欧美邻里效应研究进展及对我国的启示

伴随着欧美城市社会空间分异的加剧,城市中不同群体隔离与聚集产生的社会效应引起了学者的关注,邻里效应因此成为欧美城市研究的热点之一。所谓邻里效应,是指邻里的某些特征会对当地居民的社会经济结果产生影响,对弱势群体尤甚。当前在全球化和市场化改革不断深入的背景下,中国城市中也正出现相似的社会空间分异趋势,而国内学术界对邻里效应的讨论较少。为此,本文基于对近年来欧美学界邻里效应实证研究的回顾,梳理邻里效应对居民的就业结果、邻里满意度、迁居意愿和行为的影响机制,并对邻里效应的研究方法进行初步讨论,以期为正在发展的中国城市居住空间分异问题提供理论解释,并为中国邻里效应实证研究提供一些启示。     

城市绿道使用对居民健康的影响研究——以武汉东湖绿道为例

城市绿色空间对于改善居民健康具有重要作用。以武汉东湖绿道为例,基于2019年东湖绿道周边居民的体力活动和健康效应调查,通过控制受访者个体社会经济特征和邻里建成环境因素,运用结构方程模型实证探究城市绿道使用对居民生理和心理健康的影响,并鉴别各影响因素之间的相互作用关系。结果显示,绿道使用通过完全中介作用间接影响居民生理健康,通过部分中介作用影响居民心理健康;体力活动、社会凝聚力、满意度及情绪状况等因素相互作用,在绿道使用与居民健康的关系中发挥了显著中介作用。此外,年龄、收入、职业状况、土地利用混合度、公交站点、公园绿地等因素对居民健康也具有显著影响。建议通过提升绿道可达性及满意度、改善绿道周边小区邻里环境、促进绿道使用公平性,提升居民健康水平。     

邻里作用对社会机会的影响--西方的研究及对中国的启示

社会空间分异是全球化和政治经济转型背景下城市转型的基本趋势之一.邻里作用对社会机会的影响正在成为中西方关注的热点,在西方存在欧洲和美国两个学术阵地,欧洲的研究结论倾向于"邻里作用对社会机会的影响不大",而美国的研究结论却倾向于"邻里作用对社会机会有一定的影响".在我国,要回答邻里作用的问题就必须结合中国的实际情况,在现阶段在制定住房政策的过程中融入对邻里作用的研究.     

重大疫情背景下城市社区邻里共同体构建研究

中国的城市社区是城市社会的基层单位,扮演着不可替代的基础性和关键性角色。在本次疫情防控期间,发挥着重要作用。但是城市社区的弱邻里性等问题依然十分突出,现代城市社区邻里共同体尚未构建。单位制的解体和房地产市场化使中国的商品房社区成为趋势,社区异质性、城市居民的需求层次和现代交往方式的变化等原因导致社区共同体的衰落。而社区邻里共同体是社区的人文内核,对于满足社区居民日益增加的美好精神需求具有重要的作用。虽然面临着居民参与意识薄弱、社区能力不足、硬件条件缺失等困境,但是通过构建社区共同体空间、形成社区共同体意识、打造社区交往平台、提升社区专业水平和发挥社区党组织的领导作用,可以推动中国城市社区邻里共同体的最终建立。     

重大疫情背景下城市社区邻里共同体构建研究

中国的城市社区是城市社会的基层单位,扮演着不可替代的基础性和关键性角色。在本次疫情防控期间,发挥着重要作用。但是城市社区的弱邻里性等问题依然十分突出,现代城市社区邻里共同体尚未构建。单位制的解体和房地产市场化使中国的商品房社区成为趋势,社区异质性、城市居民的需求层次和现代交往方式的变化等原因导致社区共同体的衰落。而社区邻里共同体是社区的人文内核,对于满足社区居民日益增加的美好精神需求具有重要的作用。虽然面临着居民参与意识薄弱、社区能力不足、硬件条件缺失等困境,但是通过构建社区共同体空间、形成社区共同体意识、打造社区交往平台、提升社区专业水平和发挥社区党组织的领导作用,可以推动中国城市社区邻里共同体的最终建立。     

