矿产与地热资源共采模式研究现状及展望

地热能作为一种绿色清洁且储量巨大的可再生能源,在降低矿产资源深部开采成本方面具有显著优势和发展潜力。充分利用深部岩体中蕴藏的地热能,不仅可以有效缓解矿产资源开采中的热害难题,而且有利于促进我国能源产业的绿色低碳和可持续发展。在梳理当前可能伴生有地热资源的矿产资源基础上,对现有的矿?热资源共采技术进行了回顾和总结,分析展望了未来矿?热资源共采的新模式,介绍了基于卤水循环系统的矿?热资源共采、基于开挖技术的矿?热资源共采、基于充填采矿法的矿?热资源共采、基于溶浸采矿法的矿?热资源共采和基于废弃矿井再利用的矿?热资源共采等技术方案,同时指出了矿?热资源共采所面临的主要挑战,包括加强矿?热共同赋存区勘探、发展深部高温坚硬岩层破岩与掘进技术、加强深部多场耦合环境岩石力学理论与试验研究、建立矿?热资源共采热能分级利用体系。相关研究成果旨在释放矿产资源开采中的地热能发展潜力并促进地热资源的规模化利用,可为我国深部矿产资源开采和地热资源开发提供有益的参考和借鉴。开展矿产与地热资源共采战略研究,有望为推进我国深部资源开发和实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的双碳目标提供一条有效途径。      

深部矿山地热与煤炭资源协同开发技术体系研究

深部煤炭资源开采已势在必行,但随着开采深度的增加,伴生着热能的释放,该热能作为地热资源的重要组成部分,是一种不受环境因素影响的可再生清洁能源。深部矿井开采带来的丰富地热可作为共生资源进行开采利用。基于此,本文总结了深部矿井地热资源的发展潜力以及地热与煤炭资源开采的现状,论述了深部矿井地热开发的必要性和可行性,创新了地热与煤炭资源协同开发的思路,阐述了矿山地热与煤炭资源协同开发的内涵与科学问题,围绕深部矿山岩热和水热资源开发这一主题,利用煤炭资源开采的采后空间及生产系统,提出了充填埋管采热、采空区储水采热、采动区封闭采热及深部原位钻井采热4种采热方法,探讨了深部矿山地热探测评价、深部大空间煤基固废吸热功能材料、多场环境下采场岩层移动特征及其控制、低品位热能的高效传输及阶梯利用和协同开发系统智能监测等技术的研究重点与难点。研究成果将为中国深部矿山地热与煤炭资源的协同开发提供技术支撑,为深部矿井资源系统开发提供理论与实践参考,促进我国深部矿井绿色矿山建设与多元经济型发展。      

深地热开采热能提取效率研究及对EGS-E的启示

深地热资源因其储量大、清洁、可持续等优点在近年受到广泛关注。不同的深地热开发系统具有不同的热储改造方式,而这些热储改造方式决定了其与流体工质的换热效率及采热量。通过COMSOL Multiphysics多场耦合软件系统对比了高渗透率、贯穿裂隙（管道）、随机裂隙和随机裂隙+贯穿裂隙热储模型的热能提取效率,研究了水力作用、热力作用和热储裂缝间距对裂隙开度的影响。研究结果表明高渗透热储的热能提取效率最高,其次是随机裂隙热储,随后是随机裂隙+贯通裂隙热储,最小的是贯通裂隙（管道）热储。热储裂隙开度演化受基岩冷却收缩和裂隙流体压力的竞争影响。增加基岩的冷却收缩和裂隙流体压力均能提升总裂隙开度;但是当基岩冷却收缩起主导作用时（热力作用）,系统的注入能力提升;而当裂隙流体压力起主导作用时（水力作用）,系统的注入能力降低。减小裂隙间距可以显著增加裂隙的热力作用开度和总开度。当裂隙间距减小到50 m时,热力作用开度增加为水力作用开度的4.8倍。因此对EGS-E（基于开挖的增强型地热系统）的主要启示为:（1）通过优化爆破或水力压裂等工艺参数,使崩落的干热岩尽量破碎,形成高渗透率热储,可大幅增加热交换面积,提高热能提取效率和采热量;（2）在EGS-E热储分层致裂中,应尽量减小层间距,进而增加热储的整体裂隙开度,达到提高换热效率的目的。      

