边坡稳定性分析方法及治理措施研究

本文以某地区的矿山边坡工况为研究对象,首先通过刚体极限平衡法理论对该矿山边坡的典型剖面1-1’进行稳定性计算,随后建立了矿山边坡三维模型,对不同影响因素进行参数分析,明确了联合支护的支护效果。研究表明,基于刚体极限平衡法稳定性分析,在强降雨或者暴雨条件下,该矿山边坡处于不稳定状态,存在进一步向下滑动的极大可能,需要采取相应的支护措施;在一定范围内,减小桩间距和增加锚固长度可以有效的增大边坡的稳定性。本工程最合理的桩间距为5m,最合理的锚固长度为15m;联合支护结构下的边坡不存在潜在滑动面,边坡稳定性安全系数为1.35,边坡整体处于稳定状态。     

科卡金矿高边坡稳定性分析

针对厄立特里亚的科卡露天金矿边坡工程的稳定性进行分析,选取了代表性的三个剖面,采用极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法进行计算。结果表明:极限平衡法计算得到的三个剖面中最小的安全系数为1.46,而有限元强度折减法获得最小安全系数为1.45。安全系数均满足国家技术规范要求,初步设计的露天矿边坡处于稳定状态。     

强度折减有限元在堤防稳定分析中的应用研究

采用强度折减有限元法,研究非均值堤防塑性区的开展特征和失稳破坏过程,并根据堤防应力场分布和临界滑动面的形成来分析堤岸整体失稳破坏的机理.结果表明:把强度折减有限元应用到非均质土层的堤防边坡稳定分析,在理论上、数值模拟实现上都是可行的;有限元静力平衡和位移计算不收敛作为堤防边坡整体失稳的标志,同时考察滑移面上某些特征点的位移与荷载增量的关系、参考土体内坡脚向坡顶上方贯通的塑性滑动带的形成,可以准确判别堤防边坡失稳破坏状态;此外,堤防失稳时的应力场分布特征表明,有必要应用张拉-剪切复合屈服准则,以真实反映堤防边坡的临界滑动面形成机理.     

基于极限平衡法与强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析

为研究某矿露天采场边坡的安全性与稳定性,根据三维建模资料,开展现场实际调查,对露天边坡稳定性计算坡面进行选取,分别利用极限平衡法与有限元强度折减法对边坡的稳定性进行了计算分析,并根据计算分析结果对边坡的稳定状态进行了评价。     

某露天矿坑内排土场边坡稳定性分析

为分析某露天矿坑内排土场边坡稳定性,先采用极限平衡法中的瑞典法、简化毕肖普法、推力传递法、滑楔法、摩根斯法计算边坡安全系数,然后采用数值模拟软件FLAC~(3D)模拟边坡岩土体的应力及位移的变化规律.通过对所得边坡安全系数、应力及位移结果进行分析可知,该排土场边坡处于稳定状态.     

引入退火机制的智能单粒子算法在复杂边坡最危险滑动面搜索中的应用

复杂边坡的安全系数可能存在多个局部极小值点,如何确定边坡的最小安全系数是复杂边坡稳定性分析中的一个关键问题.本文结合简化Bishop法,采用一种新的启发式全局优化算法--智能单粒子算法(ISP0)来搜索复杂边坡的最危险滑动面.为帮助该算法快速跳出局部极值点,本文将模拟退火(SA)机制引入到智能单粒子算法中,结合了两种算法各自的优点,提出了引入退火机制的智能单粒子算法SA-ISPO.将本文提出的SA-ISPO算法用于搜索两个复杂边坡的最危险滑动面,并与其它方法相比较,验证了SA-ISPO算法的优越性,该算法搜索效率高,计算结果不受搜索范围的影响,是一种较好的全局优化算法.     

边坡稳定性分析中的能量法及其工程应用

用能量法对边坡稳定性的进行判别，导出有限元数值计算中用能量原理表示的边坡失稳条件；边坡系统的失稳与系统刚度矩阵的非正定性一致。对边坡工程实例的应用表明，在进行有限元计算的同时，用能量原理对边坡稳定性进行判别是可行的，其所得结论不仅与现场实际情况相符，还与极限平衡法得出的结论相一致，且比极限平衡法更加明确。     

强度折减法在某尾矿坝边坡稳定性分析中的应用

利用有限元强度折减法对某尾矿坝的边坡稳定性进行了计算,同时利用简化毕肖普法和瑞典圆弧法对该坝体的边坡稳定性进行了计算。通过对比分析,有限元强度折减法的计算值与考虑条块间作用力的简化毕肖普法的计算值基本一致,证明基于有限元理论的强度折减法的计算结果是合理的,其安全系数值可以作为该尾矿工程定量判断的依据。     

