The Need and Requirements for Modernizing Surface Water Quality Monitoring in the Russian Federation

Abstract

Water quality monitoring in the Russian Federation faces political, technical, institutional, and financial problems. The current Russian model for gathering and production of water quality data is unreliable, out-of-date, and disconnected with current water management issues. While insufficient financing and ineffective legislation are the most obvious limitations, more importantly there is a need for a major overhaul of the program that would begin with a national framework for water quality management. This framework would provide for legal, institutional, and technical modernization of the program within a clearly-defined set of national goals for water quality management. The monitoring program in use in Russia is the legacy of the former USSR. The current growth of national priorities in terms of control and improvement of surface water quality is in contrast to the nation's decreasing ability to provide appropriate information within sustainable technical and institutional environments and that is affordable. This situation requires a new model based on the development of a flexible monitoring system focusing on water quality management. Ensuring financial stability of the monitoring system requires having a transparent and consistent program meeting the specific demands of water management. This, in turn, requires resource-saving methods and innovative relationships between agencies and with the private sector allowing cost reductions for the government.     

Current state,problems, and prospects of development of the fuel and power industry of the Russian Federation

Power Technology and Engineering -     

Importance and seasonal availability of terrestrial invertebrates as prey for juvenile salmonids in floodplain spring brooks of the Kol River (Kamchatka,Russian Federation)

Energy and resource fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic habitats of river flood plains can have reciprocal influences on food webs. Floodplain spring brooks may contain high densities (>1 m⁻²) of juvenile fish even when aquatic food resources appear to be low. A likely explanation is the allochthonous energy subsidy from riparian vegetation (e.g. leaves, invertebrates). To quantify this relationship in a rich salmon river ecosystem, we measured the temporal and spatial flux of terrestrial invertebrate and aquatic food resources in relation to diets of the two most abundant salmonid species in two spring brooks within early (<20 years) and late (>50 years) successional riparia on an expansive coastal flood plain of the Kol River, Kamchatka. Standing crops of benthic invertebrates and density of drifting invertebrates (dry mass) were fairly low (<4 g m⁻² and <1 mg m⁻³, respectively) at both sites, but annual average terrestrial invertebrate input among sites was 22.2 ± 0.1 mg m⁻² day⁻¹. On average 68% of the coho salmon diet was of terrestrial origin, contrasting with 13% for Dolly Varden char at both sites, thus showing resource partitioning. Diet varied temporally and spatially with prey availability. Specifically, larvae of a weevil (Curculionidae) feeding on willow catkins were a dominant diet item for coho in the spring but only at the early successional site; Dolly Varden also ate these weevils but aquatic invertebrates continued to dominate their diets, further demonstrating behavioural segregation. The results show the importance of channel‐floodplain connectivity to management and conservation of salmon rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On scientific and technical support of programs for Hydrotechnical Construction in the Russian Federation to 2020

It is suggested that attention be focused on geodynamic loads on dams. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 6, June 2008, pp. 52–56.     

Geodynamic observation service in the electric energy branch of the ministry of energy of the Russian Federation

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 11, pp. 43–46, November, 1995.     

俄罗斯水资源水环境管理与研究进展

在对俄罗斯水问题考察基础上,就俄罗斯目前的水资源及水环境研究与管理方面的进展作了评述,并提出了一些初步认识,认为：每个流域都有各自的特点,各条河流应有不同的管理模式,因此大的河流实行流域统一管理是非常重要的;黄河的水环境构成因素复杂,对黄河的水环境问题应给予高度关注;造床流量是控制河床演变的第一要素,对维持河流健康生命的造床流量要给予高度的重视。借鉴俄罗斯在水资源及水环境管理方面的经验,建议黄河治理开发与管理中应加强研究南水北调工程对黄河可持续开发利用的作用及其对我国水资源区域分配再调控的战略作用以及维持黄河健康生命的水环境问题及其治理对策等。     

Fluctuations of river runoff and power production of Russian hydroelectric stations

Conclusions  

Evaluation of the state of the dam and foundation of the sayano-shushenskoe hydroelectric station and measures to ensure its reliability (based on materials of the expert commission formed by the Engineering Academy of the Russian Federation)

Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 34–49, February, 1994.     

抽水蓄能电站运行方式和电网经济效益分析

用计算机模拟法建立模拟模型，对选定的系统进行生产模拟，统计计算出电网系统投入不同抽水蓄能容量时所发生的系统运行总燃料费用（包括抽水蓄能电站的抽水费）和系统的负荷缺电力时间概率（LOLP）等指标。通过对计算结果的分析，得出不同系统在投入不同容量抽水蓄能机组和采取不同运行方式的情况下，其运行总燃料费用的边际成本和LOLP的边际值的变化规律，并且对电网的经济效益进行合理分析。从而为抽水蓄能电站的规划和投资建设提供理论依据，推动抽水蓄能电站的发展，促使我国电源结构趋向合理。     

Testing of power-generating gas-turbine plants at Russian electric power stations

This paper cites results of thermal testing of various types and designs of power-generating gas-turbine plants (GTP), which have been placed in service at electric-power stations in Russia in recent years. Thermotechnical and ecological indicators are codified and compiled for their characteristic regimes when operating on natural gas and liquid fuel. The operational economy is evaluated for the GTP on the whole, and operating characteristics are given for their components — compressor, turbine, and combustion chamber. The operating conditions of the GTP are examined for variable regimes, including a regime where a forward channel is used for the compressor. A comparative analysis is performed on the variation in the indicators of type-V94.2 GTP with allowance for their long-term operation. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 6, pp. 36–42, June, 2006.     

西电东送与南方电网的发展

西电东送是我国西部大开发的一个重要战略决策,是我国统筹区域发展的一条重要路径选择.西电东送大致可以分为3条通道,即南通道、北通道、中通道.南通道由南方电网公司负责,北通道、中通道由国家电网公司负责.西电东送在南方电网取得了令人瞩目的成绩,二者相辅相成,互为促进.主要论述西电东送的意义、前景,南方电网与西电东送的关系、现状与发展等问题.     

县级电网电力可靠性管理

电力可靠性管理是电力系统全面质量管理水平的综合体现，新昌供电局实施可靠性规范管理，领导重视，部门配合，调整电网结构，加强队伍建设，不断提高供电可靠性。     

玉山电网无功补偿的技术经济分析

无功补偿是降低冈损的措施之一。本文就玉山电网无功补偿对降低问损的影响及投资，效益进行了分析探讨。     

河网对流输移问题的求解及应用

本文针对平原河网地区，河道纵横交错，水流流向顺逆不定、水流中输送的物质浓度属非稳态非均匀变化等特点，推导得到了适用于各种流动情况下，求解河网对流输移问题隐式差分方程的一套计算公式，及相应的河网计算方法，运用这一方法进行数值求解，不仅能反映上述各种特点，还具有所需的计算机内存少，计算速度快，易于掌握及应用方便等优点。     

构建水利网络与信息安全保障系统

水利信息化发展迅速,建设成果显著,但信息安全形势严峻.做好网络与信息安全,保障信息化的健康发展成为水利信息化进一步发展面临的一个主要问题.通过对水利行业网络与信息安全前期工作的回顾总结.提出水利网络与信息安全工作的目标和任务,明确了下一步网络与信息安全工作的方向.