An Effective Diagnosis System for Brain Tumor Detection and Classification

A brain tumor is an excessive development of abnormal and uncontrolled cells in the brain. This growth is considered deadly since it may cause death. The brain controls numerous functions, such as memory, vision, and emotions. Due to the location, size, and shape of these tumors, their detection is a challenging and complex task. Several efforts have been conducted toward improved detection and yielded promising results and outcomes. However, the accuracy should be higher than what has been reached. This paper presents a method to detect brain tumors with high accuracy. The method works using an image segmentation technique and a classifier in MATLAB. The utilized classifier is a Support Vector Machine (SVM). Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are also involved. A dataset from the Kaggle website is used to test the developed approach. The obtained results reached nearly 99.2% of accuracy. The paper provides a confusion matrix of applying the proposed approach to testing images and a comparative evaluation between the developed method and some works in the literature. This evaluation shows that the presented system outperforms other approaches regarding the accuracy, precision, and recall. This research discovered that the developed method is extremely useful in detecting brain tumors, given the high accuracy, precision, and recall results. The proposed system directs us to believe that bringing this kind of technology to physicians diagnosing brain tumors is crucial.     

基于深度学习的阿尔兹海默症多模态辅助诊断研究

阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer's Disease,AD)是一种在老年人群中常见的痴呆疾病,由于病程不可逆且无法治愈,常会对病人的生活质量产生极大影响,因此尽早诊断病情并对病程加以干预是唯一有效的手段。由于良好的实验效果,深度学习模型在医学图像领域受到了越来越多研究者的关注,但深度学习方法常需要较大的数据量作为支撑,而医学图像由于设备成本以及病例数量的限制,常存在着数据量不足的问题,因而在某些情况下会出现过拟合的问题。提出一种参数高效的深度学习模型,引入了可分离卷积、全局平均池化、残差结构,使得模型参数量成倍地减少,同时引入多模态数据,增大了输入样本的信息量,以求减少过拟合问题。最后,通过对照试验,验证了该文所提出模型的优越性。     

Brain Tumor Segmentation through Level Based Learning Model

Brain tumors are potentially fatal presence of cancer cells over a human brain, and they need to be segmented for accurate and reliable planning of diagnosis. Segmentation process must be carried out in different regions based on which the stages of cancer can be accurately derived. Glioma patients exhibit a different level of challenge in terms of cancer or tumors detection as the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images possess varying sizes, shapes, positions, and modalities. The scanner used for sensing the location of tumors cells will be subjected to additional protocols and measures for accuracy, in turn, increasing the time and affecting the performance of the entire model. In this view, Convolutional Neural Networks deliver suitable models for efficient segmentation and thus delivered promising results. The previous strategies and models failed to adhere to diversity of sizes and shapes, proving to be a well-established solution for detecting tumors of bigger size. Tumors tend to be smaller in size and shape during their premature stages and they can easily evade the algorithms of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). This proposal intends to furnish a detailed model for sensing early stages of cancer and hence perform segmentation irrespective of the current size and shape of tumors. The size of networks and layers will lead to a significant weightage when multiple kernel sizes are involved, especially in multi-resolution environments. On the other hand, the proposed model is designed with a novel approach including a dilated convolution and level-based learning strategy. When the convolution process is dilated, the process of feature extraction deals with multiscale objective and level-based learning eliminates the shortcoming of previous models, thereby enhancing the quality of smaller tumors cells and shapes. The level-based learning approach also encapsulates the feature reconstruction processes which highlights the sensing of small-scale tumors growth. Inclusively, segmenting the images is performed with better accuracy and hence detection becomes better when compared to that of hierarchical approaches.     

一种为辅助诊断筛选机器学习模型的方法

为自动向医生推荐用于疾病辅助诊断的机器学习模型,提出一种筛选机器学习模型的方法.该筛选方法分为3个步骤:用训练准确度和测试准确度筛选机器学习模型;用查准率、召回率和F1成绩筛选机器学习模型;用带权值的总成绩计算公式推荐最优的机器学习模型.以乳腺癌辅助诊断为例,最终从8个机器学习模型中筛选并训练出高斯核心函数向量机模型(...     

