Soaps and detergents and the environment

For more than a quarter of a century there has been a constantly growing awareness of, and interest in, the effects of the detergent industry, by the nature and use of its products on the environment. This interest has largely been in terms of the aquatic environment, but also, as with other industries, in terms of other socioecological issues. This paper concentrates on a review of detergents and their components, both organic and inorganic, and their impact on the aquatic environment in different parts of the world. It deals in particular with sodium tripolyphosphate, a major inorganic component in detergents, and presents an up-to-date and critical review of technical, environmental, sociological and legislative aspects of this product on a worldwide basis and a comparison of it with some of its proposed partial substitutes. Presented at the ISF/AOCS meeting, April 1980, New York.     

燃气生产输配集中测控技术研究与应用

在煤气站生产输配系统设立集中测控室、集中测控柜,所有分散测量信息集中在控制台上显示,将所有分散设备的控制操作集中在测控台上实现。使原来分散测量、分散控制、人工操作的生产输配系统,实现了高度集中化、自动化、精细化,使液化气掺混地下气和液化气掺混空气生产工艺既可独立运行,又可综合运行,在国内首次开发应用,具有广泛的推广应用前景。     

Strength reduction and length changes in concrete and mortar on water and methanol sorption

The reduction in strength of concrete and mortar caused by sorption has been related to the lowering of the surface energy. Measurements of surface energy are obtained from dimensional changes on sorption and the use of Griffith's equation. However, previous work has been based on compressive strength which is not in accordance with the original concepts of Griffith's equation. In this paper, both tensile and compressive strength are used to determine surface energy values on sorption with water and methanol. It is proposed that values of surface energy determined on the basis of water sorption and compressive strength reduction are an upper bound to the “true value”. Methanol sorption because it produces no interlayer rehydration, provides a better estimate. Finally, it is shown that the reduction in the tensile strength of concrete on water sorption is due to a significant change in the surface energy.     

双基表面活性剂的性质与结构的研究

二聚(dimeric)和齐聚(oligomeric)表面活性剂是一类新一代的表面活性剂,在基础研究和生产实践中已逐步走向成熟。本文从最新的研究成果出发,着重于临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration,标记为Ccmc)和微观胶束结构两个方面,采用比较的观点和方法,阐述异揭示了其内在的规律和研究与应用前景。     

镁及其合金的腐蚀与阳极化处理

综述了镁及其合金的腐蚀行为和阳极化处理工艺，较详细介绍了镁的电化学特性，合金元素和溶液介质对其腐蚀行为的影响，重点介绍了镁合金的阳极氧化膜的结构和组成及微弧氧化方面的研究进展。     

《化工专业毕业设计内容及深度规定》的研究与实践

改革和创新工程技术人才培养模式,建立和完善工程技术人才教育和管理体系,是高校教育工作者的神圣职责。为贯彻《卓越工程师教育培养计划》精神,我们根据中北大学化学工程与工艺专业毕业设计教学大纲,参照化工行业设计标准,建立了《化工毕业设计内容及深度规定》,使毕业设计目标明确化,过程程序化,成果规范化,提高了毕业设计效率和质量。经实践检验,效果显著。     

卟啉及金属卟啉类化合物的研究进展及展望

系统地介绍了卟啉及金属卟啉类化合物在分子结构设计、合成方法和应用研究方面的最新进展及展望.基于大量文献及本课题组的研究工作,特别指出了这类化合物在合成方法上的改进以及在仿生催化烃类选择氧化方法的研究进展.     

环氧丙烷产需现状及生产技术进展

叙述了国内外环氧丙烷产需状况和生产技术进展现状。     

Microstructure and cleanability of uncoated and fluoropolymer,zirconia and titania coated ceramic glazed surfaces

The aim of this investigation was to examine the effect of surface topography of different compositions and surface coatings of glazed ceramic tiles on their cleanability. The cleanability was estimated with color measurements. Contact angle measurements were used to describe the surface properties and profilometry and electron microscopy to describe the topography. The effect of additional coatings on the surface properties was compared by applying experimental zirconia and titania coatings as well as a commercial fluoropolymer coating on one of the experimental and all reference glazes. The results show that there were clear differences between the soiling tendencies of the glazes. Generally the topography measurements show that the rougher was ceramic glaze, the more soil adhered on its surface.     

