Investition bei Unsicherheit als Erklärung für hohe implizite Diskontraten bei Energiesparinvestitionen

Zusammenfassung Die Tatsache, daß Konsumenten (und auch Unternehmen) hohe implizite Diskontraten bei der Entscheidung über Energiesparinvestitionen verwenden, wird häufig beobachtet. Dies wird fast einhellig als Marktversagen angesehen und hat viele Analytiker dazu veranlaßt, entweder für öffentliche oder bezuschußte Energiesparinvestitionen zu plädieren. In dieser Arbeit wird die Theorie der Realoptionen auf ein bekanntes Beispiel angewandt: der Wahl zwischen konventioneller Glühbirne und Sparlampe bei unterstellter Risikoneutralität des Entscheidungsträgers. Es zeigt sich, daß die dem Wert der Option des Abwartens und Aufschiebens der Investition Rechnung tragenden impliziten Diskontraten nahe den beobachteten Werten liegen. Deshalb bedarf die Schlußfolgerung eines Marktversagens aus hohen impliziten Diskontraten einer sorgfältigeren und feineren Analyse. Dies trifft a fortiori auf due Empfehlung von Energiesparprogrammen zu.Die Autoren sind zwei anonymen Gutachtern zu Dank für ihre konstruktiven Vorschläge verpflichtet     

Effects of measurement errors on sample monitoring reliability

Results are presented on the effects of measurement errors on items in routine production as regards the reliability of results on sampling inspection obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The customers and the makers risks are examined in relation to the distributions of the measurement errors and the values of them.Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 8–11, December, 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Development of methods and instruments of the Russian service for determination of the Earth’s orbital parameters

The state and future outlook of research to determine the Earths orbital parameters, i.e., Universal Time and the coordinates of the pole, carried out by the State Time and Frequency Service and in calculations of the Earths orbital parameters are described.Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 24–27, January, 2005.     

Maximizing pseudoconvex transportation problem: a special type

The paper discusses a non-concave fractional programming problem aiming at maximization of a pseudoconvex function under standard transportation conditions. The pseudoconvex function considered here is the product of two linear functions contrasted with a positive valued linear function. It has been established that optimal solution of the problem is attainable at an extreme point of the convex feasible region. The problem is shown to be related to indefinite quadratic programming which deals with maximization of a convex function over the given feasible region. It has been further established that the local maximum point of this quadratic programming problem is the global maximum point under certain conditions, and its optimal solution provides an upper bound on the optimal value of the main problem. The extreme point solutions of the indefinite quadratic program are ranked to tighten the bounds on the optimal value of the main problem and a convergent algorithm is developed to obtain the optimal solution.     

Finite element recovery techniques for local quantities of linear problems using fundamental solutions

We show that local quantities of interest such as displacements or stresses of a FE–solution can be calculated with improved accuracy if fundamental solutions are employed. The approach is based on Bettis theorem and an integral representation of the local quantities via Greens function. The unknown Greens function is split into a regular part and a fundamental solution so that only the regular part must be approximated on the finite element ansatz space. Some numerical studies for linear elasticity will illustrate our approach.     

Observation ofd-wave interference pattern:Short junction is crucial

The properties of a one-dimensional 0--Josephson junction, consiting of ans-d junction or selected boundaries between three suitably orientedd-wave superconductors, are studied. It is shown that ad-wave type interference pattern can only be observed in the field-modulated critical current if the junction is short compared to the Josephson penetration depth. However, the behavior of a 0- junction is found to be indistinguishable from that of a 0-junction betweens-wave superconductors in the long junction limit, due to the formation of a -vortex.     

Evolution of the Electronic Structure of Y-Bi-2212 from the Antiferromagnetic to the Superconducting Regime

The phase diagram of the cuprate superconductors at low doping and low temperatures in the non-superconducting state is dominated by magnetic correlations. When increasing the hole concentration in the CuO₂-planes from zero an antiferromagnetic (AF) insulating phase is followed for hole concentrations greater than approximately 0.08 by the superconducting phase. For the range of doping in between the situation is less clear and several models exist. For Bi₂Sr₂Y _x Ca_1–xCu₂O₈ in the range of Y-concentrations 0.9 < x < 0.0 the evolution of the electronic structure starting from the AF phase at x = 0.9, which in this respect can be regarded as the parent compound of the superconducting phase, and its gradual development into the superconducting range can be studied on one system. In this series the CuO₂-planes are kept embedded in a nearly identical environment for each hole concentration. Especially the results from the AF phase deviate from former reports attained mainly from oxychlorides.     

