挤压态AZ31镁合金的拉压不对称性及微观组织

在考虑滑移和孪生两大塑性变形机制的基础上,通过修正的粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,模拟挤压态AZ31镁合金轴向拉-压过程中的力学行为及微观组织。结合EBSD实验与模拟,分析了不同变形机制对初始挤压态丝织构镁合金产生拉压不对称的机理以及塑性变形过程中的微观组织。结果表明,轴向拉伸变形初期以基面滑移系为主,由于基面滑移的施密特因子较低,导致屈服应力较高;随着应变的增加,棱柱面滑移成为主导变形机制,应变硬化率降低,应力-应变曲线较平稳;轴向压缩变形初期,临界剪切应力较低的拉伸孪晶大量开启导致屈服应力较低;随着拉伸孪晶相对活性的快速降低,应变硬化率迅速提高;轴向压缩后期,随着应力的持续升高,压缩孪晶开始启动,塑性变形积累的应力得到释放,导致应变硬化率降低。另外,从典型晶粒的颜色和孪晶迹线方面解释了沿ED方向压缩时孪晶体积分数较小的原因。     

Anisotropy and Deformation Mechanisms of As-Extruded Mg-3Zn-1Y Magnesium Alloy Under High Strain RatesEI北大核心CSCD

As a very important design principle, the dynamic properties of materials attracted extensive attention in resent years and a bunch of works have been done concerning with the materials deformation behaviors under high strain rates. However, the dynamic behaviors of magnesium alloys are not through understood, especially the rare earth based magnesium alloys. In order to investigate the dynamic and anisotropic behavior under high strain rates deformation of as-extruded Mg-3Zn-1Y magnesium alloy, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus was used to testing the true stress-true strain curves under the high strain rates of 1000, 1500 and 2200 s(-1) of as-extruded Mg-3Zn-1Y magnesium alloy. The OM and SEM were used to analysis the micorstructure evolution and fracture surface morphology of the alloy. The true reason behind the anisotropic phenomenon was revealed based on the deformation mechanism of highly basal-textured magnesium alloy. The results demonstrate that the as-extruded Mg-3Zn-1Y magnesium alloy exhibits pronounced anisotropy during compression according to the loading direction. The anisotropy of the as-extruded Mg-3Zn-1Y magnesium alloy are arised from the variety of the deformation mechanisms. When the loading direction is along extrusion direction, the predominant deformation mode changes from extension twinning at a lower strain to prismatic slip at a higher strain. While compressed along extrusion radial direction (ERD), the predominant deformation mode changes from contraction twinning to a coordination of basal and second order pyramidal slip with the increasing of strain.     

Dependence of Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties on Loading Direction for AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet with Non-basal Texture During In-Plane Uniaxial Tension

In-plane uniaxial tension of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet with non-basal texture has been conducted in order to demonstrate the effects of loading direction on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties at ambient temperature. Loading axes are chosen to be along five directions distributed between rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), allowing various activities in involved slip and twinning modes to take place. As for twinning modes, electron backscattered diffraction observations confirm that the contribution of ${{\{ 10\overline{1}1\} }}$ compression twinning is minimal to the plastic deformation of all deformed samples. By comparison, ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ extension twinning (ET) not only serves as an important carrier on sustaining and accommodating plastic strain but also contributes to the emergence of TD-component texture with the progression of plastic strain. In terms of slip modes, analysis on Schmid factor demonstrates that the increasing tilted angle between loading direction and RD of sheet is unfavorable to the activation of basal <a> slip, whereas it contributes to the activation of prismatic <a> slip. These observations consequently explain the increasing tendency of 0.2% proof yield stress. Moreover, the activations of basal <a> slip and ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ ET collectively contribute to the concentration of two tilted basal poles toward normal direction. With increasing angle between loading direction and RD, the activations of basal <a> slip and ${{\{ 10\overline{1}2\} }}$ ET are gradually weakened. This leads to a weakening tendency about concentration of two tilted basal poles, a generally increasing tendency about Lankford value (r-value) and a generally decreasing tendency about strain-hardening exponent (n-value).     

