反应堆压力容器承压热冲击(PTS)分析

在反应堆运行过程中发生严重的失水事故(LOCA)时,应急堆芯冷却系统启动,冷的安注水从安注接管注入反应堆压力容器(RPV)中,此时压力容器还维持较高压力,这种瞬态就称为承压热冲击,即PTS(Pressurized ThermalShock).按照10CFR50,61[2]和RCC-M规范[1],对安注接管、焊缝和堆芯筒体三个区域,进行了PTS工况评估,分析结果表明,在发生PTS时,压力容器的完整性是能够保证的.     

承压热冲击下AP1000压力容器直接安注瞬态数值模拟研究

基于计算流体动力学(CFD)分析方法,采用流固共轭传热方式,对非能动堆芯冷却系统(PXS)的堆芯补水箱(CMT)热态功能试验、CMT注入同时自动减压系统(ADS)动作、蓄压安注箱(ACC)安注后CMT再注入以及常规余热排出系统运行等4种工况下反应堆压力容器(RPV)环腔内流动传热状态进行瞬态数值模拟,研究RPV壁面温度瞬态变化以及环腔下降段内流体的混合特性。结果表明:4种工况下直接安注(DVI)接管管嘴与RPV内壁面相交斜面处冷却水混合剧烈,冷段是否有流体注入环腔对其内流体温度分布变化影响巨大,且DVI接管管嘴局部区域将发生较大的温度变化。     

LOCA下具有表面裂纹的反应堆压力容器承压热冲击分析

失水事故（LOCA）瞬态下,具有半椭圆形表面裂纹的反应堆压力容器（RPV）承压热冲击（PTS）问题被研究。采用有限元方法计算瞬态过程的热-应力响应;采用影响函数法计算应力强度因子,分别对母材和堆焊层内的应力进行分解,从而解决了由于堆焊层存在造成的应力拟合困难带来的计算偏差。编制了相应的断裂分析程序,对LOCA下RPV的结构完整性进行了分析。结果表明,在研究的LOCA下,整个瞬态过程中RPV应力强度因子均未超过材料断裂韧性,压力容器结构安全。本文研究为RPV在PTS下的结构完整性评估提供理论指导。     

受压热冲击下反应堆压力容器内流动和传热研究综述

在发生反应堆失水事故（LOCA）时，紧急安注导致的受压热冲击（PTS）对反应堆压力容器（RPV）的安全有着重要影响，对于失水事故下反应堆压力容器内流动和传热的研究，发达国家已经进行了很年，在试验模拟和数值计算方面均取得了很多的成果，随着我国近年来核电技术的进步，对失水事故下RPV的完整性展开了研究工作，本文总结了国内外该方面研究工作，研究工作中存在的问题和发展的方向进行了探讨。     

CIS投用时RPV的承压热冲击分析研究

华龙一号堆腔注水冷却系统(CIS)投入时,反应堆压力容器(RPV)外壁将经历剧烈的温度波动并同时承受较高的内压载荷。为了保证RPV在这种工况下的结构完整性,采用断裂力学有限元方法进行了RPV承压热冲击(PTS)计算及评定,通过疲劳裂纹扩展计算获得了堆芯筒体和下封头区域寿期末的最终裂纹尺寸。PTS瞬态载荷作用下的应力强度因子修正值与相应限值的最大比值约为0.874,满足RCC-M规范要求。研究结果表明,RPV在CIS投用时不会出现断裂失效。     

基于耦合CFD-FEM方法的严重事故下RPV蠕变失效风险评估

核电站严重事故发生后,反应堆压力容器（RPV）的剩余固壁在高温差、内压、熔池重量等的作用下可能发生蠕变失效。本文以CPR1000 RPV为研究对象,基于FLUENT软件二次开发求解反应堆压力容器下封头烧蚀温度场,然后基于ANSYS Workbench开展耦合CFD-FEM力学分析,求解严重事故下RPV烧蚀温度场稳定后72 h内的等效应力、等效塑性应变和等效蠕变应变,并评估了RPV的蠕变失效风险。结果表明：当堆坑注水等措施投运后,RPV剩余固壁在72 h内不会发生蠕变失效和塑性变形失效,有效卸压可明显提升RPV结构完整性的安全裕度。     

