suggest that both molecular deformation and particle slippage are involved in the flow mechanism. The relative importance of these two modes of flow varies with extrusion conditions and with the PVC molecular weight and particle size. Particle slippage is favored by large particle size, high molecular weight, and low temperature and by a shear stress above a critical yield value. Apparent melt viscosity, swelling, and roughness are minimized under conditions corresponding to the maximum contribution of particle slippage. In the proper range of temperature and shear rate, straight emulsion PVC yields smooth, low-swell extrudates of excellent physical properties.     

Melt fracture behavior of polypropylene‐type resins with narrow molecular weight distribution. I. Temperature dependence

Polypropylene (PP)‐type resins with narrow molecular weight distribution, such as PP‐type thermoplastic elastomer PER and controlled‐rheology PP (CRPP) made by peroxide degradation of high molecular weight PP, have a problem of easy generation of skin roughness at extrusion. To examine the present state, the occurrence of skin roughness in PER and CRPP at extrusion was investigated with a capillary rheometer in a shear rate range of 12–6100 s^?1 and a temperature range of 180–280°C. A homo‐PP (HPP) and a block‐PP (BPP) with usual molecular weight distributions were used for comparison. HPP and BPP with usual molecular weight distributions show smooth extrudates at low shear rates and abruptly generate severe skin roughness “elastic failure” originating at the die entrance at a higher shear rate. PER and CRPP with narrow molecular weight distributions easily generate “sharkskin” melt fracture originating at the die exit, from a shear rate nearly one decade lower than rates of elastic failure of HPP and BPP. The sharkskin becomes more severe, with increasing shear rate, and attains to the elastic failure. The critical shear rate at which sharkskin occurs increases with increasing extrusion temperature. The critical shear rate is about 20 s^?1 at 180°C and about 120 s^?1 at 280°C, which is in the range encountered by the molten resin at extrusion processing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2111–2119, 2002     

一种阻燃抗静电聚丙烯的流变性能

采用毛细管流变仪和旋转流变仪分别研究了溴系阻燃剂、炭黑填充对聚丙烯熔体高剪切挤出畸变和动态黏弹特性的影响。发现低含量下随填充量的提高,发生挤出畸变的临界剪切速率提高,扩大了加工窗口。动态流变试验表明树脂中添加更多炭黑后剪切变稀时的复数黏度、储能模量和损耗模量都增大,但损耗因子下降。进一步用缠结模型和Cross模型定量分析表明,填料吸附高分子链段而减少其壁面吸附,减轻挤出畸变,进而提高临界剪切速率;粒子分布网络提高了平台模量和缠结密度,缩短了松弛时间,恢复更快而减小挤出胀大比。复合材料中添加3.5%（质量）炭黑后形成逾渗网络,表现为高零切黏度和长松弛时间,发生“类液-类固”转变;同时材料表面电阻下降明显,此时黏弹逾渗点与导电逾渗点基本一致。     

流变剪切粘度测量不确定度的评定

建立了热塑性塑料毛细管挤出流变试验中测量剪切粘度的数学模型,根据模型分析其测量不确定度的来源,并以高密度聚乙烯为例分别计算各分量的标准不确定度,以及合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度,最终报告出不同剪切速率下的剪切粘度的相对扩展不确定度以及扩展不确定度。     

Polypropylene/nylon 6 blends: Phase distribution morphology,rheological measurements,and structure development in melt spinning

A series of polypropylene (PP)/nylon 6 (N6) blends of composition 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 have been prepared in a screw extruder combined with a Koch static mixer. The phase morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The influence of heating in the reservoir of a rheometer followed by subsequent extrusion through a capillary on the phase morphology was investigated. Phase size growth as a function of time was observed under quiescent and mild deformation rate conditions. The discrete phase size was observed to decrease with increasing extrusion rate through dies. The shear viscosity and principal normal stress difference of the blends were measured as a function of composition. The crystalline orientation of both polypropylene and nylon 6 in blend melt spun fibers was characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction and interpreted in terms of Hermans–Stein orientation factors. The orientation increases with drawdown ratio. The orientation factors for the polypropylene phase vary with spinline stress in a manner independent of composition and identical to that for pure polypropylene. Extracting melt spun blend fibers with formic acid has produced small-diameter polypropylene minifilaments with diameters of the order of microns.     