镁合金织构与各向异性

介绍了镁合金变形及退火织构的组分与特点,论述了在挤压、轧制、等径角挤压等塑性变形及退火过程中镁合金织构的演变规律及形成机理,分析了织构与镁合金力学性能的基本关系,探讨了合金元素、变形温度、应变速度、外加应力及晶粒度等基本因素对镁合金织构特征与各向异性的影响.结果表明:织构对镁合金力学性能的影响,其实质是通过改变各滑移系特别是{0001}[1120]基面滑移系的Schmid因子、产生织构强化或软化而实现的.     

高应变速率下AZ31镁合金的各向异性及拉压不对称性

采用分离式霍普金森拉杆及压杆装置,研究挤压态AZ31镁合金高速变形下的各向异性及拉压不对称性,并从微观变形机制的角度探讨具有强烈初始基面织构的挤压态镁合金各向异性及拉压不对称性产生的原因。结果表明:在高速变形条件下,依据加载方向及应力状态挤压态AZ31镁合金的拉伸行为表现出很强的各向异性,但压缩行为的各向异性不明显;在挤压方向表现出很强的拉压不对称性,而在垂直于挤压方向的拉压不对称性很低。挤压态AZ31镁合金宏观上的各向异性及拉压不对称性是由于不同的微观变形机制所引起的。沿挤压方向拉伸的主要变形机制为柱面滑移,沿垂直于挤压方向拉伸及压缩的主要变形机制为锥面滑移;沿挤压方向压缩时初始变形机制为拉伸孪晶,当变形量为0.08(8%)左右时由于孪晶消耗殆尽,变形变而以滑移的方式进行。     

AZ31镁合金棒材循环扭转过程中的力学性能和织构变化

对AZ31镁合金挤压棒材在循环扭转变形过程中的力学性能和织构演化进行了研究。循环扭转变形分别在298,373,443,503和573 K下进行。镁合金循环变形的力学性能测试结果表明,循环扭转变形过程的应力应变滞回线呈现严格的对称性,意味着微观变形模式以滑移为主。变形过程的热效应使应力应变曲线中的峰值应力随着周期数的增加而降低。变形过程中柱面滑移系启动使晶粒取向发生改变,由变形前的{11■0}⊥ED织构转变为变形后的{10■0}⊥ED织构,变形过程中拉伸孪晶启动使晶粒取向产生两种变化。     

拉伸取向控制对AZ31镁合金孪生和织构演化的影响

以室温单轴拉伸实验与晶体塑性有限元相结合的方法,通过拉伸取向控制,研究了AZ31镁合金拉伸变形过程中孪生行为、织构演化规律、塑性各向异性之间的关系。基于率相关晶体塑性本构理论,建立了滑移和孪生机制耦合的具有不同取向的晶体塑性本构模型,引入孪晶体积分数研究孪生对AZ31镁合金塑性变形过程中织构演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,2种不同取向的样品在塑性变形过程中呈现出明显不同的织构演变规律,表现出明显的各向异性。轴向拉伸时孪生被抑制,孪晶激活体积分数低,径向拉伸时孪晶极易产生,孪晶激活体积分数高。轴向试样在整个塑性变形过程中{0001}极图偏移较小,径向试样因大量拉伸孪晶的开启,使得{0001}棱柱面织构的极密度逐渐向RD的正反方向发生明显偏移。     

受力方式和变形速度对AZ31挤压板材平面应变过程中孪生的影响

采用X射线衍射、断口扫描、金相观察、应力-应变曲线等分析手段,通过对AZ31镁合金挤压板材在室温下的平面应变试验,研究了不同受力方式和不同变形速度对孪生产生的影响。结果表明,N向拉伸变形以{1012}孪生为主;N向压缩变形仅在变形末期在少量具有有利取向的晶粒内发生孪生;N向限制变形中,变形初期发生{1012}孪生变形,随着变形程度的增加,孪生停止。变形速度影响孪晶的形核和长大。当主要变形机制为孪生时,变形速度越慢,越有利于孪晶的形核与长大,提高材料的强度和塑性。     