PTS瞬态流动与换热数值模拟研究

为了研究压水堆因“直接安注”冷水注入压力容器下降环腔而导致的承压热冲击（PTS）热工水力问题,基于1:10比例模型,应用计算流体力学软件FLUENT5.4进行了紊流流动换热的数值模拟分析,同时进行了常压瞬态传热实验研究。针对下降环腔折算流速0.5 m/s,安注流速10m/s的典型工况,研究了安注水开启后下降环腔内的瞬态流动换热特性,数值模拟与实验结果吻合良好。考察了压力容器安注接管出口区环形焊缝区及堆芯段筒体中子强辐照区所承受的热冲击状况,基于稳态流动研究了下降环腔内流体混合特性及流动机理,为热冲击分析提供参考。     

蒸汽爆炸载荷下压力容器和主管道力学分析

针对华龙一号反应堆压力容器（RPV）,研究其在假设蒸汽爆炸载荷下RPV和主管的力学响应。通过建立有限元模型并根据瞬态结构分析方法开展数值分析,得到了RPV和主管道的变形、应力和应变结果。计算结果表明：RPV在600、800、1000℃下的失效载荷分别为1/20、1/50和1/100设计载荷;最大等效应力/应变均位于接管附近;主管道大部分区域应力未超过管道屈服应力。本研究可为RPV极端载荷下的结构完整性分析提供技术支持。     

承压热冲击下材料特性对反应堆压力容器结构完整性的影响

介绍了承压热冲击(PTS)分析的背景和研究现状,阐述了基于确定性断裂力学的反应堆压力容器(RPV)结构完整性分析方法.分析了材料性能模式(线弹性和弹塑性)和辐照效应对PTS下RPV结构完整性的影响.     

严重事故IVR下反应堆压力容器耦合传热数值模拟分析

堆芯熔化严重事故下保证反应堆压力容器（RPV）完整性非常重要,高温蠕变失效是堆芯熔化严重事故下反应堆压力容器的主要失效模式。在进行严重事故堆芯熔化物堆内包容（IVR）下RPV结构完整性分析中,RPV内外壁和沿高度方向的温度分布以及剩余壁厚是结构分析的重要输入。本文采用CFD分析方法对RPV堆内熔融物、RPV壁以及外部气液两相流动换热进行热-固-流耦合分析,获得耦合情况下的温度场、流场、各相份额分布以及RPV的剩余壁厚,为RPV在严重事故IVR下的结构完整性分析提供依据。     

Risk Assessment of Creep Failure for RPV under Severe Accident Condition Based on Coupled CFD-FEM Method

After a reactor core melt accident, creep failure may occur in the residual solid wall of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) under the influence of high temperature difference, internal pressure and the weight of the molten pool. In this work, the CPR1000 RPV was used as a research object. The ablation temperature field of the lower head of RPV was solved through the secondary development of the FLUENT software. And then, a CFD-FEM coupling analysis was carried out based on ANSYS Workbench software. The equivalent stress, the equivalent plastic strain and the equivalent creep strain of the RPV within 72 h under severe accident after the wall ablation and temperature field distribution formed stably were calculated. The risk of creep failure of the RPV was evaluated. The results show that when the reactor pit water injection measure puts into operation, the residual solid wall of the RPV will not experience creep failure and plastic deformation failure within 72 h, and besides, the pressure relief can significantly increase the safety margin of the structural integrity of the RPV.     