人造板与家具用胶粘剂研究与应用现状

高性能环保型人造板及家具产品的开发很大程度上依赖于高性能环保型木材胶粘剂的合成与应用技术的突破。综述了我国人造板及家具用胶粘剂研究与应用现状,并对我国人造板与家具用胶粘剂的发展进行了展望。     

Adsorption and anodic oxidation of methanol on iridium and rhodium electrodes

Adsorption and electro-oxidation of methanol on smooth iridium and rhodium electrodes have been studied. The regularities obtained were compared with the results of previous measurements on smooth platinum. The adsorption of methanol on iridium has been established as characterized by regularities peculiar to a surface with an exponentially distributed inhomogenity of adsorption sites (Freundlich isotherm, linear change of the activation energy of adsorption with logarithm of surface coverage). The adsorption regularities for rhodium are more complex. The character of the isotherms on iridium and rhodium, as well as on platinum, does not depend on the nature of adsorbed neutral particles (methanol, hydrogen etc) and is apparently determined by the electrode surface properties. As follows from kinetic regularities (influence of potential, concentration and pH of solution, surface coverage) the rate-determining step of steady-state methanol electro-oxidation on iridium and rhodium is the oxidation of carbonaceous chemisorbed particles by adsorbed OH radicals.     

Nucleation and growth of copper on glassy carbon and steel

The nucleation and growth of copper from sulphate solution have been studied on two substrates, glassy carbon and stainless steel. Investigations were performed by linear sweep voltammetry, potential and current step methods. The results suggest that a copper coating is formed on glassy carbon by three-dimensional nucleation and growth of the crystallites up to coalescence. On steel, after the formation of crystallites by the same mechanism as above, a second step was observed. The oxide layer, which was on the parts of the substrate not covered by the first crystallites, was reduced, allowing copper to deposit on the renewed surface by a non-nucleated process. This may explain the rapid covering of steel, as compared with the slow covering of glassy carbon, and the different morphology of the deposits obtained on the two substrates.     

Physiological and analytical variation in cholesterol and triglycerides

Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined, on each of two AutoAnalyzer systems in 11 healthy subjects, weekly over a 10-week and monthly over a 12-month period. Analytical variation was 1–2% for cholesterol and 2–5% for triglyceride. Cholesterol and triglyceride values on frozen quality control serum pools were not indicative of absolute values on fresh plasma. Even though the two AutoAnalyzer systems averaged within 1–2 mg/dl for triglyceride and cholesterol on the serum quality control pools during the 12-month period, the two systems differed by 7–8 mg/dl on fresh or frozen plasma samples. The coefficient of physiological variation on the 10 weekly samples averaged 5% (range 3–10%) for plasma cholesterol and 18% (range 9–27%) for plasma triglyceride. Analysis of the monthly samples suggested significant (P<0.05) seasonal trends: cholesterol was highest in the winter months and lowest in October, whereas triglyceride was highest in January and February and lowest in May and December. We conclude that intra-individual variation can be an important source of error in attempting to make a genetic diagnosis of hyperlipidemia and/or in evaluating hypolipidemic regimens in a given subject.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of mono- and polyhydric alcohols on gold and platinum

A survey of representative studies on the oxidation of mono- and polyhydric alcohols on gold and platinum electrodes is given, with a special attention to the reaction mechanisms and the effect of the molecular structure of these compounds on their electrocatalytic reactivity.     