Microstructural Evolution and Biodegradation Response of Mg-2Zn-0.SNd Alloy During Tensile and Compressive Deformation

The effect of deformation behavior on the in vitro corrosion rate of Mg-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy was investigated experimentally after uniaxial tensile and compressive stress.The microstructure and texture were characterized using electron backscattered diffraction and X-ray diffraction,while potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests were used to investigate the cor-rosion response after deformation.The result reveals that applied compressive stress has more dominant effect on the corro-sion rate of Mg-2Zn-0.5Nd alloy as compared to tensile stress.Both tensile and compressive strains introduce dislocation slip and deformation twins in the alloy,thereby accelerating the corrosion rate due to the increased stress corrosion related to dislocation slips and deformation twins.The { 10(1)2} tension twinning and prismatic slip were the major contributors to tensile deformation while basal slip,and { 10(1)2} tension twin were obtainable during compressive deformation.The twinning activity after deformation increases with the plastic strain and this correlates with the degradation rate.     

Effect of grain size on the mechanisms of plastic deformation in wrought Mg–Zn–Zr alloy revealed by acoustic emission measurements

The present study has clarified the roles of dislocation slip and twinning as the deformation mechanisms in magnesium alloys, as well as the effect of grain size on their relative contributions. The details of these mechanisms were studied by monitoring acoustic emission (AE) in conjunction with a novel signal categorization technique in Mg alloy ZK60. Through the analysis of AE time series the sequences of predominant deformation mechanisms in coarse grained (～70 μm) and fine grained (～2 μm) specimens of the alloy were identified with a high degree of confidence. It was found that dislocation slip and twinning occur during tensile loading simultaneously for both microstructural states of the material, while a change from one predominant mechanism to the other occurs in the course of loading. Specifically, in the fine grained material plastic deformation is initially carried by dislocation slip, but deformation twinning takes over as the lead mechanism early on. In the coarse grained variant this sequence is reversed. The implications of the changing roles of the mechanisms of plastic deformation for the overall mechanical performance of ZK60 in the two contrasting microstructural states are discussed.     

基于滑移/孪生耦合模型的镁合金多晶体塑性成形分析

镁合金的各向异性是由滑移和孪生共同作用产生,而孪生是协调镁合金塑性变形的重要机制。尤其在低温变形条件下,滑移和孪生相互协调并影响其成形性能。为准确描述镁合金成形过程的变形机制,文章建立了一种基于滑移和孪生相互耦合的多晶体塑性模型,并引入到有限元分析过程中。其中金属塑性流动,由每个晶粒内滑移面上沿滑移方向产生的剪切变形及孪生面上的孪生变形共同组成,进而采用率无关晶体塑性模型模拟了AZ31镁合金压缩过程,并给出了孪晶体积分数随时间的变化曲线。研究表明,孪晶体积分数随变形应力产生相应变化,并且基面滑移和孪生是影响镁合金室温成形性能及加工硬化的主要因素。     

Room-temperature equal channel angular extrusion of pure magnesium

In this paper, we demonstrate a way to impart severe plastic deformation to magnesium at room temperature to produce ultrafine grain size of ～250 nm through equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). The strategy to deform magnesium at lower temperature or to achieve such grain sizes has been proposed as: (i) to obtain a suitable initial orientation with high Schmid factor for basal slip and low Schmid factor for pyramidal/prismatic slip; (ii) to take advantage of low stacking fault energy of basal and high stacking fault energies of prismatic/pyramidal planes in order to relatively work-harden the basal plane with respect to the pyramidal/prismatic plane; and (iii) to lower the temperature of deformation in steps, leading to continual refinement of grains, resulting in finer grain size. The experimental as well as simulated texture of ECAE-processed samples indicate that the deformation mechanism leading to ultrafine grain size is slip-dominated. The recrystallization mechanism during ECAE has been found to be orientation-dependent.     