基于机器学习的信息融合故障诊断模型研究

当前,机器故障问题日益增多,给生产发展带来极大不利。因此,对关键设备进行有针对性的实时监控和诊断,尽快发现各种设备存在的问题,从而去防止机器故障的发生,而这也成为故障诊断系统面临和解决的首要问题。该文就故障诊断问题,在机器学习的基础上研究信息融合故障诊断模型,来实现机器故障的智能诊断与决策,帮助人们发现机器存在的问题,解决机器存在的隐患。     

基于双模态深度自编码的孤立性肺结节诊断方法

近年来,深度学习技术在肺癌诊断方面得到了广泛的应用,但现有的研究主要集中于肺部CT图像。为了有效提高肺结节的诊断性能,提出一种基于双模态深度降噪自编码的肺结节诊断方法。首先,分别从肺部CT和PET图像中得到肺结节区域的特征信息;然后,以候选结节的PET/CT图像作为整个深度自编码网络的输入,并对高层信息进行学习;最后,采用融合策略对多种特征进行融合并将其作为整个框架的输出。实验结果表明,提出的方法可以达到92.81%的准确率、91.75%的敏感度和1.58%的特异性,且优于其他方法的诊断性能,更适用于肺结节良/恶性的辅助诊断。     

Cyberattack Detection Framework Using Machine Learning and User Behavior Analytics

This paper proposes a novel framework to detect cyber-attacks using Machine Learning coupled with User Behavior Analytics. The framework models the user behavior as sequences of events representing the user activities at such a network. The represented sequences are then fitted into a recurrent neural network model to extract features that draw distinctive behavior for individual users. Thus, the model can recognize frequencies of regular behavior to profile the user manner in the network. The subsequent procedure is that the recurrent neural network would detect abnormal behavior by classifying unknown behavior to either regular or irregular behavior. The importance of the proposed framework is due to the increase of cyber-attacks especially when the attack is triggered from such sources inside the network. Typically detecting inside attacks are much more challenging in that the security protocols can barely recognize attacks from trustful resources at the network, including users. Therefore, the user behavior can be extracted and ultimately learned to recognize insightful patterns in which the regular patterns reflect a normal network workflow. In contrast, the irregular patterns can trigger an alert for a potential cyber-attack. The framework has been fully described where the evaluation metrics have also been introduced. The experimental results show that the approach performed better compared to other approaches and AUC 0.97 was achieved using RNN-LSTM 1. The paper has been concluded with providing the potential directions for future improvements.     

Machine Learning Technique to Detect Radiations in the Brain

The brain of humans and other organisms is affected in various ways through the electromagnetic field (EMF) radiations generated by mobile phones and cell phone towers. Morphological variations in the brain are caused by the neurological changes due to the revelation of EMF. Cellular level analysis is used to measure and detect the effect of mobile radiations, but its utilization seems very expensive, and it is a tedious process, where its analysis requires the preparation of cell suspension. In this regard, this research article proposes optimal broadcasting learning to detect changes in brain morphology due to the revelation of EMF. Here, Drosophila melanogaster acts as a specimen under the revelation of EMF. Automatic segmentation is performed for the brain to attain the microscopic images from the prejudicial geometrical characteristics that are removed to detect the effect of revelation of EMF. The geometrical characteristics of the brain image of that is microscopic segmented are analyzed. Analysis results reveal the occurrence of several prejudicial characteristics that can be processed by machine learning techniques. The important prejudicial characteristics are given to four varieties of classifiers such as naïve Bayes, artificial neural network, support vector machine, and unsystematic forest for the classification of open or nonopen microscopic image of D. melanogaster brain. The results are attained through various experimental evaluations, and the said classifiers perform well by achieving 96.44% using the prejudicial characteristics chosen by the feature selection method. The proposed system is an optimal approach that automatically identifies the effect of revelation of EMF with minimal time complexity, where the machine learning techniques produce an effective framework for image processing.     

Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis Using Interval Neutrosophic Segmentation with Deep Learning Model

In recent times, Internet of Things (IoT) and Deep Learning (DL) models have revolutionized the diagnostic procedures of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) in its early stages that can save the patient from vision loss. At the same time, the recent advancements made in Machine Learning (ML) and DL models help in developing Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) models for DR recognition and grading. In this background, the current research works designs and develops an IoT-enabled Effective Neutrosophic based Segmentation with Optimal Deep Belief Network (ODBN) model i.e., NS-ODBN model for diagnosis of DR. The presented model involves Interval Neutrosophic Set (INS) technique to distinguish the diseased areas in fundus image. In addition, three feature extraction techniques such as histogram features, texture features, and wavelet features are used in this study. Besides, Optimal Deep Belief Network (ODBN) model is utilized as a classification model for DR. ODBN model involves Shuffled Shepherd Optimization (SSO) algorithm to regulate the hyperparameters of DBN technique in an optimal manner. The utilization of SSO algorithm in DBN model helps in increasing the detection performance of the model significantly. The presented technique was experimentally evaluated using benchmark DR dataset and the results were validated under different evaluation metrics. The resultant values infer that the proposed INS-ODBN technique is a promising candidate than other existing techniques.     

Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Tuberculosis Classification with Water Strider Optimization Algorithm

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) models exploit artificial intelligence (AI) for chest X-ray (CXR) examination to identify the presence of tuberculosis (TB) and can improve the feasibility and performance of CXR for TB screening and triage. At the same time, CXR interpretation is a time-consuming and subjective process. Furthermore, high resemblance among the radiological patterns of TB and other lung diseases can result in misdiagnosis. Therefore, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) models using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) can be designed for screening TB accurately. With this motivation, this article develops a Water Strider Optimization with Deep Transfer Learning Enabled Tuberculosis Classification (WSODTL-TBC) model on Chest X-rays (CXR). The presented WSODTL-TBC model aims to detect and classify TB on CXR images. Primarily, the WSODTL-TBC model undergoes image filtering techniques to discard the noise content and U-Net-based image segmentation. Besides, a pre-trained residual network with a two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) model is applied to extract feature vectors. In addition, the WSO algorithm with long short-term memory (LSTM) model was employed for identifying and classifying TB, where the WSO algorithm is applied as a hyperparameter optimizer of the LSTM methodology, showing the novelty of the work. The performance validation of the presented WSODTL-TBC model is carried out on the benchmark dataset, and the outcomes were investigated in many aspects. The experimental development pointed out the betterment of the WSODTL-TBC model over existing algorithms.     

计算机辅助医学诊断中模糊ISODATA算法的实现及其应用

介绍了计算机辅助诊断中模糊ISODATA算法的实现,并结合医学实例给出在实际中的具体应用,结果表明该方法在临床诊断中具有良好的效果,值得进一步推广,此方法同样适用于解决临床中类似的医学问题。     

基于影像组学和机器学习的脑部胶质瘤分级模型研究

本文将影像组学的方法和机器学习算法结合起来,对脑部胶质瘤进行分级预测。利用BraTS2019公开数据集,从多模态MRI图像中分别提取肿瘤的448维影像组学特征:肿瘤形态学特征、一阶灰度特征、纹理特征等;然后通过最小绝对收缩和选择算子(Lasso)算法筛选出15个最佳的影像组学特征;最后根据筛选出的最佳特征集,利用随机森林分类算法构建脑部胶质瘤的分级预测模型。基于机器学习建立的模型在训练组患者中预测胶质瘤级别的准确率达到95.6%,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)达到0.99;在验证组患者中预测胶质瘤级别的准确率达到89.3%,AUC达到0.96。可见,基于机器学习算法,利用影像组学的方法可以对脑部肿瘤的高低级别进行准确的预测和分类。     

基于联邦学习与改进CBAM-ResNet18的脑肿瘤分类

针对联邦学习框架下,基于卷积注意力模块的多客户端脑肿瘤分类方法对于MRI图像中肿瘤区域细节提取能力不足、通道注意力与空间注意力相互干扰的问题,以及针对多点医疗肿瘤数据分类准确性低的问题,提出了一种融合联邦学习框架和改进的CBAM-ResNet18网络的脑肿瘤分类方法.利用联邦学习特性联合多点脑肿瘤数据,采用Leaky ReLU激活函数代替ReLU激活函数以减轻神经元死亡,将卷积注意力模块中的通道注意力模块由先降维再升维改成先升维再降维,充分提高网络对图像细节的提取能力,将卷积注意力模块中的通道注意力模块与空间注意力模块由级联结构改为并联结构,使得网络的特征提取能力不会受到二者先后顺序的影响.通过在Kaggle公开的脑肿瘤MRI数据集上的进行实验,该方法的准确率、精准度、召回率与F1值分别为97.78%、97.68%、97.61%与97.63%,比基准模型分别高6.54%、4.78%、6.80%、7.00%.实验结果证明,该方法不仅能够打破数据孤岛,实现多点数据融合,而且比多数现有主流模型的性能更好.     

