生物质在超临界水流化床反应系统中气化制氢实验研究

以生物质模型化合物葡萄糖为原料,在温度500～600℃,压力23～37胁范围内,利用新研制的超临界水流化床系统对其气化制氧特性进行研究,讨论了过程主要参数温度、压力、物料浓度以及催化剂添加对气化制氢的影响.实验结果表明:温度对气化影响最大,而压力对气化的影响较小,升高温度和压力都有利于产氢.随着物料浓度增加葡萄糖气化效果下降,在超临界水流化床气化制氢系统中实现30%葡萄糖的连续稳定气化.K_2CO_3提高气化率同时降低了产气中CO含量,ZnCl_2的加入虽对气化率影响不大,但大大提高了氢气的选择性.该文的实验研究验证了超临界水流化床气化制氢系统的有效性.     

多碟太阳能聚热与生物质超临界水气化耦合制氢

搭建了一套连续式多碟太阳能聚热与生物质超临界水气化耦合制氢系统,以生物质模型化合物(乙二醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖)为原料在该装置上进行了气化制氢实验,研究了太阳能直接辐照度(DNI)、物料成分、物料浓度、停留时间对气化效果的影响。实验结果表明:太阳能直接辐照度对太阳能吸收器腔内及反应器壁温的影响较大,进而能影响气化效果,在实验流量、压力范围内当DNI为363～656W/m2时,反应器出口流体温度达520～676℃,可以满足生物质超临界水气化制氢的温度及能量需要。0.1mol/L葡萄糖气化H2体积分数均值超过50%,H2产量为27.2mol/kg,气化率达109.7%。低物料浓度和长停留时间有利于气化效果的提高。实验验证了利用可再生的太阳能聚焦供热耦合生物质超临界水气化制氢是可行的。     

木质素在超临界水中气化制氢的实验研究

以木质素为原料,利用连续管流反应器,首先在反应压力为15.0～27.5MPa、反应器壁温为500～650℃、物料流速为4.7～7.5mL/min的条件下,对质量浓度为1%～3%的木质素在超临界水中进行了气化制氢的实验研究。针对实验中存在的问题,改造了反应器,着重考查壁面温度为700～775℃下高浓度木质素的气化效果。实验表明升高壁温能够极大提高木质素在超临界水中的气化效果,700℃以上木质素可以高效气化;升高压力有利于氢气质量产率的提高,并可促进甲烷化反应;而高浓度不利于木质素气化;降低流速,有利于提高氢气质量产率,但对气态产物中各组分气体的体积百分含量影响不大;相同条件下,木质素较纤维素更难气化,气化率较低。     

玉米芯在超临界水中气化制氢实验研究

以玉米芯为原料,羧甲基纤维素纳(CMC)为添加剂,利用连续管流反应器,在反应压力为22.5MPa~27.5MPa、反应器壁温为550℃~650℃、反应停留时间为0.33min~0.67min、物料浓度为3wt%~6wt%的条件下,对玉米芯超临界水气化制氢进行了实验研究。利用正交实验设计与分析方法,得到实验条件范围内玉米芯超临界水气化制氢的最佳反应参数,同时对气化过程主要操作参数的影响进行了分析。实验表明温度对气化影响最大,高温度有利于产氢,气化制氢的最佳压力为25MPa,反应停留时间越长气化越完全,低浓度生物质比高浓度生物质更容易气化。     

污泥热解残渣水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气

采用固定床反应器,进行了污泥热解残渣水蒸气气化制取富氢燃气的研究。考察了反应温度、固相停留时间、水蒸气流量及催化剂对气化效果及气体产物组成的影响。结果表明:随着反应温度的升高,气体产率由0.096 7 m3/kg逐渐增加到0.460 0 m3/kg,燃气中H2含量由17.87%逐渐增加到52.44%;在最佳固相停留时间为15min时,气体产率达到0.540 m3/kg;最佳水蒸气流量为1.19 g/min,此时产气量达到最大值0.61 m3/kg,H2含量为64.7%;添加催化剂有利于气体中H2含量的提高。     