防紫外超疏水织物的制备及耐久性评价

采用全纳米颗粒自组装的方法,在棉、锦纶和涤纶织物上制备了TiO_2/SiO_2薄膜,再经十六烷基三甲基硅烷修饰,得到了兼具抗紫外及超疏水功能的多种织物。自组装过程中分别以SiO_2和Ti_2溶胶为原料,逐层于聚电解质表面处理的织物上组装了TiO_2/SiO_2多层薄膜。经扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试表明,膜层均匀沉积在织物纤维表面。接触角测试表明,疏水处理后表面水的接触角可达172°。紫外可见分光光度计测试表明,经TiO_2/SiO_2修饰后,织物在紫外光区的吸光度成倍提高。用耐老化、耐摩擦、耐水流喷射等耐久性试验评价了织物在使用过程中可能遇到的各种破坏,证明自组装再经疏水剂处理的织物具有良好的耐久性。     

对二甲苯/间二甲苯在KX和CaX上的吸附平衡和动态吸附性能

通过静态吸附实验,测定了对二甲苯、间二甲苯在分子筛KX和CaX上的吸附速率曲线及吸附等温线;动态吸附穿透实验测定了对二甲苯/间二甲苯混合液在固定床中的连续流出曲线。结果表明,对二甲苯、间二甲苯在CaX上的静态饱和吸附量和动态穿透吸附量均高于KX,但CaX对对二甲苯的吸附选择性不及KX;Langmuir吸附等温线方程可以很好地拟合对二甲苯、间二甲苯在CaX上的等温线;二级吸附速率方程可以较好地描述对二甲苯、间二甲苯的吸附动力学行为。     

青花装饰符号研究与应用初探

青花作为民族文化的结晶,其运用多局限于陶瓷领域。本文侧重于从符号的角度进行分析,把握青花瓷的符号特征,探索青花装饰在现代设计中的应用,发掘青花装饰新的研究空间。     

洗涤剂中磷酸盐与水质保护的研究与建议(续前)--国外禁限磷发展现状及有关建议

1 3 2日本禁、限磷效果1 3 2 1日本琵琶湖历年总磷浓度调查情况(见图1) :对以上结果有下列不同看法 :(1)禁磷收到了较好的效果 ,日本第一大湖泊—琵琶湖北湖近20年来 ,总磷浓度一直控制在水质标准以下(即0 01mg/L以下) ,琵琶湖南湖总磷浓度虽高于水质标准 ,但比实施“禁磷”措施的初期(1978年～1980年) ,湖水总磷浓度亦有明显程度的下降 ,以后一直稳定地维持在略高于水质标准的水平(0 021mg/L～0 024mg/L)。(2)禁磷没有效果 ,1984年日本无磷洗涤粉已占80 % ,1988年以后一直都保持在97 %以上 ,基本实现了无磷化 ,但水质并未随限禁磷的实施…     

Adsorption of hydrogen and oxygen and oxidation of methanol on ruthenium electrodes

Sorption of hydrogen and oxygen on ruthenium in 1N H₂SO₄ have been investigated by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic methods. It has been shown that adsorption and absorption of hydrogen and oxygen take place on a smooth ruthenium electrode. The solubility of hydrogen grows linearly with potential in the range 0·41–0·04 V, whereas the solubility of oxygen increases linearly with potential in the range 0·37–1·3 V. Adsorption of hydrogen on a smooth ruthenium electrode takes place in the potential range 0·4–0·0 V; on ruthenized ruthenium electrode the main portion of hydrogen is adsorbed at potentials 0·2–0·0 V. No maxima corresponding to specific types of chemisorbed oxygen exist on the potentiodynamic curves of oxygen adsorption. The oxygen adsorption rate on ruthenium is of the same order as on platinum. The kinetics of methanol oxidation on smooth and ruthenized ruthenium electrodes were investigated. The chemisorption of methanol was found to be the limiting step in both cases in the potential range 0·4–1·0 V; the chemisorption rate on smooth ruthenium exceeds the chemisorption rate on ruthenized electrode by two orders of magnitude. This results is consistent with the difference in the surface bond energies of adsorbed hydrogen for smooth and ruthenized ruthenium.     

关于大学生科技竞赛与创新能力培养的探索与研究

科技竞赛逐渐成为当前高等教育中大学生创新能力培养的重要载体,文章深入分析探索科技竞赛活动对提高学生创新能力的作用,并对基于科技竞赛的大学生创新精神与创新能力培养方式进行系统分析和总结。