Theory and experiment on thermal shock fracture of initially corner-cracked nozzle

The phenomenon of the pressurized thermal shock on the reactor pressure vessel is expected to occur in the case of such an accident as the small loss of the coolant accident in the PWR nuclear plant. In order to study the structural integrity of the reactor pressure vessel under the pressurized thermal shock, the cleavage thermal shock fracture experiment was conducted here using an initially corner-cracked nozzle type specimen made of the pressure vessel steel A508 class 3. The fracture mechanics analysis was performed to asses bthe crack behaviors in the experiment using the time dependent stress intensity factor deduced from the three-dimensional J integral with the thermal effect.     

承压热冲击下压水堆压力容器壁面换热特性的数值模拟研究

为了研究压水堆因安注冷水直接注入反应堆压力容器下降环腔而导致的承压热冲击（PTS）热工水力问题，基于1∶10比例模型，应用计算流体力学商用软件FLUENT5．4进行了紊流流动换热的数值模拟分析，同时进行了常压传热实验研究。针对下降环腔折算流速0．5m/s，安注流速10m/s的典型工况，研究了压力容器下降环腔的壁面换热特性。通过分析下降环腔内的流动及混合特性，从流动机理上解释了压力容器内壁上准重接触点附近换热强烈的现象，并指出壁面换热强弱与近壁流体紊流脉动动能密切相关，为热冲击分析提供参考。     

The HTTR reactor pressure vessel and its integrity against a PTS event

Before manufacturing the real steel to be used in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of the high temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) the vessel manufacturer and materials supplier made a sample steel by the same procedure as for the real steel (2.25Cr-1 Mo) and conducted many tests to obtain material strength data for its base and weld metals. The test results showed that the sample steel satisfied the HTTR design requirements. Vessel cooling panels are set on the inner surface of the biological shielding concrete around the RPV, and are circulated with cooling water at 0.5 MPa and 40°C to cool the shielding concrete during normal operation of the reactor. By supposing that the cooling panel breakes and the water discharges to the RPV outer surface heated at 400°C, the stress distribution generated in the vessel wall by a pressurized thermal shock (PTS) event can be calculated using a finite element method code. This paper describes some of the results obtained from the material testing of the sample steel and the estimated result using the scheme developed for a light water reactor pressure vessel, to clarify the integrity of the HTTR-RPV under a PTS event.     

Critical crack depth diagram of reactor vessel for pressurized thermal shock

During the operation of a pressurized water reactor, a certain type of transients could induce rapid cooldown of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) with relatively high or increasing system pressure. This induces a high tensile stress at the inner surface of the RPV, which is called the pressurized thermal shock (PTS). The structural integrity of the RPV during PTS should be evaluated assuming the existence of a flaw at the vessel. For the quantitative evaluation of the vessel failure risk associated with PTS, the probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analysis technique has been widely used. But along with PFM analysis, deterministic analysis is also required to determine the critical time interval in the transient during which mitigating action can be effective. In this study, therefore, the procedure for the deterministic fracture mechanics analysis of RPV during PTS is investigated using the critical crack depth diagram and the computer program to generate it is developed. Four transients of typical PTS, steam generator tube rupture, small break loss of coolant accident and steam line break are analyzed, and their response characteristics such as critical crack depth and critical time interval from the initiation of the transient are investigated.     

Investigation of fluid mixing with direct vessel injection

The object of this work is to investigate fluid mixing phenomena as they related to pressurized thermal shock (PTS) in a pressurized water reactor vessel downcomer during transient cooldown with direct vessel injection (DVI), using test models. The test model designs were based on ABB Combustion Engineering (CE) System 80+ reactor geometry. A cold-leg, small-break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) and a main steam line break were selected as the potential PTS events for the ABB-CE System 80+. This work consists of two parts. The first part provides the visualization tests of the fluid mixing between DVI fluids and existing coolant in the downcomer region, and the second part presents the results of thermal mixing tests with DVI in the other test model. Flow visualization tests with DVI have clarified the physical interaction between DVI fluid and primary coolant during transient cooldown. A significant temperature drop was observed in the downcomer during the tests of a small-break LOCA. The measured transient temperature profiles compare well with the predictions from the REMIX code for a small-break LOCA, and with the calculations from the COMMIX-1B code for a stream line break event.