PE-HD/EVA共混物的黏度及挤出压力振荡现象

采用恒速型双毛细管流变仪研究高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)与乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)共混物的流变现象,着重研究了不同比例 EVA 的加入对 PE-HD 的黏度及压力振荡现象的改善情况。研究发现,在 PE-HD 中添加适量的 EVA 可以降低共混物的黏度,在低剪切速率下,共混物的黏度对 EVA 的用量比较敏感,随着 EVA 用量的增加呈近似线性减小趋势;在 PE-HD 中添加适量的 EVA 可以抑制压力振荡现象,使共混物发生振荡的临界剪切速率升高,振荡的振幅减小。     

PVC通信电缆绝缘料流变行为的研究

本文采用毛细管流变仪对聚氯乙烯电缆料的加工流变性能进行了研究，分析并讨论了影响ＰＶＣ流变性能的各种因素。结果表明：在试验温度下，增塑ＰＶＣ的剪切应力均随剪切速率的增加而增大，但当剪切速率增加到一定程度后，剪切速率对剪切应力的影响变小；改性剂ＰＭ－１的加入可以大大降低在相同剪切速率下的剪切应力。改性剂ＰＭ－１使电缆料的剪切敏感性减小，牛顿性增强。虽然ＰＭ－１不能改变临界剪切应力值，但却使当临界剪切应力相应的熔体粘度减小，即临界剪切速率增大，这在实际生产过程中是十分有用的，即可以提高挤出速度而不致于产生熔体破裂。分子量减小，熔体表观粘度明显减小。熔体表观粘度随温度的升高而逐渐减小。     

The viscosity of fiber suspensions at low fiber volume fractions

The viscosities of suspensions of glass fibers in an aqueous solution of sucrose have been studied by use of a capillary viscometer. In the aligned condition in the capillary, the viscosity depends little on shear rate within the range studied or on fiber length, but increases with increasing volume fraction of the fibers. The entrance effect was found to depend strongly on fiber volume fraction and fiber length: this indicates that the suspensions are relatively resistant to flow during the initial stages while alignment takes place.     

高纤维含量的短切碳纤维增强尼龙流变行为研究

以40%高纤维含量的短切碳纤维增强尼龙(PA66/SCF(40%))复合材料为研究对象,采用高压毛细管流变仪对其挤出料粒进行稳态流变试验,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其注塑试样拉伸断面表观形貌,深入研究了高纤维含量下短切碳纤维增强尼龙的流变行为。结果表明,随着表观剪切速率增加,材料挤出过程中总压力降不断增加;随着温度增加,总压力降逐渐减小;PA66/SCF(40%)复合材料为假塑性流体,存在剪切变稀行为,在较高剪切速率下,纤维沿流动方向发生取向;材料挤出胀大比与弹性回复有关,挤出胀大比随剪切速率增加而增加,随温度增加而减小。     

Rheological effects of the incorporation of chlorinated polyethylene compatibilizers in a HDPE/PVC blend

Small‐amplitude oscillatory measurements, creep and recoil experiments, capillary extrusion flow and shrinkage measurements have been performed to elucidate the effect of block and random chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) on the rheological properties of a ternary high density polyethylene (HDPE)/ poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/CPE system. It is observed that the storage modulus, the complex viscosity and the steady stale viscosity at low shear rates decrease when a small amount of CPE is incorporated to 50/50 (wt.) HDPE/PVC binary blend. However, at high shear rates, in experiments performed in extrusion flow, the trend is reversed, and the incorporation of CPE to the binary blend increases viscosity. The high melt elasticity of HOPE is severely reduced when this polymer is mixed with PVC, but when CPE is included as a third component, elastic recovery is considerably increased. All these rheological results, which are independent of type (block or random) of CPE used, are explained considering the morphological changes produced by CPE and during extrusion flow.