邻里环境对居民健康的影响及其差异——基于广州市28个社区的结构方程模型

伴随着中国城市居民生活水平的提高,居民健康及其邻里环境的影响因素日益受到地理学和规划学研究关注。本文以广州市28个社区为例,利用2016年社区问卷调查数据、空间兴趣点POI、土地利用现状、全国第六次人口普查等数据,构建结构方程模型以探究居民健康的邻里影响研究,并通过多群组分析剖析不同社区邻里影响的差异。研究发现:(1)建成环境:高密度、混合型、公共交通发达的邻里会鼓励居民进行体育锻炼,并对心理健康带来积极影响;(2)社会环境:互助、信任、沟通交流以及社区参与程度较高的邻里对体育锻炼具有正向影响,并对身体健康、心理健康带来积极影响;(3)不同社区邻里影响存在差异,社会经济指数(SESI)低的社区居民体育锻炼受到建成环境影响更显著,社会经济指数(SESI)高的社区居民体育锻炼受到社会环境影响更显著。研究希望为健康社区建设提供研究基础和政策支持。     

中国城市贫困问题的国际研究新进展

近来,诸多海外学者对中国的城市贫困问题日益关注.基于一系列全国范围内的大型城市家庭户调查数据,学者们对城市贫困的发生率、分布和区域差异进行了详尽研究.研究表明,社会底层的人口很少从市场经济改革中获益.反之,福利制度的改革和社会服务的商品化使得这些人口承受更高的经济压力,因而更容易陷入贫困危机.目前,下岗失业人员和进域农民工已成为中国城市新贫困的两个主要群体.同时,中国城市出现了三种类型的贫困邻里:老城区衰败邻里、衰落的单位大院、城中村.一些国外学者基于小型的社会调查和个案研究分别对这些贫困群体和贫困邻里进行了具体研究,对深入了解和探讨中国城市贫困的现状、成因、后果及对策作出了重要贡献.本文将对这些研究按照不同的主题进行评述,具体包括家庭户调查和贫困研究、下岗失业人员贫困研究、农民工贫困研究、贫困人口住房研究、制度变迁与贫困成因探讨等.最后,本文对这些研究进行总结,并探讨其未来的主要研究方向.     

城镇化与居民主观福祉关系研究——兼论对城乡规划的检视与启示

健康、幸福和家庭经济满意等已成为评价我国城镇化模式与城乡规划作用的重要维度。本文以健康、幸福感和家庭经济满意等为基础构建居民主观福祉,采用全国124个城市401个社区的14600名居民的抽样调查数据,运用描述性统计、多层混合效应线性回归模型、多层混合效应逻辑斯蒂回归模型等方法,探讨城镇化、城乡规划和居民主观福祉之间的关系。研究表明,在居民主观福祉的空间分布上,经济发展水平低的城市的居民主观福祉水平较低,经济发达的城市的居民主观福祉水平较高;但城镇化率大于70%的城市的居民主观福祉水平却显著低于城镇化率50%～70%的城市的居民。研究证实当前城镇化模式下存在居民主观福祉转折点,即,城镇化水平、城市经济发展水平、城市人口规模均与居民主观福祉呈"倒U型"结构关系。这一方面证实了以往中国城乡规划追求经济增长以提升居民福祉的合理性,同时也反映出粗放的城镇化模式对居民福祉可能存在潜在的损害。迈入城镇化中后期,提高社会福祉应作为我国城乡规划的直接目标,以满足新时期国家治理的新要求。     

边缘社区的公众参与——以柏林邻里管理项目为例

由于历史及区位的原因,柏林市存在很多边缘社区,传统的城市更新方法不适用,因此“社会整合城市”计划及“邻里管理”项目作为专门解决边缘社区的手段得以实施.“邻里管理”项目作为柏林城市更新整体组织结构的最下面一个层级,主要目的在于鼓励本地居民参与社区更新的具体工作.以Wrangelkiez地区的“邻里管理”为例,详细分析了“邻里管理”工作组的角色、分配委员会的角色、本地居民的角色,以及资金的来源,提议的审批和分类等问题.     

城市社区邻里交往研究

针对目前城市社区邻里交往建设中所面临的种种问题和矛盾,对南京市新街口周边城市社区居民进行了问卷调查与实地调研,以期获得典型的城市社区邻里交往现状以及所产生的原因背景,并结合相关理论资料,从居民构成、交往空间、住区安全性等三方面进行具体分析,以此为基础,提出可行性建议,作为未来我国城市社区建设之参考。     

Information sharing and human capital efficiency in poor neighborhoods: some graph theoretic applications

This paper develops an analysis of human capital development that explores the relationships between information sharing and human capital efficiency in poor neighborhoods. In deriving the results, a relative connectivity (gamma) index, borrowed from the geography literature, is integrated into a model of neighborhood human capital growth. It is argued in this paper that increases in the sharing efficiency of economic information among individuals in a given neighborhood may have positive impacts on neighborhood human capital efficiency rates. These positive impacts on neighborhood human capital efficiency may likewise help to reduce the poverty rate in that neighborhood. The results established in this paper indicate that not only is the sharing of economic information in urban neighborhoods important for neighborhood human capital development but also that neighborhood income sharing, the sharing of neighborhood social capital, and the diversity of neighborhood social capital may all have a beneficial influence on both the human capital efficiency rate and the rates of neighborhood poverty.     