机器学习在故障检测与诊断领域应用综述

机器学习已经成为当前技术发展热点,由于机器学习具有快速处理大量数据、分析提取有效信息等优点,因此在故障检测与诊断技术中受到了越来越多的关注;文章系统介绍了机器学习和故障检测与诊断的概念、分类,深入了解了基于PCA和随机森林的故障检测方法和国内研究现状,以及基于决策树、支持向量机以及神经网络的故障诊断方法和国内外研究现状,其中重点介绍了卷积神经网络和递归神经网络的应用,并对机器学习算法在故障检测与诊断应用前景进行了展望,大数据时代下,机器学习在故障检测和诊断领域有着绝对优势。     

基于机器学习算法的恶意PDF检测模型

随着互联网的高速发展和办公自动化的日益普及,PDF（portable document format）文件已经成为全球电子文档分发的开放式标准,由于PDF文档的高实用性和普遍适应性,使其成为有针对性钓鱼攻击的有效载体。恶意代码对计算机的严重破坏性,检测和防止含有恶意代码的PDF文档已日益成为计算机安全领域的重要目标。通过从文档中提取特征数据,提出了一个基于机器学习算法的恶意PDF检测框架,最后并通过实验验证了其检测模型的有效性。     

基于半监督极限学习机的轴承故障诊断

鉴于在实际的应用中滚动轴承的故障信号所属的类别往往是未知的,而且为了得到一定的测试数据需要花费大量的时间,甚至对机械设备造成了一些损害.利用极限学习机训练速度快且泛化能力强的特点,提出了一种基于半监督极限学习机的滚动轴承故障诊断方法,该方法允许在有少量带标签的轴承故障数据的情况下,将带标签的历史数据与新采集到的部分未带标签的数据一起用来训练得到一个最优的诊断模型.首先通过相空间重构将原始一维信号映射到一个高维的相空间,在相空间中提取初始的轴承特征集,然后将特征集输入半监督的极限学习机中进行训练和测试.实验结果表明,这种基于半监督算法的诊断模型简单,在神经元个数较少的情况下仍然具有很好的泛化能力,具有一定的应用价值.     

基于极限学习机的船舶柴油机故障诊断

针对传统深度核极限学习机网络仅利用端层特征进行分类导致特征不全面，以及故障诊断分类器中核函数选择不恰当等问题，提出基于多层特征表达和多核极限学习机的船舶柴油机故障诊断方法。利用深度极限学习机网络提取故障数据的多层特征；将提取出的各层特征级联为一个具有多属性特征的故障数据特征向量；使用多核极限学习机分类器准确地实现柴油机的故障诊断。在标准分类数据集和船舶柴油机仿真故障数据集上的实验结果表明，与其他极限学习机算法相比，该方法能够有效提高故障诊断的准确率和稳定性，且具有较好的泛化性能，是柴油机故障诊断一个更为优秀实用的工具。     

基于改进花粉算法的极限学习机分类模型

针对多输出极限学习机（MELM）分类模型输入层权值和阈值随机选取导致的分类精度波动问题,提出一种基于改进花粉算法（CS-ACFPA）的极限学习机多分类模型（CS-ACFPA-MELM）。利用自适应算子和Tent策略优化花粉算法的寻优方式,构造一种基于代价敏感的适应度函数,使花粉算法能够更好地匹配MELM模型的输出,最后使用改进的花粉算法和基于代价敏感的适应度函数优化极限学习机的输入权值和阈值,以提高MELM模型的的分类性能。通过对比实验验证了CS-ACFPA算法对MELM模型改进的有效性,并且体现了CS-ACFPA-MELM模型在大规模样本上的优势以及小样本上的适用性。     

极限学习机在电机故障智能诊断中的应用

针对传统的电机故障诊断方法往往采用单一信号作为诊断依据,以及利用传统的BP神经网络进行故障诊断时存在的训练速度慢、易陷入局部极小值的缺点,提出了一种基于极限学习机和多源信息融合的电机故障诊断方法.首先将定子电流信号做陷波处理,滤除基波分量;然后对电流及振动信号进行小波包分解和重构,以各频带的小波包能量谱作为故障特征向量训练极限学习机模型;最后将训练好的极限学习机模型作为诊断决策分类器来判断电机的运行状态.实验结果表明,此方法能够准确地诊断电机的故障类型,具有运行速度快、故障诊断准确率高的特点,满足了系统在线实时诊断的要求.     

基于机器学习的操作系统故障自动诊断方法

为了维护操作系统运行的稳定性及安全性,提升用户服务质量,提出一种基于机器学习的操作系统故障自动诊断方法.将AR模型系数作为故障系统特征,探究不同状态数和不同混合高斯数对隐马尔可夫模型分类影响,利用极大似然估计法逐步更新模型参数,并计算观测值概率密度函数.采用自组织竞争神经网络完成故障模式区分,引入相似性图概念,按照相关...