A scenario-driven conceptual design information model and its formation

This study describes a scenario-driven conceptual design information model and its formation from the viewpoint of the designers cognition, which is a fundamental part of practical design support tools. Four design meetings were observed in a company, at intervals of several weeks, in order to derive the model. The model consists of information elements generated through the cognitive design problem-solving process, which is a basic design process defined in this study. The study describes the relationship among these information elements, which illustrate the design information model and its formation. The model described in this study is based on scenarios, which promote the evolution of product design. Examples of designers discourse in the design meetings are presented to validate the model.     

Microstructure Development and Property Improvement in Mill Products Produced from Ingot Metallurgy and Powder Metallurgy Ni-Based Superalloys of the Same Chemical Composition

Despite projected inroads from competing materials Ni-based superalloys remain the material of choice in the hot sections of advanced gas turbine engines. In this paper microstructural development and improvement of mechanical properties in mill products produced by ingot metallurgy (IM) and powder metallurgy (PM) techniques are discussed. Particular attention is given to approaches to improvement in ingot ductility. Thermomechanical treatment schemes used during forging of a complex-alloyed Ni-based superalloy are recommended. It is demonstrated that the PM technique used for production of this complex-alloyed superalloy is a promising approach. On the basis of the studies carried out the salient features of the structure of material produced both by both IM and PM techniques have been defined. The mechanical properties of two versions of an advanced Ni-base superalloy produced by IM and PM techniques are discussed. The best combination of mechanical properties are exhibited by a PM material with a necklace structure; and this latter structure is superior to a fine grained structure for IM product also.     

New high-pressure Sr-Ca-Cu-O compounds and their superconducting properties

It is shown for (Sr, Ca)_1–y CuO_2.00+z (nominal composition) superconductors fabricated under a high pressure of 5 GPa and at 930°C that, as z increases, the Meissner fraction increases from a few percent to 20% and then starts to decrease. In the X-ray powder diffraction pattern for the sample with the maximum Meissner fraction, it is obvious that the infinite-layer structure has been decomposed and a new structure becomes the major phase. It appears that the new structure is the 0223 structure which consists of rock-salt and the infinite-layer type blocks. This material is likely to be a new superconducting cuprate.     

Heat Inputs to Sub-mK Temperature Cryostats and Experiments from γ-Radiation and Cosmic Ray Muons

We measured the spectrum of energies deposited by -radiation, emanating from radioactive materials in the laboratory that houses our mK cryostat, and by cosmic ray muons. This allows us to quantify the heat input that adversely affects the lowest temperature accessible in sub-mK experiments. We use our nuclear stage, stage plate and experimental cell as a prototype model system, and calculate the power deposited due to low energy (below 2.65 MeV) background radiation quanta (~20 pW). This is significantly less than the power (~120 pW) deposited in the nuclear and experimental stages by muons. Installation of a 5 cm thick lead wall around the cryostat reduced the energy due to the flux of quanta by a factor of ~10 to ~2 pW, and the number of quanta by a factor of ~20. The lower energy, soft cosmic ray component was also affected by introducing the same thickness of lead, reducing the overall count of cosmic ray derived particles by ~15% and the heat leak to ~100 pW.     

The Middle Product Algorithm I

We present new algorithms for the inverse, division, and square root of power series. The key trick is a new algorithm – MiddleProduct or, for short, MP – computing the n middle coefficients of a (2n–1)×n full product in the same number of multiplications as a full n×n product. This improves previous work of Brent, Mulders, Karp and Markstein, Burnikel and Ziegler. These results apply both to series and polynomials.Received: 20 July 2000     

