固体酸催化剂在生物柴油合成实验中的研究

针对生物柴油催化合成技术中，采用一般催化剂所存在的问题，自制了4种固体酸催化剂，测试了它们在以大豆酸化油为原料制备生物柴油反应中的催化活性及重复使用性，确定了合成生物柴油的工艺条件。     

酯交换法制备生物柴油反应机理和影响因素分析

阐述了生物柴油的生产制备技术,从生物柴油酯交换合成反应出发,探讨了各种酯交换反应的反应机理;从原料油中的水分、游离脂肪酸、温度、压力、催化剂、反应时间、醇油比和原料混合程度等各个方面分析了对生物柴油制备的影响,得出了最佳的反应工艺条件。     

新型纸浆污泥生物炭基催化剂的制备及其催化合成生物柴油研究

以纸浆污泥生物炭为载体制备固体碱催化剂，并将其应用于生物柴油的制备。催化剂的物理化学性质通过热重分析（TG）、扫描电子显微镜及X射线能谱分析（SEM-EDS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）、N2吸附/脱附和CO2-TPD进行表征。结果表明：由于30K/PPSB-600催化剂的总碱度最高，具有非常好的的催化性能（生物柴油最大产率为98.5%）。此外，对催化剂的稳定性和利用周期性进行多次实验。通过8次回收实验后，新催化剂仍具有较高的催化性能（生物柴油产率为80%），其中少量失去催化活性的原因是K+的流失。     

地沟油超临界酯交换法制备生物柴油

地沟油制备生物柴油作为可再生能源具有巨大的潜力。作为制备生物柴油的原料,地沟油具有可再生、环境友好、使用和运输安全等优点。地沟油需经过酯交换转化为生物柴油。文中介绍了酯交换法在地沟油制备生物柴油生产中的应用,其中着重介绍地沟油经超临界甲醇酯交换法制备生物柴油。提出地沟油超临界酯交换制备生物柴油研究意见及优化工艺方法。     

离子液体催化制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油作为一种可再生的绿色能源,一出现就被赋予了替代化石燃料的使命。研发符合环境要求、活性高的催化剂及制备工艺是推动生物柴油走向产业化的重要一步。离子液体因其蒸汽压低、化学稳定性好、循环使用性好、结构可设计等优点,在近几年生物柴油的制备研究中常被作为催化剂使用。对生物柴油离子液体催化剂的研究,从单核功能化离子液体催化剂的研究开始,到双核离子液体,直至近两年出现的离子液体聚合物催的研究。随着研究的深入,离子液体催化剂的结构与其催化活性之间逐渐出现了一定的关联性,这种关联性将为进一步深入研究催化机理奠定基础。     

生物柴油制备新进展

介绍了国内外酯交换制备生物柴油的最新进展.目前酯交换法制备生物柴油主要有4种方法：均相酸碱催化法、酶催化法、超临界法和非均相催化剂催化法,综合比较了4种酯交换生产方法的优缺点,同时介绍了生物柴油制备的最新进展,指出了生物柴油的发展趋势.     

制备生物柴油所用催化剂的研究进展

生物柴油作为一种清洁的可再生能源,可以由动植物油脂通过酯交换反应来制备.本文概述了近年来制备生物柴油的多种催化剂,并探讨了各自的优点及缺陷.     

生物柴油低温流动性研究

采用碱催化法制备生物柴油样品,通过毛细管气相色谱法分析了大豆油生物柴油、菜籽油生物柴油和棕榈油生物柴油的组分,以浊点(CP)、倾点(PP)和冷滤点(CFPP)为指标考察了不同原料生物柴油的低温流动性,对不同原料生物柴油的复配物以及生物柴油与矿物柴油的复配物进行了研究,比较了2种降凝剂的添加效果,提出了改善生物柴油低温流动性的方法.     

多相催化剂用于制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油是绿色可再生能源,属环境友好型燃料,是常规的化学柴油的优良替代品。综述了酯交换方法生产生物柴油过程中的多相催化剂的研究进展,主要包括固体酸催化剂、固体碱催化剂、固定化酶的研究状况,并对催化油脂酯交换反应的多相催化剂的今后研究方向提出几点建议。     

一种新型菜籽油酯生物柴油的制备

以精制菜籽油、乙二醇单甲醚为原料,以KOH为催化剂,制备出一种含氧量更高的新型生物柴油.采用正交试验研究了反应物配比、催化剂用量、温度、反应时间等因素对产物产率的影响,得出了最佳合成条件,并运用红外光谱与核磁共振法分析了产物的结构.柴油机台架试验表明,燃烧该新型生物柴油后,废气排放大幅度降低.     