The Dynamic Flow and Failure Behavior of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys

We review the dynamic behavior of magnesium alloys through a survey of the literature and a comparison with our own high-strain-rate experiments. We describe high-strain-rate experiments (at typical strain rates of 10³ s^?1) on polycrystalline pure magnesium as well as two magnesium alloys, AZ31B and ZK60. Both deformation and failure are considered. The observed behaviors are discussed in terms of the fundamental deformation and failure mechanisms in magnesium, considering the effects of grain size, strain rate, and crystallographic texture. A comparison of current results with the literature studies on these and other Mg alloys reveals that the crystallographic texture, grain size, and alloying elements continue to have a profound influence on the high-strain-rate deformation behavior. The available data set suggests that those materials loaded so as to initiate extension twinning have relatively rate-insensitive strengths up to strain rates of several thousand per second. In contrast, some rate dependence of the flow stress is observed for loading orientations in which the plastic flow is dominated by dislocation mechanisms.     

Simulation of strain-softening behaviors in an AZ31 Mg alloy showing distinct twin-induced reorientation before a peak stress

To investigate strain-softening behavior during plastic deformation of an AZ31 Mg alloy, cylindrical specimens were compressed in a rolling direction at 300 °C. Experimental evidence revealed that an inhomogeneous microstructure evolved due to the softening behavior associated with deformation at elevated temperatures. The large grains that reoriented as a result of deformation twinning were free of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Fine grains nucleated at grain boundaries of grains were deformed by a slip-dominated mechanism, which accommodated the external strain. A visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystal model was used to simulate softening of the flow stress curve and texture evolution during uniaxial compression. A softening scheme was implemented in the polycrystal model to predict the softening phenomenon and texture evolution after the peak stress. The original VPSC model was modified to simulate texture evolution in an AZ31 Mg alloy that exhibited twin-dominated deformation before the peak stress.     

Zr-4合金板材冷轧过程材料变形晶体塑性分析与织构演变

选取厚度为3.6mm具有典型双峰织构的Zr-4合金板材,利用电子背散射衍射（EBSD）技术对板材冷轧后的织构进行表征,利用粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型对板材冷轧后的变形机理进行分析。VPSC模型预测了轧制道次数量、每道次压下量以及总变形量对冷轧织构以及变形机理的影响规律,结果表明Zr-4合金板材在冷轧后,织构保持典型的基面双峰织构;轧制道次数、单道次压下量对冷轧后的织构以及变形机理无明显影响;总变形量对冷轧后的织构有明显影响,随着轧制总变形量减小,大部分晶粒的c轴由法向（ND）向宽向（TD）转动;当变形量低于临近变形量39%时,法向科恩系数（Fn）随着变形量的增大而快速增大,柱面滑移开启快速降低,当变形量超过39%时,法向科恩系数（Fn）的增长趋于平缓,柱面滑移的开启趋于稳定。     

Theoretical Calculation of Schmid Factor and Its Application Under High Strain Rate Deformation in Magnesium AlloysEI北大核心CSCD