胶东地区矿产与地热资源共采可行性浅析

地热作为一种清洁环保的绿色能源,其有效利用是我国实现双碳目标的重要方向之一。但在矿产资源开采,尤其是地下矿山向深部开发过程中,由于受地温梯度影响,导致矿井温度过高,成为制约矿山生产的重要因素,为维持正常生产,矿山多采取加强通风或人工降温的方式进行处理。如何在矿山开发过程中将地热资源变害为宝,实现资源开发利用的双赢,是值得探讨的难题。胶东是我国最大的黄金生产基地,也是我国东部地热资源最为丰富的地区之一。该区地热和矿产资源具有相似的动力来源和运输通道,使二者在空间分布上具有高度重合性,诸多大型矿山不仅矿产资源储量大,地热资源也相当丰富,是最有望实现地热与矿产资源共采的地区。在分析胶东地区地热和矿产资源分布成因的基础上,梳理了我国低温地热资源利用的现状,认为胶东地区金矿资源埋藏和开采深度较大,建议对三山岛、金青顶、新城、玲珑金矿等利用相对成熟的低温地热供暖技术,治理矿山热害的同时实现矿产与地热资源的共采。      

矿热炉煤气净化回收监控系统的设计与实现

在阐述铁合金冶炼过程中矿热炉煤气产生过程和成分性质的基础上,基于"两塔一文"式炉前煤气净化回收系统的工作原理和控制要求,立足封闭矿热炉的集中煤气净化回收系统升级改造需求,通过对检测点的确定、监控仪表的升级、控制室和泵房异地数据交互通讯、信息数据采集输出等功能扩展等内容,采用上下位机控制形式和PI调节控制方法,构建了炉口微差压、回流阀开度双闭环的煤气监控系统,实现了多台矿热炉煤气净化回收的综合自动化管理。经实际运行考核,系统运行稳定,计控效果优异,满足了实际生产的需求,同时有效地提高了企业的数字化管理水平。     

深部矿井水平方螺旋形埋管充填体换热器及其耦合热泵系统性能研究

深部矿井蕴藏着大量地热资源,功能性充填体技术将深部采矿和深部地热开采相结合,实现矿产和地热资源开发共赢,是延长深部矿山寿命的重要举措。本文在分析了国内外充填矿井通过埋管提取地热资源现状基础上,提出了一种水平方螺旋形埋管充填体换热器（Square-spiral-type backfill heat exchangers,S-S BHE）。考虑到地下水渗流对矿井埋管充填体换热器（Backfill heat exchangers,BHE）取热影响显著但前期研究相对不足,利用COMSOL软件建立了三维非稳态BHE热渗耦合模型并验证了其可靠性。在此基础上,建立了埋管充填体换热器耦合热泵（Backfill heat exchangers coupled heat pump,BHECHP）数学模型及四个综合评价指标。首先,在相同几何条件和物理条件下,对比分析了S-S BHE与两种典型蛇形BHE的性能,结果表明:S-S BHE的综合评价指标均优于蛇形BHE,且在较高渗流条件下优势更加显著。其次,研究了管内流速、管间距、渗流速度和入口水温对S-S BHE及其耦合热泵特性的影响规律,研究发现:管内流速和渗流速度对综合评价指标的影响最为显著,管内流速越高,单位管长平均换热功率越高,但制热季节能效明显降低。分析认为管内流速存在0.4～0.6 m·s–1的最优区间,此时管内循环水流动处于从过渡区向旺盛湍流转变。渗流速度在小于10–6 m·s–1时的影响可以忽略不计,在10–6～10–5 m·s–1的常见渗流范围内,综合评价指标均呈线性递增的趋势。最后,对方螺旋形埋管充填体换热器耦合热泵（Square-spiral-type backfill heat exchangers coupled heat pump,S-S BHECHP）进行了生态评价。通过与传统供暖方式对比发现:采用S-S BHECHP的供暖方式具有显著的节能降碳效果,一次能源消费和碳排放量比蓄热式电锅炉、燃煤锅炉和空气源热泵相应降低了83.39%、61.57%和56.84%。本研究结果展示了方螺旋形BHE和BHECHP的优良性能,为蓄热储能式功能性充填在深部矿井的应用与探索提供了理论指导。      