From elevated freeways to surface boulevards: neighborhood and housing price impacts in San Francisco

Freeway “deconstruction” marks an abrupt shift in urban policy. Priorities are shifting away from designing cities to enhance mobility toward promoting livability. This paper investigates the neighborhood, traffic, and housing price impacts of replacing elevated freeways with surface boulevards in two corridors of San Francisco in California, USA: Embarcadero along the city's eastern waterfront and Central Freeway/Octavia Boulevard serving a predominantly residential neighborhood west of downtown. Using informant interviews, literature reviews, and statistical analyses, the research suggests that freeway conversions generally gentrifies neighborhoods, although policies like affordable housing mandates can temper displacement effects. Empirical evidence on residential sales transactions reveals that the disamenity effects of proximity to a freeway have for the most part given way to amenity benefits once roadways are converted to landscaped multiway boulevards. It is concluded that freeway‐to‐boulevard conversions have yielded net positive benefits without seriously sacrificing transportation performance.     

Examining spatial patterns in affordable housing: the case of California density bonus implementation

California State Density Bonus Law §65915–18 financially incentivizes housing developers to produce affordable housing by granting density bonuses to those who designate a percentage of the total units for residence by low or moderate income households. By incorporating affordable housing units alongside market-rate units, state density bonus law fosters opportunities to enhance neighborhood level socio-economic diversity. This paper investigates the effectiveness of density bonus policy at promoting socio-economic diversity within the City of San Diego by examining locational patterns of density bonus implementation and neighborhood demographic characteristics. This study utilizes spatial and non-spatial statistical analyses to identify trends and correlations in density bonus usage, housing stock, and racial and economic characteristics. The results indicate that density bonus usage in San Diego has not fostered socio-economic integration; rather its usage is clustered in neighborhoods characterized by high concentrations of Hispanics, Blacks, and multi-family housing units. The findings underscore the need to refine supply-side affordable housing tools so that they are effective in a range of land markets, and not only in the traditionally lower value land markets where minority households tend to reside.     

Urban form breeds neighborhood vibrancy: A case study using a GPS-based activity survey in suburban Beijing

In this paper, we present a formal analysis of the neighborhood vibrancy created by urban form. We use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to develop quantitative measures of urban form and define neighborhood vibrancy based on a GPS-based activity survey in suburban Beijing. An Urban Form index was adopted to determine that our measures of urban form capture meaningful differences in the characteristics of urban neighborhoods – differences that may have direct impacts on neighborhood vibrancy. Specifically, high density and mixed land use are strongly positively correlated with neighborhood vibrancy, whereas developed external traffic systems are negative. However, a thorough inter-circulation system and convenient accessibility do not always boost neighborhood vibrancy. These factors lose efficacy when gated neighborhoods are selected and surrounding facilities are distributed far away. Our study argues that urban planners, using their professional judgment, can contribute to urban vitality at the neighborhood scale.     

THE EXTERNAL NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS OF LOW‐INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDIT PROJECTS BUILT BY THREE SECTORS

ABSTRACT: This study examines the external neighborhood effects of Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Projects built in Santa Clara County, California from 1987 to 2000. Three types of developers have built LIHTC projects in this area: nonprofit, for‐profit, and a county public housing authority. Using a difference‐in‐difference hedonic regression approach, this study finds that almost all the LIHTC projects examined have generated significantly positive impacts on nearby property value. In particular, the study also finds that most nonprofit projects have delivered benefits similar to those of for‐profit projects. Yet projects built by some of the largest nonprofits and the county housing authority have generated the greatest neighborhood impacts. Low‐income neighborhoods have also benefited more from LIHTC developments than other types of neighborhoods.     