基于强度折减法的边坡三维有限元稳定分析

为研究地震工况下边坡的稳定响应,基于强度折减法,利用三维有限元模型对边坡进行静力分析和动力时程分析,对比不同工况条件下边坡失稳特征和边坡稳定安全系数。结果表明：高达98. 6 m的水库软岩边坡开挖,通过喷砼、系统锚杆和局部预应力锚索等支护后,受地震工况影响,边坡整体位移量和特征断面位移量增加显著,最大位移增加量达到7. 6倍;边坡塑性区深度增加明显,最大塑性区深度增加了1. 5倍; 坡体主应力值的变化量较小,且均为受压状态;在静力、动力工况条件下,边坡总体稳定,边坡安全系数降低约25%;静力、动力工况所对应有限元强度折减法安全系数均满足规范要求。     

接触带断层对高大边坡的影响

针对某矿区采场板岩与白云岩接触带断层,在详细调查地质条件的基础上,采用极限平衡分析应用边坡计算软件,对整体边坡及台阶坡进行稳定性安全系数计算,由计算结果得出此处边坡不会产生整体性的圆弧型滑坡而是以台阶坡破坏为主的结论,并给出了加固方式的建议。     

Reliability Evaluation of Earth Slopes

The reliability analysis of earth slopes is considered. For slope safety assessment, the first-order reliability method is employed for estimating the probability of failure or reliability index. Since the failure of any slip surfaces implies failure of the slope, the slope is considered as a series system. The system aspect of the slope in the reliability analysis is dealt with by defining a limit state of the system as a function of the minimum of the ratio of the shear strength to the mobilized shear strength for each of all potential slip surfaces. Such a ratio for a given slip surface is evaluated using the extended generalized method of slices. The reliability analysis procedure described is applied to example slopes to illustrate the impact of the probability distribution type, and the spatial variability of the soil properties on the probability of failure of the slopes.     

Search for Critical Slip Surface in Slope Stability Analysis by Spline-Based GA Method

The stability of a soil slope is usually analyzed by limit equilibrium methods, in which the identification of the critical slip surface is of principal importance. In this study the spline curve in conjunction with a genetic algorithm is used to search the critical slip surface, and Spencer’s method is employed to calculate the factor of safety. Three examples are presented to illustrate the reliability and efficiency of the method. Slip surfaces defined by a series of straight lines are compared with those defined by spline curves, and the results indicate that use of spline curves renders better results for a given number of slip surface nodal points comparing with the approximation using straight line segments.     

Spatial Distribution of Safety Factors

Classical limiting equilibrium analysis seeks the minimum factor of safety and its associated critical slip surface. This objective is mathematically convenient; however, it limits the analysis' practical usefulness. Introduced is a general framework for safety maps that allow for a physically meaningful extension of classical slope stability analysis. Safety maps are represented by a series of contour lines along which minimal safety factors are constant. Each contour line is determined using limit equilibrium analysis and thus represents a value of global safety factor. Since most problems of slope stability possess a flat minimum involving a large zone within which safety factors are practically the same, representation of the results as a safety map provides an instant diagnostic tool about the state of the stability of the slope. Such maps provide at a glance the spatial scope of remedial measures if such measures are required. That is, unlike the classical slope stability approach that identifies a single surface having the lowest factor of safety, the safety map displays zones within which safety factors may be smaller than an acceptable design value. The approach introduced results in a more meaningful application of limiting equilibrium concepts while preserving the simplicity and tangibility of limit equilibrium analysis. Culmann's method is used to demonstrate the principles and usefulness of the proposed approach because of its simplicity and ease of application. To further illustrate the practical implications of safety maps, a rather complex stability problem of a dam structure is analyzed. Spencer's method using generalized slip surfaces and an efficient search routine are used to yield the regions within the scope where the safety factors are below a certain value.     

New Method for 3D and Asymmetrical Slope Stability Analysis

A new three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis method is developed based on two-directional moment equilibrium. This method calculates not only the safety factor but also the possible direction of sliding for semispherical and composite failure surfaces. As a result, the possible errors associated with assuming a plane of symmetry in 3D stability analyses are eliminated. Another advantage of the new method is to eliminate the tedious work on the coordinate transformation prior to the analysis. Two examples of symmetrical failure surfaces are used to verify the basic formulation in the present study. Three additional examples further demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in analyzing 3D asymmetrical failure surfaces. An analysis on a slope, subject to asymmetrical excavation unloading and geological conditions, shows that using the method of one-directional moment equilibrium may give an overestimated safety factor of the slope.     

Eigenvalue Problem from the Stability Analysis of Slopes

Of the existing methods for the three-dimensional (3D) limit equilibrium analysis of slopes, none can simultaneously satisfy all six equilibrium equations. Except for Fellenius’ method that satisfies only one condition of moment equilibrium, all these methods could encounter numerical problems in their applications. Based on the global analysis procedure that considers the whole sliding body instead of individual columns as the loaded body, it is shown that the 3D limit equilibrium analysis of slopes simply reduces to the solution of a generalized eigenvalue problem in which the largest real eigenvalue is just the factor of safety (FOS). The proposed solution is rigorous and can accommodate any shape of slip surfaces. Under undrained conditions, the problem has a unique solution and the FOS has an explicit expression. In addition, through transforming the volume integrals over the sliding body into the boundary integrals, the proposed method does not need to partition the sliding body into columns.     