大红山铁矿通风系统现状分析与调控策略

文章分析了目前我国最大的地下金属矿山一大红山铁矿通风系统的现状及存在的问题,并提出了通风系统调控的具体措施与方法,文中有大量珍贵的通风系统测定数据和技术指标可供参考。     

银山矿井下开采危险区域出矿铲运机远程监控系统研究

银山矿业地质资源丰富,成矿地质条件复杂,矿体埋藏深度大,是国内标准的第二勘探类型矿床。银山矿九区铜硫金区段为地下开采,采矿方法为分段空场嗣后充填法,两步骤回采。由于矿岩不稳固,一步骤回采时出矿巷道眉线外矿房内经常发生冒顶、垮塌,出于安全考虑,铲运机的驾驶室不能越过眉线进入空区进行作业,因此铲运机只能铲出铲臂能铲到范围的矿石,更远处的矿石只能靠自重溜到能铲出的区域。由于矿石自然安息角的因素,仍然有一部分矿石留在空区里不能铲出,从而在采场底部形成矿石残留损失;同时,残留的矿石直接影响充填质量进而影响二步骤回采。为解决采场危险区域安全出矿问题,成功开发出铲运机远程监视遥控系统。该系统可以在井下无照明等复杂环境下对铲运机进行远程监视遥控操作,实现井下采场危险区域无人驾驶安全出矿。实践表明,银山矿采场残矿回收技术装备安全可靠,可以提高资源回收率,为企业带来可观的经济效益,并延长矿山服务年限。     

烧结热过程数值仿真系统的研究与分析

通过对宝山钢铁股份有限公司不锈钢分公司炼铁厂2#烧结机热过程热平衡及热能传导、温度分布等的深入研究,建立了基于烧结生产特点的热过程数学模型,并完成了相应的计算机数值仿真系统.在此基础上,对2#烧结机烧结过程进行了相关工艺参数数值模拟计算分析,为提高烧结实际生产产量和质量、降低烧结能源消耗提供理论指导,同时也为实现烧结生产过程的计算机优化控制提供坚实的理论依据.     

某钨矿井下废水处理系统改造方案研究与实施

分析了赣南某钨矿山井下废水处理系统的现状以及存在的主要问题,提出了相应的井下废水处理系统改造方案。试验研究表明,采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)+聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混凝沉淀工艺效果较好,其中PAC和PAM加药量分别为40 mg/L和0.4 mg/L。通过现场验证试验,验证了利用现有的60 m排水沟作为混凝反应装置的可行性,现场验证试验结果与实验室小试结果相符。设计阶段在充分利用现有处理设施的基础上,对沉淀池进行了适当改造,增加了自动加药系统和自动排泥系统。工程实施后大幅提高了废水处理能力,改善了处理效果,提高了自动化水平,改造费用及运行费用低,处理每吨废水运行成本约0.0726元,各项指标均能满足现行国标一级排放标准要求,可为类似的矿山废水处理工程提供参考作用。     

Challenges and opportunities in occupational medicine

Recent position papers of the American College of Physicians and the Institute of Medicine have emphasized the role of primary care physicians in occupational medicine. Although opportunities for physicians to become certified in occupational medicine have expanded, shortages in the specialty are likely to persist throughout the 1990s. To help acquaint osteopathic physicians with some of the challenges facing the specialty of occupational medicine, this article addresses the extent of occupational illnesses, health-related policies in the workplace, the delivery of occupational medical services, and graduate medical education.     

Integrating psychology and public health: Challenges and opportunities.