Canberra: Myth versus reality

Abstract

Since the onset of the recession in 1976 the Canberra urban economy has undergone radical change. This paper analyses this change in five interrelated areas: demographic structure, socio-economic ‘well-being’, housing availability, public investment and private investment. Government policies and an inadequate planning response have exacerbated the recessionary impacts. Selected planning responses are discussed with a view to further debate.     

Historic preservation’s impact on job creation,property values,and environmental sustainability

This study examines the impacts of historic preservation on jobs, property values, and environmentalism in Kentucky and its largest city, Louisville. Kentucky is a national leader in preservation, ranking first in the White House’s Preserve America initiative with 73 recognized communities. Kentucky is an ideal place to study historic preservation and environmentalism. Tax incentive programs have been an effective tool for creating positive changes in historic areas. Historic preservation results in more job creation than most other public investments. In the presence of escalating gas prices and assorted environmental practices, it is shown how neighborhoods containing historic districts have higher increases in median neighborhood housing values than undesignated neighborhoods. This paper also demonstrates the link between environmentalism and historic preservation. Residents of historic urban neighborhoods exhibit more environmentally friendly behavior.     

The Quantified Community and Neighborhood Labs: A Framework for Computational Urban Science and Civic Technology Innovation

Instrumentation of the urban environment is not by itself sufficient to have a meaningful impact on the quality, sustainability, and resilience of cities – or more broadly on urban policy and planning. Understanding the social, economic, and cultural dynamics of urban life requires both an appreciation of the social sciences and a substantive engagement with communities across neighborhoods. The “Smart City” messaging is replete with claims of the potential for sensors and information and communication technologies (ICT) to re-shape urban life, although such rhetoric ignores the practical realities and constraints of urban decision-making and the social and distributional concerns of policy outcomes. Rather, significant progress could be achieved at the neighborhood scale by focusing diverse, intensive, and persistent real-time data collection and analysis on a “Quantified Community” (QC). The QC—a long-term neighborhood informatics research initiative—is a network of instrumented urban neighborhoods that collect, measure, and analyze data on physical and environmental conditions and human behavior to provide a rich resource to better understand how neighborhoods and the built environment affect individual and social well-being. The resulting unique experimental environment provides a testing ground for new physical and informatics technologies, policies, and behavioral interventions, allowing for unprecedented studies in urban planning and design, urban systems engineering and management, and the social sciences. Focusing on the neighborhood scale also allows for meaningful interaction with, and participation by, the people who live, work, and play in that space and shifts the emphasis of data-driven design away from top-down routinization to a human-centric problem-solving. This paper presents the conceptual framework and justification for the QC, built on the lessons learned from three initial deployments in New York City, and a networked experimental environment of neighborhood labs.     

Urban form resilience: A meso-scale analysis

Impacted by the compounding effects of climate change and urbanization, cities are facing a panoply of risks that threaten their sustainability. Recognizing the potentially catastrophic ramifications of inaction, local governments are increasingly involved in resilience-building activities that are informed by a vast body of research related to different socio-economic, environmental, and institutional aspects of urban planning and design. However, despite its significant impacts on growth and evolution of cities, limited research exists on how urban form can enhance resilience by increasing the abilities to plan for, absorb, recover from, and adapt to adverse events. As a step towards filling this gap, this paper explores how meso-scale urban form elements can affect urban resilience. This is done through synthesizing theoretical and empirical evidence reported in the literature. The focus is on morphological parameters related to the following urban form elements: neighborhoods, blocks, lots, and open spaces. Results show that existing evidence is mainly related to the associations between ‘neighborhood density, size and configuration of open spaces, and land use mix’ and resilience to ‘climate change impacts’, ‘earthquakes’, ‘social issues’, and ‘resource scarcity’. There is also considerable evidence on the association between design of blocks/lots and resilience in terms of climate change adaptation/mitigation and adaptability to changing circumstances. The analysis also shows that each element influences and is influenced by other elements in the urban system and different elements should not be studied in isolation and the interplay between them should be considered. Existing evidence on conflicts is mainly related to density, but measures related to other elements may also involve conflicts. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research towards improving resilience of urban form at the meso-scale.     

邻里福祉视角下国外社区公园社会效益的研究进展

除了生态和经济效益外,社区公园的社会效益能推动人们迈向更高质量的邻里生活,一直以来都是国外发达国家风景园林与城乡规划领域关注的重要议题.通过解读国外社区公园的发展历程和功能演绎,提出当前社区公园社会效益的研究热点主要聚焦在对邻里福祉的社会影响.利用Web of Science数据库,对21世纪后社区公园与邻里福祉的相关...