As an important parameter, the Schmid factor has been widely applied to analyze the deformation modes in metals. In order to analyze the deformation mechanisms of magnesium alloys under high strain rate, the Schmid factors of four slip modes (basal, prismatic, pyramidaland pyramidal slips) and two twinning systems ({10 (1) over bar2} tension and {10 (1) over bar1} contraction twinnings) were systematically calculated in this work. The experimental values of Schmid factor of as-received AZ31 rolling magnesium alloy sheets were obtained by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique, and then the theoretical calculated values were compared with those values. The high strain rate compression test of AZ31 rolling magnesium sheets was conducted by using split Hopkinson pressure bar at the strain rate of 1600 s(-1), and the microstructures after compression were observed by optical microscopy. The Schmid factors and microstructures are combined to discuss the predominant deformation mechanisms for different orientation samples under different loading directions. The results showed that the theoretical calculated values of Schmid factors are in good agreement with their experimental values. Therefore, the Schmid factor, owing to its simplicity and convenience, could be used to analyze the predominant deformation mechanism and interpret the unique characteristics of "true stress-true strain" curves in magnesium alloys. Furthermore, since the Schmid factor and its variation trend associated with deformation behavior in magnesium alloys are related, the calculation result of Schmid factor can provide a theoretical analytic approach to understand anisotropic phenomena caused by strong texture in magnesium alloys.     

初始织构对AZ31镁合金孪生和织构演化的影响

为研究AZ31镁合金变形孪晶和塑性各向异性,基于率相关晶体塑性本构理论,采用有限元方法建立了具有不同初始织构的镁合金模型（包含滑移和孪生变形机制）,并引入孪晶体积分数,研究其压缩过程中织构演变、孪生和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明：晶体的塑性行为在很大程度上取决于初始织构,初始织构的差异导致了压缩行为的明显各向异性,轴向屈服强度和抗拉伸强度高,径向屈服强度和抗拉伸强度低。压缩塑性变形过程中随着变形量的增加,激活孪晶体积分数增高,且径向压缩激活孪晶体积分数越高,轴向压缩激活孪晶体积分数越低。模拟中出现明显孪晶的点与应力突变的点相吻合,当孪晶体积分数达到一定值时,应力发生突变,此时晶体取向发生显著变化,新的滑移系启动,反映了滑移和孪晶机制耦合对AZ31镁合金力学性能的影响。     

复合添加Y和Nd对Mg-Li合金显微组织及室温压缩织构的影响

采用OM,SEM,XRD,EBSD及电子万能试验机,对比研究了Mg-5Li-3Al-2Zn和Mg-5Li-3Al-2Zn-1.2Y-0.8Nd铸态合金的显微组织、力学性能以及室温单向压缩后的织构演变.研究发现,复合添加Y和Nd 2种稀土元素后,合金中絮丝状AlLi相明显减少,晶粒得到显著细化,平均尺寸在30μm左右.2种合金的塑性表现良好,加入少量稀土的合金室温压缩的变形量可达到27%.复合添加的稀士元素大幅度降低了Mg品格的c/a值,显著弱化了合金的基面织构,激活了锥面滑移系的同时,也使得室温下少见的柱面滑移破激活.     

基于VPSC仿真的ZK60镁合金拉伸变形行为

通过实验和粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,研究了在室温下挤压态ZK60镁合金沿不同方向拉伸时的变形机制开动情况,及其与流动曲线、织构演变和显微组织的对应关系。通过调节VPSC模型的参数,建立了滑移和孪生耦合的晶体塑性力学模型。比较了不同方向拉伸过程中织构演变的差异,分析了变形机制对屈服不对称性的影响。实验和模拟结果表明：当沿垂直于挤压方向（PED）拉伸时,由于｛102｝孪晶开动,大部分晶粒发生大角度旋转（约90°）。柱面<a>滑移是导致ZK60合金沿不同方向拉伸时出现明显屈服不对称的主要变形机理。当ZK60合金沿挤压方向（ED）拉伸时,由于晶粒的择优取向分布,｛101｝孪晶难以开动,导致ZK60挤压态镁合金拉伸屈服强度较高。ZK60镁合金沿着与ED成45°的方向拉伸时,屈服应力高于沿PED拉伸,但随着拉应力逐渐增大,由于沿PED拉伸时柱面<a>滑移逐渐开动,沿PED应变后期的应力曲线逐渐高于沿与ED成45°方向应变的应力曲线。