超临界水葡萄糖制氢中的多元气液相平衡

1引言生物质在超临界水中气化产生氢气成为一种具有发展前景的新能源技术。在超过水的临界点条件下,水的氧化性变强,生物质迅速水解并产生大量的气体产物:CO2、H2、CH4、CO和H2O等[1]。目前许多国家相继展开相关研究,研究葡萄糖或者纤维素在不同反应条件下的气体产物情况[2],确     

石油焦水煤浆在新型气化炉内气化过程的数值计算

对石油焦水煤浆(PCCWS)在多喷嘴新型水煤浆气化炉内的气化过程进行了数值计算,考察了气化炉内的温度分布、各种气化产物浓度分布规律.结果表明:同浓度的石油焦水煤浆气化与普通水煤浆气化相比,气化炉内平均温度略有上升,碳转化率提高,气化炉出口粗煤气中有效气(CO H2)含量提高7.91%,CO2和H2O浓度大幅下降,水分解率大大提高;石油焦水煤浆气化可以节约氧气约6%,气化效果明显优于普通水煤浆.     

纤维素废弃物稀酸水解残渣制氢研究

对纤维素废弃物水解残渣催化气化制氢进行了研究,考察了气化温度、催化温度、催化剂颗粒粒径和S/B (单位时间内进入气化器中水蒸汽质量与生物质质量之比)4个主要参数对气体组成和氢气产率的影响并和以木屑为原料催化气化制氢进行了比较。在试验范围内提高气化温度、催化温度和S/B的值以及减小催化剂颗粒粒径对提高氢产率有利,其中气化温度和S/B对提高氢产率影响较大。气化温度在800～850℃内较为理想,催化剂颗粒的适宜粒径为2～3mm,S/B取1.5～2.0较佳;和木屑制氢相比,使用水解残渣制取的气体中CO和CO_2的体积百分比小,H_2/CO的值大,氢气含量高,有利于后续处理,且氢产率大,对制氢有利。     

油水煤浆在新型气化炉内气化过程的数值模拟

在多喷嘴入口新型水煤浆气化炉内对油水煤浆(COW)的气化过程进行了数值模拟计算研究,分析了气化炉内的温度分布、各种气化产物浓度分布规律。数值模拟计算结果证明,同浓度的油水煤浆气化与普通水煤浆气化相比,气化炉内平均温度略有上升,碳转化率提高1.81%,气化炉出口粗煤气中有效气(CO H2)含量提高10.58%,CO2和H2O浓度大幅下降,水分解率大大提高,气化效果明显优于普通水煤浆。     

CaO吸附作用对石油焦-水蒸气气化的热力学分析

为提高石油焦气化产氢率与产甲烷率,基于Aspen plus软件建立石油焦-水蒸气气化模型,并引入氧化钙添加剂,研究气化温度、压力、CaO/石油焦质量比、H_2O/石油焦质量比对石油焦气化制取富氢气体与富甲烷气体的影响。结果表明,将氧化钙引入石油焦气化系统可以有效提高氢气和甲烷的体积分数,当CaO/石油焦质量比为3时氢气的体积分数可提高20个百分点,当CaO/石油焦质量比为1时甲烷的体积分数可提高15个百分点;增大水蒸气流量有利于制备富氢气体,而不利于制备富甲烷气体,石油焦气化制取甲烷的水蒸气最佳添加量为H_2O/石油焦质量比为1,制取氢气的水蒸气最佳添加量为H_2O/石油焦质量比为10;低温低压有利于制备富氢气体,石油焦-CaO气化制氢的最适宜温度为600~650℃,最适宜压力为0.1MPa;低温高压有利于制备富甲烷气体,石油焦-CaO气化制甲烷的最适宜温度为600~750℃,最适宜压力为1MPa。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.