茂金属催化剂聚烯烃生产工艺新进展

介绍了茂金属催化剂的主要特点及其在烯烃聚合技术中的显著优势和近年研究取得的一些新进展。详细叙述了采用茂金属催化剂生产的聚烯烃,如聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）的性能及应用情况。与传统催化剂合成的聚合物相比,茂金属催化剂生产的聚烯烃具有更优良的特性和更广阔的应用领域,在全球增长非常迅速,具有非常好的市场发展前景。     

当前实用和未来发展Pt-非Pt氧还原电催化剂研究进展

燃料电池阴极侧氧还原反应由于其迟缓的动力学,使得贵金属铂成为最为高效的电催化剂,成本高昂,限制燃料电池规模化应用。开发低成本、高性能、可实用氧还原电催化剂尤为重要。基于课题组多年在实用化燃料电池氧还原电催化剂的研究情况,综述面向当前实用和未来发展的铂-非铂电催化剂的研究进展。重点介绍实用化高载量、高活性、高结构稳定性铂基电催化剂合成策略以及在燃料电池膜电极中的性能高效表达,同时阐述非铂碳基催化剂理性设计、可控制备。此外,对该研究方向的发展进行展望,以期加速燃料电池关键材料国产化。     

Recent advances in cathode electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells

Great progress has been made in the past two decades in the development of the electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This review article is focused on recent advances made in the kinetic-activity improvement on platinum- (Pt-) based cathode electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The origin of the limited ORR activity of Pt catalysts is discussed, followed by a review on the development of Pt alloy catalysts, Pt monolayer catalysts, and shape- and facet-controlled Pt-alloy nanocrystal catalysts. Mechanistic understanding is reviewed as well on the factors contributing to the enhanced ORR activity of these catalysts. Finally, future directions for PEMFC catalyst research are proposed.     

Hydrogen production from catalytic steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis oil or bio-oil derivatives: A review

Steam reforming of biomass pyrolysis oil or bio-oil derivatives is one of the attractive approaches for hydrogen production. The current research focused on the development of promising catalysts with favorable catalytic activity and high coke resistance. Noble metal such as Rh has been proven to achieve promising reforming reaction efficiencies. However, Ni has attracted considerable attention owing to its stability, cost effectiveness, and good activity in breaking C–C and C–H bonds. Nevertheless, Ni-based catalysts have serious carbon deposition problems arising from chemical poisoning, metal sintering, and poor metal dispersion. This paper attempted to review the current trends in catalyst development considering the aspects of supports, metals, and promoters as an effort to find possible solutions for the limitations of Ni-based catalysts. The present review also covered the current understanding on the reaction mechanisms as well as the future prospects in the field of steam reforming catalysts.     

Sodium alanate system for efficient hydrogen storage

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier in future energy systems. However, hydrogen storage is facing increasing challenges within the development of more environmentally friendly energy systems with high capacity, fast kinetics, favorable thermodynamics, controllable reversibility, especially for applications in vehicles with fuel cells that use proton–exchange membranes (PEMs). In this report, we present a critical review on catalyst modified and nanoconfined NaAlH₄, focusing on their thermodynamics and kinetics behaviors. Catalyst is of increasing interest and may lead to significantly enhanced kinetics, higher degree of stability and/or more favorable thermodynamic properties. Thus, catalyst–doped NaAlH₄ is expected to strongly contribute by the development of novel catalysts and synthesis methods. Additionally, nanoconfined NaAlH₄ may also have a wide range of applications in the PEM fuel cells. Selected catalyst materials, porous scaffold materials, methods for preparation of NaAlH₄ systems and their hydrogen storage properties are reviewed. This is the first review report on catalyst modified and nanoconfined NaAlH₄.     

Recent developments on heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production by oil esterification and transesterification reactions: A review

Heterogeneous catalysis is widely applied in industry due to important advantages it offers to chemical processes such as improved selectivity and easy catalyst separation from reaction mixture, reducing process stages and wastes. This is the reason why nowadays heterogeneous catalysts are being developed to produce biodiesel. Several catalytic materials have been showed in bibliography: acid solids capable to carry out free fatty acids esterification reaction, base solids which are able to carry out triglycerides transesterification reaction and bifunctional solids (acid–base character) which show ability to simultaneously catalyze esterification and transesterification reaction. This review discusses the latest advances in research and development related with heterogeneous catalysts used to produce biodiesel.     