Unsaturated Infinite Slope Stability Considering Surface Flux Conditions

A slope stability model is derived for an infinite slope subjected to unsaturated infiltration flow above a phreatic surface. Closed form steady state solutions are derived for the matric suction and degree of saturation profiles. Soil unit weight, consistent with the degree of saturation profile, is also directly calculated and introduced into the analyzes, resulting in closed-form solutions for typical soil parameters and an infinite series solution for arbitrary soil parameters. The solutions are coupled with the infinite slope stability equations to establish a fully realized safety factor function. In general, consideration of soil suction results in higher factor of safety. The increase in shear strength due to the inclusion of soil suction is analogous to making an addition to the cohesion, which, of course, increases the factor of safety against sliding. However, for cohesive soils, the results show lower safety factors for slip surfaces approaching the phreatic surface compared to those produced by common safety factor calculations. The lower factor of safety is due to the increased soil unit weight considered in the matric suction model but not usually accounted for in practice wherein the soil is treated as dry above the phreatic surface. The developed model is verified with a published case study, correctly predicting stability under dry conditions and correctly predicting failure for a particular storm.     

Residual Strength and Fracture Energy from Plane-Strain Testing

Field observations indicate that failure in soft rock is often associated with a slip surface or shear band, where deformation is concentrated in a narrow zone; displacements occur with decreasing stress within the shear band, whereas outside the band the material appears to be intact. In examining the propagation of the shear band, it is useful to establish the relation between shear stress and slip displacement. This was accomplished within a laboratory setting with a plane-strain compression apparatus, developed to study localized failure under controlled conditions. Tests on a soft rock, a sandstone with a uniaxial compressive strength of 10 MPa and a modulus of 2 GPa, were conducted to estimate fracture energy GIIC, a quantity used to evaluate energy dissipation of the failure process. GIIC was found to decrease by a factor of 3 when considering the actual displacements, rather than assuming tangential displacement only, that is, no displacement normal to the shear band. The experiments showed that the shear band was not completely formed until after peak strength and that sliding along the band during softening was associated with compaction; residual behavior exhibited virtually no volume change. The shear strength at peak stress was nonlinearly related to the normal stress, but the shear strength at the residual state displayed a linear relationship. For normal stresses less than the uniaxial strength, those typical of civil engineering practice, the response can be described as cohesion softening, with friction remaining constant in going from the peak to the residual stress states.     

Generalized Method for Three-Dimensional Slope Stability Analysis

This paper describes an extension of a new three-dimensional (3D) stability analysis method, including formulation, comparative studies, and examples of new application. The new method uses “two-directional force and moment equilibrium” in the stability analysis of 3D potential failure mass with arbitrary shapes. The use of this new method has resulted in a novel situation wherein the direction of the resultant shear force (or direction of sliding) generated on the potential failure surface can now be calculated instead of the guesswork assumptions that were formerly made. It is also demonstrated that this new method eliminates the labor-intensive work for establishing local coordinate systems performed in conventional 3D analysis. Consequently, this new method facilitates a computer-aided 3D search for the critical failure surfaces in slope areas.     

海州矿南帮边坡三维数值分析

通过对海州矿南帮边坡呈现的变形破坏机制分析,这里的岩体质量在空间上呈现出非常明显的不均一性。基于材料均一性角度进行分析,通过三维地质力学模型来完成对南帮边坡所具有的应力场分布特征进行模拟,从而更贴近实际情况。本文研究中主要是基于有限元软件ANSYS来实现南帮边坡的模型仿真,进行三维数值模拟分析,从而可以对应力变形分布进行剖析。基于强度折减法实现对安全系数的计算。     

基于随机响应面法的金鸡岭岩质边坡可靠度分析及抽样方法对比

结合有限元滑面应力法和Hermite随机响应面法建立了金鸡岭岩质边坡稳定可靠度非侵入式分析模型，在此基础上研究了均匀设计抽样、LHS抽样、改进LHS抽样和分层抽样4种抽样配点方法对随机响应面的拟合精度、边坡失效概率及安全系数统计特征的影响。结果表明：（1）金鸡岭岩质边坡未支护状态下的失效概率约为18.4%，失稳风险较大，需采取支护加固措施；（2）改进LHS抽样和LHS抽样所构造的随机响应面具有较好的拟合精度，抽样配点效果优于分层抽样和均匀设计抽样；（3）建议边坡可靠度非侵入式随机分析采用改进LHS抽样或LHS抽样进行随机响应面的抽样配点计算，并尽可能多地选取样本点以外的验算点对随机响应面拟合精度进行校验。