Psychology has made significant strides in developing applications relevant to public health. However, improvements are still needed to integrate psychology into the public health infrastructure. The challenge for public health is to recognize psychology's special contributions to policy and practice, especially to prevention of disease and injury. The challenge for psychology is to assure coherent integration of relevant theories, knowledge bases, and public health practice. Recommendations to address these challenges include (a) demonstrating how psychology incrementally improves public health service systems; (b) developing middle range and small theories of public health problems and practice (Lipsey, 1993; Merton, 1968); (c) developing intervention models in partnership with nonpsychologists so that the effects can become widespread; and (d) ongoing scrutiny of the intervention models to assure that theory has been operationalized well. Psychology's unique role in public health is to act as the steward of a correct application of behavioral knowledge and theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Innovative clinical assessment technologies: Challenges and opportunities in neuroimaging.

The authors review the reasons for the contrast between the remarkable advances that hemodynamic and electromagnetic imaging of the human brain appear capable of delivering in clinical practice in psychology and their very limited penetration into practice to date. Both the heritages of the relevant technologies and the historical orientation of clinical psychology away from biological phenomena are factors. Discussion of some technical aspects and prospects of these methods and recommendations for facilitating clinical use are provided, with an emphasis on fostering the participation of and contribution by practicing clinical psychologists and professionals in related fields lacking a strong grounding in biological measurement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Challenges and opportunities in the psychological sciences.

In this commentary, the author draws on his experiences at the National Science Foundation to reveal that threats to the value and autonomy of social science research are more common than most psychologists suspect. To reduce the likelihood of these threats in the future, it is necessary to improve the public's understanding and confidence in the psychological sciences. The key is to focus on the results and accomplishments of the research and to avoid caveats and qualifications. It is also important to motivate the interest of the public by helping them to understand why and how psychological research is improving the quality of their lives. The author concludes with some practical suggestions regarding how psychologists can become more proactive in their education of the public, the media, and congressional representatives. This commentary concerns the B. Rind et al (see record 1998-04232-002) article and the controversies which followed from its publication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Workplace diversity and public policy: Challenges and opportunities for psychology.

This article outlines both challenges and opportunities for psychology of issues related to diversity in education and work. For the purposes of this discussion, "diverse" populations include four groups currently marginalized and disadvantaged in the U.S. workplace: women, people of color, sexual minorities, and people with disabilities. An overview of employment participation patterns for these groups is presented, workplace barriers arising from marginalized status are highlighted, and the article concludes with a discussion of work-related legislative and public policy fronts that can be informed and influenced by the contributions of psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Challenges and opportunities of the Internet for medical oncology

PURPOSE: The internet, and in particular the world wide web (www), has a rapidly increasing potential to provide information for oncologists and their patients about cancer biology and treatment. A brief overview of this environment is given along with examples of how easily the information is accessed as a means of introducing the web page of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), ASCO OnLine. METHODS: Oncology information sources on the www were accessed from the author's home using a 14.4 kbs modem, Netscape browser (Netscape communications Corp, Mountain View, CA), and the locations recorded for tabulation and discussion. RESULTS: Overwhelming amounts of oncology-related information are now available via the Internet. CONCLUSION: Oncology as a subspecialty is ideally suited to apply the newest information technology to traditional needs in areas of education, research, and patient care. Oncologists will increasingly act as information guides rather than information resources for patients and their families with cancer.     

中国钢材进出口贸易面临的机遇与挑战

中国钢材产量约占世界总产量的30%,而贸易量只占世界的2%左右.随着中国钢材生产能力的飞跃发展,中国钢材贸易也将进入新的发展阶段.中国钢材贸易面临前所未有的发展机遇,关键是行业和企业如何把握和利用;同时也面临着前所未有的严峻挑战,关键是行业和企业如何妥善应对.     

The promotion of wellness in children and families: Challenges and opportunities.

This article considers the effects of marital disruption on children and families, using a risk and resilience perspective. The challenges that parental divorce poses for children are widely recognized; however, less attention has been given to strategies for promoting children's resilience and healthy developmental trajectories. The purpose of this article is to redress that imbalance by highlighting the importance of understanding pathways toward risk and resilience in children in the aftermath of divorce and the ways in which this research can be integrated into effective, evidence-based preventive interventions and proactive social policies that foster supportive parent-child relationships and psychological wellness in children and families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)