Recent developments in catalyst synthesis using DBD plasma for reforming applications

The catalyst has a significant role in gas processing applications such as reforming technologies for H₂ and syngas production. The stable catalyst is requisite for any industrial catalysis application to make it commercially viable. Several methods are employed to synthesize the catalysts. However, there is still a challenge to achieve a controlled morphology and pure catalyst which majorly influences the catalytic activity in reforming applications. The conventional methods are expansive, and the removal of the impurities are major challenges. Nevertheless, it is not straightforward to achieve the desired structure and stability. Therefore, significant interest has been developed on the advanced techniques to take control of the physicochemical properties of the catalyst through non-thermal plasma (NTP) techniques. In this review, the systematic evolution of the catalyst synthesis using NTP technique is elucidated. The emerging DBD plasma to synthesized and effective surface treatment is reviewed. DBD plasma synthesized catalyst performance in reforming application for H₂ and syngas production is summarised. Furthermore, the status of DBD plasma for catalyst synthesis and proposed future avenues to design environmentally suitable and cost-effective synthesis techniques are discussed.     

Recent progress in integration of reforming catalyst on metal-supported SOFC for hydrocarbon and logistic fuels

The metal-supported solid oxide fuel cell (MS-SOFC) is of current research interest in the clean energy field due to its high performance, quick start-up, thermal cycle stability, and lower raw material cost compared to the conventional cermet-based SOFC. To efficiently operate a MS-SOFC using complex hydrocarbon and logistic fuels, it is required to introduce an internal reforming catalyst within the anode metal scaffold. This review article discusses some examples of the performance of MS-SOFCs under hydrocarbon and logistic fuels with and without an additional reforming catalyst. We also discuss the performance improvement of conventional cermet-based SOFCs by adding reforming catalysts via the infiltration method. This information can be directly applied to future MS-SOFC applications. Furthermore, this review article proposes possible novel methods such as direct precursor infiltration, catalyst-anode premixing, and atomic layer deposition methods to introduce the reforming catalyst into a MS-SOFC for improving its initial electrochemical performance and long-term stability under hydrocarbon and logistics fuel.     

Biochar from microwave pyrolysis of biomass: A review

Microwave based technology is an alternative heating method and has already been successfully used in biomass pyrolysis for biochar and biofuel production thanks to its fast, volumetric, selective and efficient heating. Previous review mainly focused on production and analysis of bio-oil and gas instead of biochar. The current paper provides a review of microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MWP) of biomass and its biochar characteristics, including product distribution and biochar yield, biochar properties, microwave absorbers (MWAs) and catalysts commonly used in MWP, as well as comparison of biochar derived from MWP and conventional pyrolysis (CP). MWAs not only absorb microwave energy, they also act as catalysts to interact with gas, vapor and solids in the reactor, adjusting the product distribution and quality of products. It was reported for MWP that the highest biochar yield was >60 wt% and the maximum BET surface area was about 450–800 m²/g. Technology status and economics of MWP of biomass in China were briefly introduced. The Optimization of yield and quality of biochar strongly depends on feedstock properties, reactor types, operating parameters, MWAs and catalysts added to the system.     

离子液体催化蒸馏合成醋酸正丙酯工艺条件研究

考察了酸性离子液体BILE-3对正丙醇与醋酸进行酯化反应的条件,并在实验室建立的一套处理量为60g/h的醋酸正丙酯催化蒸馏装置上进行了催化剂寿命试验。实验结果表明,在反应温度为105～125℃、有机酸与醇之比为1∶1.05(物质的量比)、反应质量空速为0.25h-1、催化剂质量分数为催化蒸馏塔塔釜总物料的30%的条件下,醋酸和正丙醇连续进料进行反应,催化剂寿命超过2000h,产物收率一直保持在95%以上,并且无其他副反应发生。该工艺的主要特点如下:在进行酯化反应的同时,酯化反应生成水与产物醋酸正丙酯产生共沸,实现在较低温度下将反应产物与催化剂、反应原料醋酸的分离,与硫酸和离子交换树脂工艺相比,简化工艺流程,延长操作周期,消除废酸催化剂排放,实现了醋酸和正丙醇酯化反应的连续化和绿色化,为大规模工业生产醋酸正丙酯提供了一种新工艺路线。