Scattering of SH wave by a crack terminating at the interface of a bimaterial

A general method for solving the scattering of plane SH wave by a crack terminating at the interface of a bimaterial is presented. The crack can terminate at the interface in an arbitrary angle. In order to solve the proposed problem, the Greens function for a point harmonic force applied at an arbitrary point of the bimaterial is established by the Fourier transformation method. Using the obtained Greens function and the Betti-Rayleigh reciprocal theorem, the total scattered field of the crack is constructed. The total scattered field of the crack is divided into a regular part and a singular part. The hypersingular integral equation of the crack is obtained in terms of the regular and singular scattered field as well as the free wave field. The stress singularity order and singular stress at the terminating point are analyzed by the hypersingular integral equation and the singular scattered field of the crack. The dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF) at the terminating point is defined in terms of the singular stresses at the terminating point. Numerical solution of the hypersingular integral equation gives the DSIFs at the crack tips. Comparison of our results with known results confirms the proposed method. Some numerical results and corresponding analysis are given in the paper.Constructive advice from the anonymous reviewers is acknowledged.     

The influence of the polarization of the radiation on the accuracy of the transmission of the dimensions of the unit of temperature in radiation thermometry

The results of an investigation of different types of tungsten lamps in order to estimate the components of the error budget of spectrum-pyrometer apparatus are presented. Quantitative relations are considered and the results of experimental research, which enable systematic methods to be developed for eliminating the influence of polarization of the radiation of the lamps in standard radiation thermometry, are analyzed.Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 42–45, September, 2004.     

A field astrogravigeodetic standard for metrological tests on geodetic equipment

The paper discusses the scope for a qualitatively new field standard with improved accuracy based on relative GPS/GLONASS satellite measurements, with the object of performing metrological tests on a wide range of geodesic instruments under realistic conditions.Translated from Izmeritelnaya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 3–7, September, 2004.     

Chemical Durability of Waste Fluorescent Glass and Shell–Derived Glass-Ceramics

In order to obtain glass-ceramics reinforced by -wollastonite, pressed specimens prepared by powdered waste fluorescent glass and refuse shell dumped in the seashore were heat-treated at 800°C, 900°C, and 1000°C. Chemical stability of the heat-treated specimens was analyzed by weight changes and by observation of surface morphology and composition, by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Chemical durability of the samples, especially at the glass-matrix area, was decreased with an increase in the heat-treatment temperature from 800°C to 1000°C.     

Solid-liquid phase equilibria of (α-methylnaphthalene + β-methylnaphthalene) and (chlorobenzene + bromobenzene) systems under high Pressures

Solid-liquid phase equilibria of the (-methylnaphthalene + -methylnaphthalene) and the (chlorobenzene + bromobenzene) systems have been investigated at temperatures from 278 to 343 K and pressures up to 500 MPa using a high-pressure optical vessel. The uncertainties of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and composition were within ±0.1 K, ±0.5 MPa, and ±0.001 mole fraction, respectively. In both systems, the freezing and melting pressures at a constant composition increase almost linearly with increasing temperatures. In the former system, where the two components can form a solid solution with one another to a limit extent, the eutectic point shifts to a higher temperature and to a -methylnaphthalene-rich composition with increasing pressures. In the latter system, where the two components are completely soluble in each other in the solid phase, the freezing points of all mixtures lie between those of the pure components at each pressure. It is found that the coexistence curves obtained can be expressed by a quadratic equation in pressure.     

“Pseudogap” in High-Temperature Superconductors

It is shown that an existence of a pseudogap and peculiarities of its behavior under temperature and doping variation, both at doping above and below the optimal one, naturally follow from the impurity mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity, which is an additional argument in favor of it. Main attention is paid to the tunneling spectroscopy experimental data.     

Sparse BEM for potential theory and Stokes flow using variable order wavelets

Wavelets for the discretization of boundary integral operators usually have fixed order and are constructed in some parameter space of the surface. Here a new approach is presented, where the order is flexible and no parameterizations are needed. The wavelets are restrictions of piecewise polynomial functions in three variables on the boundary manifold. This construction is especially suited for surfaces with complicated geometries. If the polynomial order is suitably adjusted to the level of the wavelet, then the non-standard form of a large class of boundary integral operators can be truncated to contain only O(N) non-vanishing entries while retaining the asymptotic convergence of the full Galerkin scheme. An algorithm which sets up the basis and the non-standard form in O(N) operations will be discussed. The method is applied to problems from potential theory and Stokes flow and compared with the Fast Multipole Method.